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1、教案1,A Practical Translation Course for College Students,实用翻译教程,Translation before class,There was a man who had worked at a factory for twenty years. Every night when he left the plant, he would push a wheelbarrow full of straw to the guard at the gate. The guard would look through the straw, and fi
2、nd nothing and pass the man through. On the day of his retirement the man came to the guard as usual but without the wheelbarrow. Having become friends over the years, the guard asked him, Charlie, Ive seen you walk out of here every night for twenty years. I know youve been stealing something. Now
3、that youre retired, tell me what it is. Its driving me crazy. Charlie simply smiled and replied, Okay, wheelbarrows!,教学内容,第一章 引论1.1 翻译的概念及其重要性1.2 翻译的基本标准1.3 译者的基本素质第二章 翻译的基础知识与技巧2.1 词汇的理解 2.1.1 理解专业知识和文化背景知识课堂练习课后作业,第一章： 引论,1.1 翻译的概念及其重要性 1.2 翻译的基本标准 1.3 译者的基本素质,1.1 翻译的概念及重要性,Scope of translationIn
4、terms of languageNative languages into foreign languagesForeign languages into native languagesIn terms of the modeOral interpretationWritten translationMachine translation,In terms of materialsScientific materialsTranslation of literary worksTranslation of political essaysBusiness TranslationTransl
5、ation of practical writingIn terms of disposalfull-text translationabridged translationadapted translation,小结：翻译的概念 翻译是一门语言艺术，即把一种语言形式转换成另一种语言形式，同时准确地保留原文所表达的思想内容。翻译的意义 翻译是在社会发展、人际交流日益频繁和广泛的基础上产生的，它是不同国籍、不同民族的人们之间进行经济、文化和科技交流活动必不可少的媒介和催化剂。翻译的类别1.语言角度：语内翻译和语际翻译2.翻译活动方式：口译和笔译3.翻译材料的文体特点：应用文体、科技文体、 论述文
6、体、新闻文体和艺术文体4.翻译活动的处理方式：全译、摘译、编译、 辑译和译述。,1.2 翻译的基本标准国内： 严复(1853-1921)：信、达、雅 Triple Principle of Translation 信：(faithfulness)忠实于原文/忠实准确 达：(expressiveness)文笔流畅/通顺流畅 雅：(elegance)文风典雅/文字古雅（士大夫） -保持原文的风格 鲁迅：“凡是翻译，必须兼顾两面，一当然力求其易 解，一则保存原作的风姿”。,傅雷：传神论/神似说 Transference of soul or spirit “以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不
7、在形似而在神似。”钱钟书：化境说 sublimed adaptation 文学翻译的最高标准是化。所谓“化境”，就是原作向译文的“投胎转世”，文字形式虽然换了，而原文的思想、感情、风格、神韵都原原本本地化到了译文的境界里了，丝毫不留下翻译的痕迹，让读者读译作就完全像在读原作一样。,国外英国 泰特勒 Tytler -论翻译的原则翻译中的三项基本原则： 一、译文应完全复写出原作的思想 （相当于“信”） 二、译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同 （相当于“雅”） 三、译文应和原作同样流畅 （相当于“达”）,美国 奈达 Eugene Nida: 读者反应论 忠实原文；易于理解；形式恰当；吸引读者 使译文
8、读者在读译文时，和原文读者在读原文时有着大体相同的感受natural / close; dynamic / functional equivalence,苏联 费道罗夫：等值论 与原文作用相符（表达方面的等值）译者选用的语言材料的等值（语言和文等值）,过去的翻译标准 早在汉朝和唐朝，中国翻译史就有过关于翻译标准的“文”与“质”之争，主张“文”的翻译家们强调翻译修辞和通顺，强调翻译的可读性。主张“质”的翻家们则强调翻译的不增不减，强调翻译的忠实性这实际上是意译与直译之争。当前的翻译标准 目前在我国通用的翻译标准，准确（或叫忠实）和通顺（或叫流畅），即准确的理解和通顺的表达，实际上是“信”与“达”
