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1、基础英语语法,英语语法框架,词法,句法,名词、代词、数词、量词,冠词,动词,形容词、副词,介词,简单句,并列句,主从句,特殊句型,一、名词,1.专有名词,2.普通名词,名词分类,：人名、地名、组织机构名称,之词法,基础英语语法,普通名词,可数名词,不可数名词,练习：能够区分可数名词以及不可数名词,物质名词：食物、液体、自然物质,抽象名词：情感、概念、学科,可数名词,可数名词,单数可数名词与冠词,可数名词变复数,合成名词变复数,集合名词,不可数名词,不可数名词,不可数名词与冠词,不可数名词与量词、不定代词,既是可数又是不可数名词，但意思不同,名词所有格,名词所有格,1.在词尾加s 用于有生命的名
2、词后，比如 my fathers coat, the foxs tail, peoples china, Joans and Janes rooms. 用于时间、距离、价值等或者国家、城市等名词之后，比如 todays papers, ten minutes rest, 3 days holiday, a miles walk, a dollars worth of stamps 名词所有格所修饰的词省略的情况，比如 the tailors (shop) 服装店the butchers 肉店2.of 结构用于无生命的名词，比如 a map of the world,名词在句子中的作用,名词在句
3、中的作用,eg. i got a very good seat. The play was very interesting. She is a good teacher. . A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me. I have just received the letter from my brother, TOM.,宾语,主语,表语,主语,介词宾语,同位语,具有名词性质的其他形式,He is my best friend.Five plus one is six.Fishing is my favorite sport
4、.To get to the top is my goal.what he says sounds right.,区分可数与不可数名词,A.book B.milk C.rice D.bun E.soup F.water G.tea H.hamburger I.bread J.money K.paper L.desk M.toy N.baby O.season P.egg Q.coffee R.computer S.tree T.meat U.pork V.tooth W.room X.pen Y.beef Z.chair,区分可数与不可数名词练习,可数名词与冠词,可数名词单数形式前面必须加冠词
5、，定冠词或者不定冠词,Last week, I went to the theatre.I got a very good seat.The play was very interesting.A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me.This is a private conversation.There are a pen, a book and a computer on the desk.,名词变复数,1.绝大多数的可数名词的复数形式，是在该词末尾加上后辍-s。,2.凡是以s、z、x、ch、sh结尾的词，在该词末尾加上后辍
6、-es构成复数。,3.以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，将y改变为i，再加-es。,4.以-o结尾的名词，黑人和英雄喜欢吃土豆、西红柿和芒果,6.以-f或-fe结尾的名词，多为将-f或-fe改变为-ves,5.以-us结尾的名词（多为外来词），通常将-us改变为-i构成复数。,7.以-us结尾的名词（多为外来词），通常将-us改变为-i构成复数。读音变化：尾音Es改读ai，其中kEs要改读为sai，gEs要改读为dVai。例：fungusfungi;abacusabaci;focusfoci;cactuscacti;cestuscesti8、以-is结尾的名词，通常将-is改变为-es。读音变化：尾音
7、is改读i:z。例：axisaxes;basisbases;narisnares;hypothesishypotheses;restisrestes9.以-ix结尾的名词，通常将-ix改变为-ices，但有例外。读音变化：尾音iks改读isi:z。例：matrixmatrices;directrixdirectrices;calixcalices;appendixappendices反例：affixaffixes,10.以-um结尾的名词，将-um改变为-a。读音变化：去掉鼻尾音。例：forumfora;stadiumstadia;aquariumaquaria;datumdata;vacuu
8、mvacua11.以-a结尾的名词，在该词末尾加上后辍-e。读音变化：尾音E改读i:。例：larvalarvae;formulaformulae;alaalae;mediamediae;hydrahydrae,合成词变复数,合成名词变复数,1、合成名词的复数形式通常将主题名词变为复数形式，如：daughters-in-law; lookers-on;passers-by; hand-gunsfire-engines,editors-in-chiefrunners-upletter-boxes,2.如果没有主体名词，则在最后一个词的后面加复数形式，如：grow-upsgo-betweenssta
9、nd-bys,集合名词,第一类 形单可单复 family (家庭)，team (队)，class (班)，audience (听众)形式为单数，但意义可以用为单数或复数,His family is large. 他的家是个大家庭。,His family are all waiting for him. 他的一家人都在等他。,This class consists of 45 pupils. 这个班由45个学生组成。,This class are reading English now. 这个班的学生在读英语。,用法特点：若视为整体，表示单数意义； 若考虑其个体成员，表示复数意义。,第二类 形单
10、意义复cattle(牛，牲畜)，people(人)，police(警察)，sheep(羊),用法特点为：只有单数形式, 但却表示复数意义，用作主语时谓语用复数；不与 a(n) 连用，但可与the连用(表示总括意义和特指)。,People will laugh at you. 人们会笑你的。,The police are looking for him. 警察在找他。,Many cattle were killed for this. 就因为这个原因宰了不少牲畜。,注：表示牲畜的头数，用单位词 head(单复数同形)。如： five head of cattle 5头牛，fifty (head
