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1、一、 国际音标 我国通用的国际音标有48个，元音音标20个，辅音音标28个。元音分类表单元音前元音/i:/ / /e/ /后元音/:/ / /:/ / /U:/中元音/ /:/ /双元音/e/ / /a/ /a/ / / / 辅音分类表辅音组爆破音/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/k/ /g/摩擦音/f/ /v/ / / /s/ /z/ / /h/ /r/破擦音/t/ /d/ /tr/ /dr/ /ts/ /dz/鼻音/m/ /n/ /舌边音/半元音/ w/ /j/发音器官图1. 上唇 Upper lip 2. 下唇 Lower lip 3. 上齿 Upper teeth 4. 下齿 Lower
2、teeth 5. 上齿龈 Upper teeth ridge 6. 硬腭 Hard palate 7. 软腭 Soft palate 8. 小舌 the uvula9. 舌端The tip of the tongue 10. 舌前The front of the tongue 11. 舌后 The back of the tongue 12. 喉头 throat 13. 声带 the vocal cords 14. 器官 organs 15. 咽头 the pharynx 16. 口腔 the mouth cavity 17. 鼻腔 the nasal cavity发音器官图： /i:/ 发音
3、时，舌尖轻抵下齿，前舌部向上颚抬起，口型扁而平，发音时间持续较长。例词：be meat sheep secret believe 例句：I dont believe it. He feels very weak. / 发音时，舌尖抵下齿，舌前部向硬腭抬起，口型扁平，发音时间短促。例词：it big rich visit loaded business例句：Its a very big city. I feel a bit dizzy. /e/舌尖抵下齿，舌前部向硬腭抬起，口型扁平，气流从口腔泻出，发音时间短促。例词： fed best them wedding refresh例句： Well
4、fed, well bred. I will never forget Petty. /舌尖抵下齿，舌前部稍抬，双唇开口度较大，并向两边平展，发音时间短促。例词： at have flat stand Saturday例句： Im glad to know that. He was born in a happy family. /:/舌身放低后缩，舌后部隆起，口型张大，口全开，身带震动，发音延续较长。例词： art fast March party advance例句： My father has a large farm. Please park your car in the car p
5、ark./:/ 舌身尽量降低并收缩，舌后部抬起，双唇收圆收小，并稍向前凸，发音延续较长。例词：saw born course thought morning例句：They are talking about Ford. I decided to go abroad after graduation. / 舌身尽量降低并后缩，舌后部抬起，口型稍收圆，开口比长元音/:/大，但不向前突出，发音短促。例词： hot boss want doctor holiday例句： Whos knocking at the door? Lost time is never found again. /U:/舌身后
6、缩，舌后部尽量抬起，口型较小较圆更突出，发音延长。例词： do you tooth choose June例句： You must follow the rule of the school. Whose shoes are these? /舌身后缩，舌后部抬起,口型收圆稍微突出，比/U:/的口型较放松，发音短促。例词： book good put wood push例句： This book is a good cook-book. Let me have a look. / 舌身后缩至口腔中部，舌后部稍抬起，双唇较扁，开口较大，发音短促。例词：up but does rough thund
7、er例句：The old man has got much money. I went to cinema just for fun. /:/ 舌位抬高，舌身放平，口型微张，双唇扁平，双唇肌肉较紧张，发音时间较长。例词：sir her third worth early 例句：Can I help you, sir? Everybody deserves good services. /舌身放平,舌中部稍抬起，口型微开，双唇扁平，双唇肌肉较放松，/在词首或词中发的较模糊，在词尾时应当适当延长。例词：about again teacher writer paper例句：We ran along
8、the river. She is a famous professor.双元音 /e/ 发音由/e/向/自然滑动，滑动过程中口型由半开到半合，舌位随之抬高。例词： eight day face gate faithful例句： Its pay day today. Better late than never. /发音由/向/自然滑动，滑动过程中口型由半开到小而圆，舌位由半低到高。例词： old so show note close例句： Its so cold. Please close the window. /a/发音时由/:/向/自然滑动，滑动过程中口型由开到合。例词： eye ti
9、e ride knife arrive例句： The kite is flying in the sky. Prices are very high these days. /a/发音时由/:/向/自然滑动，滑动过程中双唇收拢收圆，口型由大到小，舌位由低到高。例词： out how about cloud mountain例句： I couldnt help shouting out. The milk became sour./发音时由/由 /自然滑动，但不到/时舌位就停止，滑动过程中双唇逐渐由圆变扁，口型由大变小。例词： boy joy join enjoy spoil例句： He lik
10、es making noise in the class. The boy is spoilt by his parents. /发音时由/向/自然滑动，滑动过程中/发音较清楚，/发音较模糊，双唇始终半开。例词： ear fear here clear various例句： Im living near here. Students became all ears when their professor was teaching. /第一个成分/开口比/e/大，由/向/自然滑动，滑动过程中开口程度稍稍收小。例词： air care hair share parent例句： Their par
