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1、状语和状语从句,状语的定义和作用状语的位置和形式,.,状语的定义和作用,状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子等的句子成分。状语表示地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随情况等。,.,状语的形式和位置,在所有的语法范畴中，状语的形式最多样，它可以是单词、词组或从句；可以是副词（短语）、介词短语、分词（短语）、动词不定式（短语）、状语从句等。与其他语法范畴相比，状语的位置也最灵活，它可以出现在句首、句中或句末。例如：Immediately he replied. （句首）He immediately replied. （句中）He replied immediately. （
2、句尾）,.,副词（短语）作状语,She is always losing her keys. 她总是丢钥匙。John drove too slowly. 约翰开车太慢。,.,介词短语作状语,Let s go home.The best fish swim near the bottom. 好鱼居水底I have lived here for three years. 我住这已经3年了。,.,分词（短语）作状语,She sat there doing nothing. 她坐在那里无所事事。（doing的逻辑主语是she，它们之间是主动的关系）Given better attention, the
3、 trees can grow well. 如果得到更好的管理，这些树可以长得很好。（given的逻辑主语是the trees，它们之间是被动的关系）,.,为了表示明确的时间或条件，有时可在分词前加when, while, if等连词。例如：,When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us. 当离开机场的时候，她向我们频频招手。While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with Jane.在等火车的时候，我与珍妮进行了长谈。If translated word by word
4、, the sentence will be meaningless. 如果逐字翻译，这个句子就没有意义。,.,分词有时也可以有自己独立的逻辑主语（即与句子的主语不一致），这种结构称为独立结构，在很多情况下表示时间、原因、条件或伴随的动作或情况。例如：,The holidays being over, they began to get down to do their work again. 假期结束了，他们又开始认真地工作。So many people being absent, we decided to put the meeting off. 这么多人缺席，我们决定把会议延期。,.,
5、【特别提醒】,现在分词表示主动的意思，表示动作正在进行；过去分词表示被动的意思，表示动作的完成。,.,动词不定式（短语）作状语,She was slow to make up her mind. 她迟迟不能下决心。To be honest, I didnt enjoy the party. 说实话，我不喜欢这个聚会。We live to serve the people heart and soul. 我们活着是为了全心全意为人民服务。,副词性从句-状语从句,状语从句的种类对比训练与巩固,.,While I was wondering at this, our schoolmaster too
6、k his place. ( )2. Where there is a will, there is a way. ( )3. Now that/Since everybody is here, lets begin our meeting. （ ）4. Ill speak slowly so that you can understand me. ( )5. So clever was he a student that he was able to work out all the difficult problems. ( )6. As long as you dont lose hea
7、rt, youll succeed. ( )7. Try as he might, he could not find a job. ( )8. The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son. ( ),时间,地点,原因,目的,结果,条件,让步,方式,状语从句的分类,.,状语从句,时间状语从句原因状语从句地点状语从句目的状语从句结果状语从句条件状语从句方式状语从句比较状语从句让步状语从句,状语从句有九种， 时地原因条状补，目比结果方让步，连词引导各不同；主句通常前面走， 连词引导紧随后，从句若在主前头， 主从之间有个逗。,.,时间状语
8、从句,引导词可分为两部分,when as while before after until (till) since as soon as,every timenext timethe first/last timethe momentthe minuteinstantlyimmediatelydirectly(一就),.,1、时间状语从句：,引导时间状语从句的从属连词有：when, while, as, whenever, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as, once等引导。如：,.,When he was still a young
9、 man, he was forced to leave his homeland for political reasons. It has been 15 years since he left. Ill tell him the news as soon as I see him. Once you have got used to it, you will like it. I waited till he had finished his work.,.,注意：（1）when, as, while when即可引导持续性动作，又可引导短暂性动作。它可以表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发
10、生，或从句的动作发生在主句动作之前。如：,.,When I was a boy, I used to go to the seashore on Sundays.（同时） When the lesson was over, we began our writing.（从句动作在前）,.,as引导持续性动作，侧重主句和从句的动作同时发生。 He hurried home, looking behind as he went. I saw your sister as she was getting on the bus yesterday. He sang as he walked.,.,Whi
11、le：指的是“在某一时间里”，“在期间”，从句里的动作必须是持续性的，它也强调主句和从句动作的同时发生，往往侧重主句和从句动作的对比。,.,如： While he was in London, he studied music. While we were watching TV, he was writing a composition.,.,while也可做并列连词，表示对照的意思。如：,He is tall while his brother is short.,当when, as, while表示“在一段时间里”，主从句的动作同时发生时，可以换用。如：,While (When或As)
12、we were discussing, Mr. Smith came in.,.,（2）如果when和before引导的从句位于主句之后，有时不能译成“当时候” 和“在之前”，而要译成“就”、“才”、“这时”等。如：,The struggle lasted four years before the North won in the end.,.,He almost knocked me down before he saw me.I was walking in the street when I saw him.,.,(3) by the time, each time, every ti
13、me, immediately, the moment, the instant, the minute, soon after, shortly after都可以作为连词，引导时间状语。如：,By the time he was fourteen, he had taught himself advanced mathematics.,.,Each time he came, he would call on me. You must show him in immediately he comes. I recognized him the moment I saw him.,.,讲练结合