11、of ) cattle 50头牛,第三类 形复意义复goods(货物), clothes(衣服）,用法特点：只有复数形式(当然也表示复数意义，用作主语时谓语也用复数),Clothes dry slowly in the rainy season. 衣服在雨季不易干。,Such clothes are very expensive. 那样的衣服很贵,If goods are not well made you should complain to the manufacturer. 如果货物质量不好，则理应向制造商提出控诉。,第四类 形单意义单 baggage / luggage(行李), cl
12、othing(衣服), furniture(家具), machinery(机器), poetry(诗), scenery(风景), jewelry(珠宝), equipment(设备),用法特点：是不可数名词，只用单数形式，不用不定冠词(当然更不能用数词)，没有复数形式。,Our clothing protects us from against the cold. 我们的衣服可以御寒。,Have you checked all your baggage? 你所有的行李都托运了吗?,The thief stole all her jewelry. 小偷把她所有的首饰都偷走了。,The hosp
13、ital has no decent equipment. 这家医院没有像样的设备。,The Tang Dynasty is thought of as the high summer of Chinese poetry. 人们认为唐朝是中国诗歌的全盛时期。,注：machinery, poetry, jewelry, scenery等相应的个体可数名词是 machine, poem, jewel, scene等。如： a poem / a piece of poetry 一首诗 many machines / much machinery / many pieces of machinery
14、许多机器,不可数名词的量,不可数名词和量词以及不定代词,1.不可数名词的量可以借助于量词来表达,2.不定代词可以修饰不可数名词，如some,any,a little, little,a piece of papera piece of newsa piece of breada glass/cup/bottle/tin ofa bar of chocalate,既可又不可且意义不同的名词,既可作可数名词，又可做不可数名词，但意义不同,还有一些词和名词性质相似，属于名词类的词，比如代词，数词, 动名词，动词不定式和从句。,二、代词,分 类,人称代词,物主代词,指示代词,不定代词,主格,宾格,名词
15、性物主代词,形容词性物主代词,反身代词,疑问代词,人称代词,不定代词,不定代词是不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的词,some:someone, somebody, something,somewhereany: anyone, anybody, anything, anywhere.no: no one, nobody, nothing, nowhere.evey: everyone, everybody, everthing, everywehere.one: nonemany,much, a few, a littleall ,both, either, neither,eachother
16、, another,eg. there are three students talking in the classroom. I know all of them. all students were present at the meeting.,eg. Both of my sister and I like the song very much. he likes both his sons.,all: 三者或以上全都，既可做形容词又可做代词,both：两者全都，既可做形容词又可做代词。,eg. They like neither of the two paintings. neit
17、her student gives the answer. There are shops on either side of the street. you may take either with you.,neither: 两者中任何一个都不，既可做形容词又可做代词,either：两者中任何一个，既可做形容词又可做代词,each:每一个，强调个体,1.each 既可做形容词又可做代词，而every 只能做形容词。,例如： each student has a dictionary. evey student has a dictionary. each of the students h
18、as a dictionary. every of the students has a dictionary., 故 each 有each of 的结构，而every 就没有，就是这个原因。,every：每一个，强调整体,形容词修饰复合不定代词,eg. I have something important to tell you.,.复合不定代词受定语修饰时，定语应放在它们后面,There is nothing wrong with the radio. 这收音机没有毛病。,Have you seen anyone anybody famous? 你见过名人吗,不定代词与部分否定,不定代词与
19、部分否定不定代词all, both, every 等与 not 连用时构成部分否定；若要表示完全否定，则需换用 none, neither, no one等。比较：,All of the students like the novel. 所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。Not all of the students like the novel. 并不是所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。,All of the students dont like the novel. 并不是所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。None of the students like the novel. 这些学生当中没有一个喜欢这本
20、小说。,数词,三、数词,基数词,1.基本数词：1-10，11-20，整十表达,2.表示数字的词dozen 一打，12个； dozens of eggs；six dozen eggs 6打鸡蛋score 20个,3.表示“几十年代”或者“几十岁”eg. in the thirties 在30年代 in his thirties 在他30多岁的时候,4. 在习语中， 有时要用基数词的复数形式eg. by twos and threes 三三两两 in two twos 一眨眼,序数词,1.基本形式,2.序数词前一般必须使用定冠词theeg. the first class; the third d
