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1、限制性定语从句翻译前置法后置法融合法转换法,/,限制性定语从句翻译/,定语从句是在英语中广泛使用的语言现象。一般认为定语从句在性质上有限制性和非限制性定语从句之分。对定语从句翻译的变通处理，通常体现在对从句位置、类型和关系的调整上。因此，在翻译定语从句时，要根据句子承担的交际功能和上下文语境来灵活处理。这里先谈及限制性定语从句的处理方法。,/,定语从句是在英语中广泛使用的语言现象。一般认,限制性定语从句对所修饰的先行词起限制作用，与先行词关系密切，不用逗号分开。译者在翻译时要根据相互关系和限制的紧密程度安排译文修饰部分的位置和逻辑关系。这类句子的翻译可以用以下方式处理：,前置法,后置法,融合法
2、,转换法,/,限制性定语从句对所修饰的先行词起限制作用，与,Those who do not wish to go need not go.,凡是不愿意去的人就不必去。,把英语限制性定语从句译成汉语中带“的”的定语词组，从而使英语复合句变成汉语单句。这种处理方法适合关系简单、直接和较短的定语从句类型。,/,Those who do not wish to go ne,He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet.,She had been too proud to admit the emotion (情感
3、) which her heart felt.,她太骄傲了，不肯让心里的感情流露出来。,没有吃过苦的人不知道什么是甜。,/,He who has never tasted what i,A good deal went on in the farm which he her father did not know.,农庄里发生了许多事情，他 她的父亲 并不知道。（并列）,如果从句结构较长、关系复杂，或译成汉语前置定语词组太啰嗦而且不符合汉语表达习惯，译者可以译成后置的并列分句。但是应注意分析修饰和限定关系，安排符合原句意义表达的逻辑关系。,/,A good deal went on in th
4、e far,/,/,/,/,His opposite, the man who is in the habit of doing more than what is strictly necessary and who is ready to accept what is offered in return, is rare everywhere.,与前一种人相反，另一种人习惯于干得比他应该干的要多，付给他多少报酬他都乐于接受，这种人哪里都很罕见。,/,His opposite, the man who is i,There was something original and indepen
5、dent about the plan that pleased all of them.,这个方案富有创意而且别出心裁，所以使他们都很喜欢。（强调结果）,有些定语从句从交际功能上分析，起到状语从句的修饰职能。当定语从句与主句之间存在说明原因、结果、目的、让步、假设等逻辑关系的修饰功能时，译者应注意理清这些逻辑关系，做出相应条件句型的转换。,/,There was something original a,The government officer was giving a dinner for a few people whom he wished especially to talk t
6、o.,She seeks happiness in selfish enjoyment where it can never be found.,她在自私的享乐中寻求幸福，结果是永远也找不到幸福。(强调结果),政府官员只宴请了几个人，因为他特地想和这些人谈谈。(强调原因),/,The government officer was giv,These planes had disappeared in a very mysterious part of the world in the western Atlantic Ocean where lots of strange events hav
7、e taken place.（Line 21）,定语从句从功能上讲是对先行词起到限制、修饰或补充的作用。但是如果从句结构复杂，可摒弃传统的前置或后置的译法，灵活处理为并列分句。先行词可以省略也可以重复，视情况而定。,这些飞机是在西大西洋上一个非常神秘的地方失踪的，那里已经发生了多起离奇事件。,/,These planes had disappe,He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two pounds each.,他居然种出了二百个奇迹般的西红柿，每个重达两磅。,It is he who r
8、eceived the letter that announced the death of your uncle.,是他收到那封信，说你的叔叔去世了。,Occasionally there would be the days when our depression would disappear temporarily.,偶尔也有这样的日子，我们沮丧之情会暂时消散。,/,He managed to raise a crop of,There have been many attempts to explain why people, planes and ships disappear in
9、 such high numbers here.（Line 28）,英译汉中的增词法是常用的手法之一。先前谈及的是此法在句法上需要增加一些词，以更加忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容（参考第四课），此处是从意义和修辞的角度出发来达到同一目的。,人们(做了许多努力)，试图解释为什么这么多人、飞机和船只在这里失踪。,/,There have been many at,Thieves spread terror through the land.,这一带盗贼出没，造成一片恐慌。,An episode of humor or kindness touches and amuses him here and
10、there.,他不时会碰到一两件事，或是幽默得逗人发笑，或是显出人心忠厚的一面，使人感动。,They talked for almost eight hours, through dinner and well into the night.,他们谈了差不多八个小时，中间吃了一顿晚饭，接着谈到深夜。,/,Thieves spread terror t,Another theory is that the geography of the area is responsible for the disappearances of the ships and planes. （Line 36）,语
11、言中的成语或固定短语既用于口头也见于书面。既体现出该语言的特点又反映其民族特色。译时应全面理解原文的含义和掌握深层的语气，将成语或固定短语自然、恰当地运用其中。,另一种理论认为该地区的地形是造成船只和飞机失踪的罪魁祸首。,/,Another theory is that,Many people have found these explanations difficult to believe.,许多人认为这些解释难以置信。,He who will not when he may, when he will he shall have nay.,当时不想干，想干不当时。,Over the pa
12、st several weeks, she had grown increasingly restless.,过去几周，她越来越六神无主。,/,Many people have found these e,英语非限制性定语从句对先行词不起限制作用，只是对它加以描写、叙述或解释。翻译这类从句时，译者应尽量体现原句中潜在的语用意义和语感，可借助的方法有：,转换法,前置法,后置法,/,英语非限制性定语从句对先行词不起限制作用，只,He liked his sister, who was warm and pleasant, but he did not like his brother, who w
13、as cold and proud.,他喜欢热情愉快的妹妹，而不喜欢冷漠骄傲的哥哥。（对比描述）,一些较短而且具有描写性的英语非限制性的定语从句，也可以译成带有“的”的前置定语。,/,He liked his sister, who was w,The emphasis was helped by the speakers mouth, which was wide, thin and hard-set.,The sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendor.,整天躲在云层里的太阳，现在又光芒四射地露面了。,说话
14、人那又宽又薄又紧绷绷的嘴巴，帮助他加强了语气。,/,The emphasis was helped by the,He saw in front that white-haired old woman, whose eyes flashed red with anger.,他看见前面那个憔悴的白发老太太，眼睛里愤怒地闪着红光。（省略）,后置法的应用可以将原文从句的关系代词按顺序重复出来，也可以省略，或者将从句处理为独立的句子。,/,He saw in front that white-hai,They went to Mr. Chang, who gave them a hearty welc
15、ome.,I had a problem, which became clearly obvious just as I was to appear at the meeting.,我遇到了一个问题。当我就要出席会议时，这个问题越发明显。 （独立句）,他们去看张先生，张先生热诚地欢迎他们。,/,They went to Mr. Chang, who ga,We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.,我们知道，由于猫的
16、眼睛比我们人的眼睛能吸收更多的光线，所以猫在黑夜也能看得清楚。（强调原因）,同处理限制性定语从句的转换法一致，这种译法同样适合非限制性定语从句。,/,We know that a cat, whose eyes,He insisted on buying another house, which he had no use for.,That man became desired for work, any work, which would help him to keep his family alive.,他极其迫切地要求工作，不管什么工作，只要它能维持一家人的生活就行。（强调条件）,他坚持要再买一幢房子，尽管他并无此需要。（强调让步）,/,He insisted on buying another,/,/,