14、:1. Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her? Yes. I gave it to her _ I saw her. A. whileB. the moment C. suddenlyD. once2. I thought her nice and honest _ I met her. A. first time B. for the first time C. the first timeD. by the first time3. _ entered the office when he realized that he
15、 had forgotten his report. A. He hardly had B. Had he hardly C. Hardly had heD. Hardly he had,B,C,C,.,小结：1一些词，如the moment, the minute, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, hardlywhen, scarcelywhen, no soonerthan等也可引导一个时 间状语从句，相当于as soon as的意思。 I didnt wait a moment, but came immediately yo
16、u called.2一些含有time的名词短语，如every time, each time, next time, by the time等，以及the day, the year, the morning等，也可引导一个时间状语从句。 The day he returned home, his father was already dead. Next time you come, please bring your composition.3. 如果hardly或no sooner或scarcely置于句首，句子必 须用部分倒装结构。 Hardly had I got home when
17、 it began to rain.,.,(4) till和until 如果主句谓语动词是持续动词，通常用肯定式的主句，表示“直到为止”。如： I worked till (until) he came back.,., 如果主句谓语动词是瞬间动词， 则用否定式的主句表示“直到 才”。如：,I didnt go to bed until (till) he came back.,.,放在句首表示强调时一般用 until。如：,Until he returns, nothing can be done.,.,【小结】,时间状语从句常由下列连词引导：when，whenever，as，while，b
18、efore，after，since，as soon as，until，once。时间状语从句还可由一些名词（the moment, the instant, every time等）和副词（instantly, directly等）连接。例如：Ill telephone you the instant I know.我一知道就立即给你打电话。Every time I catch a cold, my nose runs.每次我感冒都流鼻涕。时间状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。例如：You will get to know when you grow up. 你长大后就会了解。,.,1. 时间状
19、语从句1. We were swimming in the lake _ suddenly the storm started. A. when B. while C. until D. before2. He was about to tell me the secret _ someone patted him on the shoulder. A. as B. until C. whileD. when3. He transplanted the little tree to the garden _ it was the best time for it. A. where B. wh
20、en C. thatD. until4. Did Jack come back early last night? Yes. It was not yet eight oclock _ he arrived home. A. Before B. when C. thatD. until5. He was about halfway through his meal _ a familiar voice came to his ears. A. why B. where C. when D. while,A,D,B,B,C,.,6. The cost of living in Glasgow i
21、s among the lowest in Britain, _ the quality of life is probably one of the highest. A. since B. when C. as D. while7. _ I accept that he is not perfect, I do actually like the person. A. While B. Since C. Before D. Unless,连接词while的用法小结,1. while引导的动作必须是持续性的，侧重主句动作和从句动作相对比。如： Please dont talk so loud
22、 while others are working. 2. while作为并列连词，意为“而，却”，表示对比。 3. while可表示尽管，相当于although。,D,A,.,2、原因状语从句：,通常由连词：because, as, since, now that引导。区别是:,because：表示“因为”，直接而明确的原 因和理由，语气最强，why提 问的句子，一般都用because 回答。,He didnt come because he was ill.,.,since：表示“既然”，语气比because弱。,Since you are here, you must do it.,as
23、：表示“因为”语气比because轻，引 导从句可放主句前也可放主句后。,You neednt go with me, as you are busy.As I was afraid, I hid myself.,.,now that意思与since相似，表示“既然”。,Now that you are in High School, you will probably spend more in reading. Now that all the guests have arrived, lets have our dinner.,.,注意： 在强调句中强调原因状语从句， 只能用becaus
24、e引导，不可用as或 since，如：It was because he was ill that he didnt go with us.,., because可以引导表语从句,而 as, since不可以，这时状语一 般都是it, this, that,Its because he is too lazy.,., for也表示“因为”，但是并列 连词，它连接的不是状语从 句，语气比较强。,It must be morning, for the birds are singing.,.,原因状语从句,becausesinceasfornow thatconsidering (that)see
25、ing (that),既然,考虑到鉴于,鉴于由于既然因为,.,3、地点状语从句：,通常由连词where和wherever引导。如：,Go back where you came from. Wherever you go, you must write to your parents. Where there is a will, there is a way. Where there is too much, the poison and waste may do great harm to the things around us.,.,4、目的状语从句：,通常由so that, in o
26、rder that, sothat, lest, in case（以防、免得）等引导：,He got up early in order that he could catch the early bus. She married him so that she might tend and comfort him. I explained again and again in case he should misunderstand me.,.,目的状语从句引导词,so that in order that in case （以防、免得） for fear that (生怕，以免） lest
27、 (以免，免得),.,I hid the book lest (=for fear that) he should see it.,【特别提醒】由lest ，for fear that引导的目的状语从句要使用虚拟语气，由should动词原形构成。,.,5、结果状语从句：,由so that, sothat, suchthat引导： It was very cold, so that the river froze. The book is so written that it gives a quite wrong idea of the facts. There were so many pe