21、ay,3.如果序数词前没有加the ,而是使用了不定冠词a, an，则表示“又一”,eg. we will have to do it a third time.,4.分数表达法：分子用基数词， 分母用序数词，若分子大于1，分母则要用复数,eg. 1/6 one sixth 5/6 five sixths,加、减、乘、除,2+3=?Howmuchistwoplusthree? 2+3=5TwoplusthreeisfiveTwoandthreeisequaltofive TwoandthreemakesfiveTwoaddedtothreeequalsfiveIfweaddtwoto/andt
22、hree,wegetfive,1.“加”用plus，and或add表示；“等于”用is，make，equal等词表示。,106?Howmuchistenminussix?10-6=4TenminussixisfourTakesixfromtenandtheremainderisfour.Six(taken)fromtenisfour,2.“减”用minus或takefrom表示,3*4?Howmuchisthreetimesfour?3X4=12Threetimesfouris/aretwelveMultiplythreebyfour，wegettwelveThreemultipliedbyf
23、ourmakestwelve,3.“乘”用time（动词）或multiply表示,164=?Howmuchissixteendividedbyfour?1644SixteendividedbyfourisfourSixteendividedbyfourequals/gives/makesfour,4.“除”用divide的过去分词形式表示,冠词,定冠词,不定冠词,不定冠词, 表泛指。如：There is a book on the table., 指人或事物的某一种类。如：His father is a driver. Longjing is a wonderful tea., 指某一个人或事
24、物，但不具体说明。如：My sister was saved by a PLA man in the fire., 用于某一些表示重量、长度、时间等单位前，表示“每一”。如：We have meals three times a day.（我们一天吃三餐。）, 表示同样的。如：They are of an age.（他们是同岁。）, 表数量，相当于one,但语意较弱。如：There is a pen and two books on the desk., 使抽象名词具体化。如：The little girl is a help to her mother. （a hand译帮手）,不定冠词,
25、固定搭配。如：A few, a little, a lot of, a bit, a couple of, all of a sudden(突然), as a matter of fact(实际上), in a hurry(匆忙的), in a word(简言之), have a good time(玩得愉快), do sb. a favour(帮忙), pay a visit to(访问), as a rule(惯例), as a whole(总之), in a day or two(一两天), in a way(在某种程度上), of a size(大小相同), have a word w
26、ith sb.(与交谈), make a living(谋生), take a pride in(自豪), take a walk(break, bath, seat)(散步(休息、洗澡、就座), a great deal of(大量), be a pity(遗憾), have a cold(headache, fever)(感冒(头痛、发烧), many a(许多), catch a cold(感冒),定冠词, 表示上文提到过的人或事物。如：I have bought a book. The book is very useful. 用于说话人与听话人心中都有数的人或事物。如：Close t
27、he window, please. 用于表示世界上独一无二的事物前。如：the sun, the moon, the earth, the world等。 用于表示方位的名词之前。如：the east, the right. 用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前。如：the first, the tallest. 用于形容词之前，使其名词化。如：the sick, the wounded. 用于由普通名词构成的专有名词之前。如：the United States, the United Nation., 用于江河、海洋、海峡、山脉、群岛、建筑物等的名词之前。如：the Changjiang Riv
28、er, the East Lake. 用于复数姓氏之前，表示“夫妇”或“全家”。如：The Smiths 用于乐器的名词前。如：play the piano; play the violin.发明物。如：The compass was invented in China. 年代名词前。如：He lived in the countryside in the 1970s. 固定词组中。如：in the morning(afternoon, evening), on the other hand , at the same time,零冠词, 表示总称的复数名词之前。如：Children love
29、 cartoons.（儿童喜欢卡通影片。） 不含普通名词的专有名词前。如：We are studying English. 名词前有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时。如：I like this picture; I do not have any money; As time went on, Einsteins theory proved to be correct. 季节、月份、星期等名词前，一般不用冠词。如：She likes spring most. 呼语前不用冠词。如：What shall I do next, Mother? 三餐饭前不用冠词。如：What did y
30、ou have for lunch? 节假日前不用冠词。如：People give gifts to each other on Christmas Day. 球类和棋类运动的名称前不用冠词。如：She is fond of playing basketball. 在一些成对出现的短语中不用冠词。如：arm in arm（手挽手）; hand in hand（手牵手）; side by side（肩对肩）; day and day（日日夜夜）; young and old（老老少少）; from door to door（挨门挨户）; from beginning to end（从头到尾）;