11、ents stood over there. We rushed there in a tearing hurry. /发音时由/向/自然滑动，滑动过程中口型由收圆变为半开。例词： poor tour sure rural cruel例句： The poor guy was not sure what to do. The tourists are unhappy with their tour.辅音 /p/ 与/b/ 双唇紧闭，气流突然冲开双唇，冲出口腔，/p/为清辅音，声带不振动，/b/为浊辅音，声带振动。例词： pit pay proper open happy bit blue bab
12、y bike bribe例句： Chongqing is famous for its hot pot. Betty walked in a busy street. /t/与 /d/舌尖紧抵上齿龈，形成阻碍，然后突然分开，气流冲出口腔，/t/为清辅音，声带不振动; /d/为浊辅音，声带振动。例词： too take touch right tight do dirt card tired sudden例句： Dont tell my teacher, Tom. David told me that Doctor Li would be his tutor this year./k/ 与/g/
13、 舌后部抬起紧贴软腭，形成阻碍，气流冲去阻碍后冲出口腔，/k/为清辅音，声带不振动; /g/为浊辅音，声带振动。例词： kick book like dock occasion gate get egg ghost guide例句： The book teaches us how to cook. All that glitters is not gold./f/与 /v/ 下唇轻触上齿，气流由唇齿间缝隙通过，摩擦成音。/f/为清辅音，声带不振动; /v/为浊辅音，声带振动。例词： fly far wife off laugh very village live over save例句： Th
14、ere are fifteen girls in my class. Im living in a flat by the river./ 与/舌尖轻触上齿背部，气流从舌齿间的缝隙送出，/为清辅音，声带不振动; / /为浊辅音，声带振动。例词： thank think thief mouth teeth this those then that smooth例句： You should think of it. This book is better than that./s/ 与/z/舌端靠近上齿龈，气流从舌端和齿龈通过，形成摩擦音。/s/为清辅音，声带不振动; /z/为浊辅音，声带振动。例
15、词： so sir pencil piece dress zoo zone zero use eraser例句： Did you see the snake in the grass? Please close the window./ 与/舌身抬起，靠近硬腭，舌端抬向上齿龈，形成狭长的通道，气流由此通过。双唇稍微收拢并略突出。/为清辅音，声带不振动; /为浊辅音，声带振动。例词： she sheep wish sure special pleasure garage decision vision division例句： She is a shy girl. What do you usua
16、lly do in your leisure time? /h/发音时口张大，在通过声门时发出轻微的摩擦，气流通过口腔时不受阻碍。/h/为清辅音，声带不振动。例词：he her how who ahead例句： How are you? He doesnt have any hope. /r/舌尖卷起，抬向上齿龈后部，但不发生摩擦，舌两侧稍收拢，口型略突出气流通过是发出轻微的摩擦。/r/为浊辅音，声带振动。例词：right run cry bread primary例句：Those red roses are very pretty. /t/与 /d/ 舌尖舌端抬高，贴住上齿龈后部，形成阻碍。
17、气流冲出阻碍摩擦成音，口型略突出，稍微成方形。例词： child check reach teach catch job page June just judge例句： Children always like chicken and French fries. Just have fun! /tr/与/dr/舌身与/r/相似，舌尖向上卷起，并抵住上齿龈后部，气流冲出舌尖和齿龈之间的阻碍，双唇收拢稍向前突出。/tr/为清辅音，声带不振动; /dr /为浊辅音，声带振动。例词： try tree trick true track dry dream dread drop drive例句： You
18、 should have another try. Let it drip dry. /ts/与 /dz/舌端贴住上齿龈形成阻碍，气流冲破阻碍，口型扁平。/ts/为清辅音，声带不振动; /dz /为浊辅音，声带振动。例词： pets coats gets tests points roads aids reads seeds lands例句： She wants to buy some dates. Will your friends join us? /m/ 双唇紧闭，软腭下垂，气流从鼻腔送出，在词尾时略需延长，以防止吞音。例词：me my come farm tomorrow例句： He
19、is a handsome boy. /n/舌尖紧贴上齿龈，软腭下垂，形成阻碍，气流从鼻腔送出，在词尾时略需延长，以防止吞音。例词： need name know skin strange例句： This is a nice tune. /软腭下垂，舌后部向软腭抬起，堵住口腔通道，气流从鼻腔送出，词末时发音清晰有力，稍微延长。例词： bank song singing longer English例句： Shes good at singing English songs. / 元音前，舌端抵上齿龈，气流从舌的一侧或者两侧泻出；辅音前或词末，舌端也抵上齿龈，但与清晰音相比，舌前部较低，舌后部较
20、高，发音略长。例词：late like long low close all sell pull little kettle例句：Lily likes wearing long hair. Sue is a bright little girl. /w/舌后部向软腭抬起，舌位较高，口型收圆，稍向前突出，发音短促。例词： we week want where whether例句： The weather is getting warm. /j/舌前部尽量向硬腭抬起，双唇平展口微开，舌面和硬腭稍有摩擦。例词： yes you young yak year例句： The young lady sitting over there is my younger sister.