28、ople (=such a lot of people) in the room that we could not get in. He made such an excellent speech that every one admired him.,.,6、条件状语从句:,由 if, unless, as long as (=so long as) (只要), in case (that) (如果，万一)等引导：,If plastics and rubber are burned, they give off poisonous gases.,.,Unless you work hard
29、, you will fail, You can go out, as long as (so long as ) you promise to be back before eleven.,.,In case I forget, please remind me about that.,注意：条件状语从句中的谓语动词的时态不可用将来时，只能用现在时态或过去时态表示将来时。,.,7、方式状语从句：,由连词：as, as if, as though引导： The teacher told the students to do as he did. Leave it as it is. He he
30、ard a noise, as if someone was breathing. I saw the man looking about him as if he wished to impress upon his mind everything.,.,as if和as though意义和用法大致一样，引导的从句多用虚拟语气，但也可用陈述语气。He treats me as if I were his own son.He walked as if he were drunk.,.,8、比较状语从句：,由连词asas, not so(as) as, than等引导：,I hope it w
31、as as good as the one you lent me. Actually the ocean floor are almost as irregular as the exposed land area.,.,No one can be more fit for his office than he is.,He cant run so fast as she.,.,注意：“the+比较级(接从句)，the+比较 级(接主句)，这一句型也归在比 较状语从句内。如：,The more you study, the more you know. The harder we work,
32、 the happier we feel.,.,9、让步状语从句：,由though, although, as (虽然尽管), even if, even though, wh-ever, no matter-wh, whether引导.,.,whateverwhoeverwhicheverwheneverwhereverhowever,wh - ever,.,no matter whono matter whatno matter whichno matter whenno matter whereno matter how,no matter wh-,.,Though he is old,
33、 yet he is active. Although most of the people agreed, some were not willing to accepted. Proud as the nobles are, he is afraid to see me. We wouldnt lose heart even if we should fail ten times.,.,Whenever (=no matter when) you call on me, you are always welcome. Wherever (no matter where) you work,
34、 you can always find time to study. Take the one you like best, whichever (no matter which) it is.,.,No matter what I say or how I say it, he always thinks Im wrong.,Whether he comes or not, well discuss the problem this afternoon.,.,注意： （1）让步状语从句在句中的位置可放前也可放后，有时还可以插在主句中间，前置时，强调主句内容，后置时强调从句内容。,.,（2）
35、though与although同义，用法基本一样，前者通俗，口语化；后者较正式，多放于句首，不能与but连用，但可以与yet, still（副词）等连用，用来加强语气。Though ( Although ) he was tired, yet (still) he went on working.,.,（3）as引导让步状语从句时从句部分 语序要部分倒装。如：,Young as he is, he can read and write in several foreign language.（表语提前）,.,Child as he was, he had to support the fami
36、ly.（表语名词提前并常省去冠词） Surrounded as we were by the enemy, we managed to march forward.（表语名词提前并常省去冠词）,对比训练与巩固,.,1. We were about to leave_ it began to rain.2. She thought I was talking about her son, _, in fact, I was talking about my son.3. Hardly had I finished my composition _ the bell rang. A. when B
37、. while C. as D. during,对比训练 ,A,B,A,.,1. Child _ she is, she knows a lot.2. He did the experiment _ he was told.3. The pianos in the other shop will be cheaper, but not _ good. A. during B. as C. so D. though E. both B and C,对比训练 ,E,B,B,.,1. He would have a look at the bookstores _ he went to town.2
38、. We decide to finish the work on time, _ happens.3. If we work with a strong will, we overcome any difficulty, _ great it is.4. Ill give the book to _ likes English. A. whenever B. whoever C. whatever D. however,对比训练 ,A,C,D,B,.,对比训练 ,1. It will be years _ we meet again.2. It is ten years _ I came t
39、o this town.3. It is ten years ago _ I came to this town4.It is 1986_his first novel came out. A. when B. that C. before D. since,C,D,B,A,.,对比训练 5,Go and get your coat. It is _ you left it.2. You are free to go _ you like. A. there B. where C. wherever D. when,B,C,.,1. The article is written in such
40、 easy English _ all of us can read it.2. The article is written in such easy English _ all of us can read. A. that B. which C. as D. so that,对比训练 6,C,A,.,对比训练 7,1. If we work hard, we can overcome any difficulty, no matter _ great it is.2. If we work hard, we can overcome any difficulty, _ great it is.3. If we work hard, we can overcome any difficulty, _ difficulty it is.4. If we work hard, we can overcome any difficulty, no matter _ difficulty it is. A. what B. how C. however D. whatever,B,C,D,A,.,THANK YOU！,