31、from morning till night（从早到晚）等。,用冠词与不用冠词的区别,在有些短语中，有冠词与没有冠词意义差别很大，参考附件,练习,练习,他和我都教英语。我是一个学生，我画了很多画。吃了一顿丰盛的饭后，他们就围着营火讲起了故事唱起了歌。如果你把汽车停错了地方，交通警察很快就会发现。我的姑姑是个演员。我不能付账单，因为我的包不见了。去年我去意大利，我参观了博物馆，还去了公园。,形容词与副词Adjectives and adverbs,形容词 adjectives,功能Functon,修饰名词to modify nouns,使语言表意更准确、更丰富、更生动、更有表现力to make
32、 speeches more accurate，richer, more vivid and more expressive.,传达了说话人或者作者的情感和态度。 to convey the emotion and attitudes of speakers or writers.,I have a seat.Shanghai is a city.We live in a country.On a day, the ants began drying the grain.The grasshopper says,I kept myself busy by singing day and nig
33、ht.,good,examples:,bustling,beautiful,cold frosty,arrogant,这些句子就变得苍白、没有生机，不能完全描绘出事物，不能准确表意，更不能表达作者的情感和态度，就想黑白电影一样少了色彩。,分类,只做定语形容词,只做表语形容词,既能做定语又能做表语形容词,英语中绝大多数形容词既可做定语又可做表语most adjs.in English can act both as attributes and predicatives,the clothes are very old.these old clothes are mine.the new lib
34、rary is wide and bright.the wide and bright library is new.,只能作定语,有些形容词表示事物的属性，只能作定语，放在名词前面修饰名词,eg. 表材料：golden,wooden 表时间：daily, everyday, monthly， present, last, exsiting表相对关系：former,latter,outer, upper, lower 表方位：indoor, outdoor, inside, outside,eg.: This is our daily work. The outdoor cinema is q
35、uite popular now.,另外带有连字符的表示度量的复合形容词，只能作定语，如果要作表语，则应去掉连字符：compound adjectives with hyphens,expressing measurement, can only be attributes;otherwise, hyphens should be removed.,eg.: she has a five-year-old son. her son is five years old.,只能作表语,表语形容词，只能跟在系动词后面作表语，不能放在名词前作定语,最典型的就是以a- 开头的形容词： afraid 害怕
36、的 asleep睡着的 alike相似的 alive活着的 alone单独的 ashamed羞愧的 awake醒着的 aware意识到的,eg.: the baby is asleep. I am afraid of dogs.,通常还有一些表示健康和情绪的词也通常只作表语,eg. fine健康的 ill生病的 well 身体健康的 glad高兴的 pleased高兴的 sorry难过的 upset 沮丧的 content满足的 certain确信的 sure确信的 fond 喜欢的 ready 准备好的,在句子中的作用,定语,表语,状语或者主语补足语,定语,单个形容词作定语通常前置,eg.
37、This is a private conversation. Your nephew is a nice little girl. He is an honest boy. A strange man came in.,单个形容词修饰something等复合不定代词的时候要后置；形容词短语作定语总是后置,eg. Is there anything interesting in the new book? I have something important to tell you. He is someone humorous. I like something cheaper. Do yo
38、u know anybody famous in the field? Do you have the instruments necessary for the experiment?I know an actor suitable for the role.,多个形容词修饰名词的顺序,多个形容词修饰名词时的顺序：,冠词、指示代词所有格 序数词 基数词 特征 尺寸 年龄温度新旧 形状颜色 地区材料用途 名词,口诀：美小圆旧黄 法国木书房,eg. there is a big round conference table in the meeting room.,表语,形容词作表语，放在系动词
39、后面：,eg. She looks elegant. The story is inspiring. He is interested in watching TV. She appears quite old.,宾语补足语,They find the problem difficult. Aeroplanes are slowly driving me mad.His harsh words made us angry.,在特定的结构中做宾语补足语,作状语,eg. he arrived home, hungry and tired. he sat there in the corner, s
40、ilent. he came over, eager to help.,这种形容词用作状语主要表示原因、结果或伴随等，其逻辑主语必须与句子主语保持一致。这类结构通常可用从句或并列句来改写：He came over, eager to help. / He came over and (he) was eager to help. 他走过来，急于想帮忙。【注】以上形容词用作状语的情形，有人也称之为主语补足语，因为它们是补充说明主语的。,the +adj,the + 形容词表示某一类型的人He set up a school for the deaf and the dumb. 他创建了一所聋哑学
