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1、Five Levels of Degrees of Formality,Introduction Definition Features Example,Introduction,Martin Joos classification of degrees of formality in his book The Five Clocks(1962) is of five levels:frozen,formal, consultative,casual and intimate.,Frozen style,Definition:Frozen style is used by profession
2、al speakers for public purposes,such as legal documents regulations,formal ceremonies.Features: A.Fixed form and stucture as if frozen. B.Often used on hightly significant occasions.eg:Inaugural,ceremony,court of law. C.Archaic words,formal and big expressions,long and complex sentences.,Example,We
3、hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness Declaration of Independence,Formal style,Definition:Formal style is used before a large audien
4、ce such as formal lectures,inaugural address of president elect,scientific reports.Features: A.Tightly structured and well-planned,no fragments,no repetition and second thought. B.Vocabulary technical,varied consciously. C.Clear and careful pronunciation. D.Different sentence structures.,Example,Tha
5、nk you very much, Mr. Mayor. I appreciate your kind words of introduction. And were delighted to be here today. My wife and I are privileged to have the opportunity once again to travel in China. US Vice Presidents Speech at Fudan University,Consultative style,Definition:Consultative style is used f
6、or conducting most business matters,such as talking with strangers,buying things in a shop ,asking the way in the sreet.Features: A.This vatiety reflects the most basic and common features among 5 varieties. B.Sentences are not too long,words are plain and are often arranged in normal order. C.Some
7、grammatical phenomena not preferred like participles used as adverbials. D.No variation in diction. E.Sentences often begin with:well,but,so.,Example,Wheres Van Bummel,the shoolmaster? He went off to the war too,was the great militia general,and is now in Congress. Rip Van Winkle,Casual style,Defini
8、tion:Casual style is the language used for situations in which no social barriers are felt by the participants.It is the language used among friends acquaintances,insiders,and people with shared knowledge.Fatures: A. First name in greeting,no formal title. B.Often uses fragments,contractions,slang.
9、C.Often used in more relaxed situation as in domitory. D.There is a greater variation from region to region,from one social group to another than formal and other styles.,Example,Ive tried it,and it dont work;it dont work,Tom.It aint for me.The widder eats by a bell;she goes to bed by a bell;she git
10、s up by a bell-everythings so awful reglar a body cant stand it. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer,Intimate style,Definition:Intimate style is the language used among members of the family between husband and wife,among very close friends,or among a particular group of people with particularly shared kno
11、wledge ,such as school boys,army soldiers,or criminals.Features: A.Like the casual,the intimate is rarely written. B.Grammar is reduced to a bare minimum. C.Pronunciation is slurreed as a great deal of nonverbal communication with eye-brows,shoulders,and facial expressions replace the verbals. D.Since the users know very well,there is no need for careful planning.,Example,“Daddy,where you been?” “Hunting for a rabbits skin to wrap my little Bonnie in.Give your best sweetheart a kiss,Bonnie-and you too,Ella.” -Gone with the Wind,Thank you!,
