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1、Neurological examination,Sunran,SIX PARTS OF THE NEURO EXAM,Mental State & Cognitive FunctionCranial NervesMotor SystemSensory SystemReflexesAutonomic function,Mental State -Level of consciousness,NORMAL: patient awake and alert, attentive to surrounding and to the examinerDEPRESSED: SleepyLethargic
2、Stuporous-arousing only briefly in response to pain stimulationComatose-not arousable by verbal and pain stimulation,Cognitive Function,A. Memory:instant;Short term-name three common objects, then recall them again after 5 minutes; Long term-verifiable events from the pastB. Calculations: Serial sev
3、ens: count backward from 100, taking away 7 each time. Real-life problemC. Orientation to person, place, and time.,Cognitive Function,D.Aphasia:expression,reception,repeat,name,read,writeE.ApraxiaF.AgnosiaG.exetutionOther: Insight and judgment, concentration, patients mood, content of though, approp
4、riateness of behavior, and so on.,MMSE,CRANIAL NERVES,CRANIAL NERVES-Olfactory (I),Ask the patient to identify common scents such as coffee,vanilla,etc, with eyes closed.Do not use irritants. In testing olfactory nerve function, it is less important to determine whether the patient can correctly ide
5、ntify a particular odor than whether the presence or absence of the stimulus is perceived,CRANIAL NERVES-Optic (II),Visual Acuity-pocket card or wall chart or any reading matter such as news paperVisual FieldConfrontation Testing-Patient and examiner stand at eye level at about arms length. Have the
6、 patient cover his own eyeThreat Testing- applied when the patient is less than fully alert or is uncooperativeFundus ( Ophthalmoscopic ) Examination,CRANIAL NERVES-Pupillary Reflexes (II, III),A normal pupil will constrict in response to direct light, as a consensual response to light in the opposi
7、te eye, and to accommodation ( convergence to focus on a close object),CRANIAL NERVES-Control of Extraocular Muscle Movements (III, IV, VI),Extraocular muscle movements are controlled by the oculomotor (III), trochlear ( IV), and abducens (V) nervesVolitional Eye Movement-Follow my finger, just with
8、 your eyes. Tracing the Letter HAsk about DiplopiaNystagmus is rthythmic oscillation of the eyes,CRANIAL NERVES-Trigeminal Nerve (V),Facial SensationCorneal Reflex-Sweep a wisp of cotton lightly across the lateral surface of the eye ( out of the direct visual field) from sclera to cornea- V, VIIMoto
9、r V Testing- Observe the symmetry of opening and closing of the mouth. Ask the patient to clench the teeth and then attempt to force jaw opening,CRANIAL NERVE -Facial Strength (VII),Facial Symmetry-observe the patients face for symmetry of the palpebral fissures and nasolabial folds at rest. Ask the
10、 patient to wrinkle the forehead, then to squeeze the eyes tightly shut, then to smile or snarl, saying show your teethSupernuclear lesionNucleus or peripheral lesionBilateral Facial Weakness,CRANIAL NERVE -Auditory (VIII),Auditory acuity can be tested crudely by rubbing thumb and forefinger togethe
11、r about 5cm from each ear. If the patient cannot hear the rub, proceed to the follow testsRinne Test-hold the base of tuning folk on the mastoid process until the sound is no longer perceived, then bring the still vibrating fork up close to the ear.Sensorineural lossConductive lossWeber Test,CRANIAL
12、 NERVE -Auditory (VIII),Weber Test-lightly strike a tuning fork and place the handle on the midline of the foreheadConductive lossSensorineural lossVestibular Function- need to be tested only if there are complaints dizziness or vertigo or evidence of nystagmusNylen-Barany( Dix-Hallpike) maneuver te
13、st for positional nystagmus,CRANIAL NERVE -Glossopharyngeal(IX) & Vagus(X),Test the function of the palate, pharynx, and larynx 1.Palatal elevation- say “ah”2.Gag reflex ( afferent IX, efferent X)- gently touch each side of the posterior pharyngeal wall with a cotton swab3.Sensory function-lightly t
14、ouch each side of the soft palate with the tip of a cotton swab4. Voice quality-listen for hoarseness or “breathiness”, suggesting laryngeal weakness,CRANIAL NERVE -Accessory (XI),Sternocleidomastoid- press a hand against the patients jaw and have the patient rotate the head against resistance. Pres
15、sing against the right jaw tests the left sternocleidomastoid and vice versaTrapezius-have the patient shrug shoulders against resistance and assess weakness,CRANIAL NERVE -Hypoglossal (XII),Tests for hypoglossal nerve function include the following1.Atrophy or Fasciculations-with the patients tongu
16、e resting in the floor of the mouth, first inspect for atrophy or fasciculations. Then ask the patient to protrude the tongue, and observe for deviation to the weak side2. Subtle Weakness-have the patient push the tongue into each cheek against external resistance(opposite hypoglossal m.)3. Subtle D
17、ysarthria- Ask the patient to repeat difficult phrases,Sensory Function,Motor Function,运动系统,A.Muscle Strength,The classic grading system scores as follows: 5, full strength; 4, movement against gravity and 0, no contraction,运动系统,B.Muscle Tone,Decreased( floppy, flaccid, hypotonic)NormalIncreased( Sp
18、astic vs. Rigid),C.Ataxia,Cerebellar hemisphere are responsible for coordinating and fine-tuning movements (ipsilateral )1.Finger-to-Nose2.Rapid Alternating Movements3.Rebound4. Heel-Knee-Shin,Rombergs test is a quick and excellent screen for loss of proprioceptive feedback neuropathy or spinal cord
19、 disease,D.Involuntary movement,spasmmyoclonusdystoniatremorchoreic movementathetosis,E.Others:fasciculation,myokymia,cramp,Reflexes,Light Tendon Reflexes,abdominal reflexcremasteric reflexplantar reflexanal reflex,Deep Tendon Reflexes,Bicep Reflex(C5-6)Tricep Reflex ( C6-7)Patellar Reflex ( L2-4) Radial Reflex ( C5-8)Achilles ( Ankle Jerk) Reflex (S1-2)Clonus:ankle,patella,Pathologic Reflexes,Babinski SignOppenheim signGordon signHoffmann sign,Meningeal irritation,Neck stiffnessKernig signBrudzinski sign,Autonomic function,skin,sweat,Thank you!,