41、校。He stole from the rich to give to the poor. 他偷富人的东西去接济穷人。Those of us who are sighted dont understand the problems of the blind. 我们这些有视力的人不理解盲人的困难。,这类结构常见的有：the rich 富人 the poor 穷人 the blind 盲人the sick 病人 the old 老人 the young 年轻人the dumb 哑巴 the deaf 聋子 the dead 死者 the weak 弱者 the strong 强者 the weal
42、thy 富人the jobless 失业者,the + 分词形容词表示某一类型的人Times are hard for the unemployed. 失业者的日子很难熬。Many of the wounded died on their way to hospital. 许多伤员死在去医院的途中了。,这类结构常见的有：the wounded 伤员 the injured 伤员the killed 被杀者 the employed 被雇用者the unemployed 失业者 the accused 被告the learned 有学问的人 the aged 老年人the missing 失踪的
43、人 the living 活着的人,形容词短语,1. be+形容词+aboutbe angry about 为生气 be anxious about 为忧虑be careful about 当心 be certain about 确信be curious about 对好奇 be disappointed about 对感到失望be excited about 对感到兴奋 be glad about 对感到高兴be happy about 为感到高兴 be hopeful about 对抱有希望be mad about 对入迷 be nervous about 为感到不安be particul
44、ar about 对讲究 be sad about 为而难过be serious about 对认真 be sure about 对有把握be worried about 为担忧,2. be+形容词+atbe angry at 为生气 be bad at 不善于be clever at 擅长于 be disappointed at 对感到失望be expert at 在方面是内行 be good at 善于be mad at 对发怒 be quick at 在方面敏捷be skilful at 在方面熟练 be slow at 在方面迟钝,3. be+形容词+forbe anxious for
45、 渴望 be bad for 对有害，对不行be bound for 前往 be celebrated for 以出名be convenient for 对方便 be eager for 渴望be famous for 因闻名 be fit for 合适，适合be good for 对有益(方便) be grateful for 感谢be hungry for 渴望得到 be late for 迟到be necessary for 对有必要 be ready for 为准备好be sorry for 因抱歉 be suitable for 对合适(适宜)be thankful for 因而感激
46、 be well-known for 以出名,4. be+形容词+frombe absent from 缺席，不在 be different from 与不同be far from 离远，远远不 be free from 没有，免受be safe from 没有的危险 be tired from 因而疲劳,5. be+形容词+inbe concerned in 与有关 be disappointed in 对(某人)感到失望be engaged in 从事于，忙于 be experienced in 在方面有经验be expert in 在方面是行家 be fortunate in 在方面幸运
47、be honest in 在方面诚实 be interested in 对感兴趣be lacking in 缺乏 be rich in 富于be skilful in 擅长于 be successful in 在方面成功be weak in 在方面不行,6. be+形容词+ofbe afraid of 害怕 be ashamed of 为感到羞愧be aware of 意识到，知道 be capable 能够，可以be careful of 小心，留心 be certain of 确信，对有把握be fond of 喜欢 be free of 没有，摆脱be full of 充满 be gla
48、d of 为而高兴be nervous of 害怕 be proud of 为自豪be short of 缺乏 be shy of 不好意思be sick of 对厌倦 be sure of 肯定，有把握be tired of 对厌烦 be worthy of 值得，配得上,7. be+形容词+tobe accustomed to 习惯于 be blind to 对视而不见be close to 靠近，接近 be cruel to 对残酷，对无情be devoted to 献身于，专心于 be equal to 等于，能胜任be familiar to 为(某人)所熟悉 be harmful
49、to 对有危害be important to 对重要 be open to 对开放，易受到be opposed to 反对，不赞成 be opposite to 在对面，和相反be polite to 对有礼貌 be related to 与有关，与有亲戚关系be respectful to尊敬 be rude to 对无礼be similar to 与相似 be true to 忠实于，信守be used to 习惯于 be useful to 对有用,8. be+形容词+withbe angry with 对(某人)生气 be bored with 对厌烦be busy with 忙于 b
50、e careful with 小心be concerned with 关于，与有关 be content with 以为满足be delighted with 对感到高兴 be disappointed with 对(某人)失望be familiar with 熟悉，精通 be honest with 对(某人)真诚be ill with 患病 be patient with 对(某人)有耐心be pleased with 对满意(高兴) be popular with 受欢迎be satisfied with 对满意 be strict with 对(某人)严格,练习,他们的睡袋温暖而舒适。