9、的翻版。,小结：翻译的标准：忠实和通顺是相辅相成的，忠实而不通顺，会令人感到莫名其妙，无所适从；通顺而不忠实，脱离了原作的内容与风格，通顺也就失去了意义，译文也就成了胡编乱造之作。因此，在翻译实践中我们必须恪守“忠实”与“通顺”这两条翻译标准，切实做到原文内容与译文形式的辩证统一。,1.3 译者的基本素质,决定翻译质量的四个因素（factors)：1、外语水平：语音、语法和词汇；在外译汉中，重 要体现在理解上，如：once in a blue moon等；2、母语水平：翻译中最被忽视的问题；在翻译 中，重要体现在表达上，如：So it is now or never.3、知识水平：历地、文化、
10、宗教等对理解和表达有 益处；4、工作态度：翻译“三校”、“错误率”原则上不超万 分之五。5、熟悉基本的翻译技巧,小结：,翻译人员必须做到： 1.严谨的工作态度 2.扎实的语言功底 3.广博的知识面 4.较强的思辨能力和记忆力 5.熟练的翻译技巧,翻译的历史：翻译的历史可以说几乎同语言的历史一样古老。我们可以肯定地说，什么时候有了一个民族或部落同另个民族和部落的接触，什么时候就有了翻译。西方自一世际，中国自商周时期就开始有了跨语言翻译。 中国历史上出现过三次翻译高潮：东汉至北宋的佛经翻译 明末清初的科技翻译 鸦片战争至“五四”的西学翻译,第二章： 翻译的基础知识与技巧,翻译的定义：将用一种语言或
11、者一套语言符号所表达的内容用另一 种语言或者另一套语言符号进行转换的行为和过程。 翻译的标准：忠实与通顺翻译的过程：理解和表达翻译的方法：直译和意译Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it to make social problems evaporate.直译：砸镜子不能使丑八怪变漂亮，也不能使社会问题烟消云散。意译：砸镜子并不能解决实际问题。I gave my youth to the sea and I came home and gave my wife my old age.直译：我
12、把青春献给海洋，我回家的时候便把老年给了我的妻子。意译：我把青春献给海洋，等我回到家里见到妻子的时候，我已 经是白发苍苍了。,2.1 词汇的理解 专业知识、文化背景What do you see as the future trends for the industry?你如何看待将来这个行业的发展趋势？But the industry is not without its problems.但是，这种产业并不是没有它的问题。No one doubted his ability, hisindustryor his integrity. 没人怀疑他的能力、勤奋和正直。 It was Frida
13、y and soon theyd go out and get drunk.星期五发薪日到了，他们马上就要上街区喝得酩酊大醉。Before the opening of the Second Front, the U.S infantryman was fresh, well-fed, and unscarred by battle. 在开辟第二战场之前，美国的步兵刚刚组建、给养充足、战无不胜。,They hoped to locate in Chicago.Weve simply been unable tolocatehim. The head company decided toloca
14、tein Qingdao.他们希望在芝加哥定居。我们就是没办法找到他。总公司决定设在青岛。,Practice in Class,We wish to establish relations with you.First, he had toestablishhis credentials as a teacher.It will be essential toestablishhow the money is being spent. 我们希望同贵公司建立业务关系。首先，他得证明自己做老师的资格。查清楚这笔钱将作何用途至关重要。,Practice in Class,It is importan
15、t for China to develop vocational education. Chinas workforce is facing two problems, low quality and a lack of skilled technicians. These problems have greatly affected Chinas innovation, resulting in low-end products, high energy consumption and frequent industrial accidents. 中国发展职业教育是很重要的。中国劳动力面临
16、着两个问题：素质低和缺乏熟练的技术工人。这些问题大大影响了中国的创新，导致产品档次低，能量消耗高，工业事故频繁发生。,Practice in Class,A blind boy sat on the steps of a building with a hat by his feet. He held up a sign which said: I am blind, please help. There were only a few coins in the hat.A man was walking by. He took a few coins from his pocket and
17、dropped them into the hat. He then took the sign, turned it around, and wrote some words. He put the sign back so that everyone who walked by would see the new words. Soon the hat began to fill up. A lot more people were giving money to the blind boy. That afternoon the man who had changed the sign
18、came to see how things were. The boy recognized his footsteps and asked, Were you the one who changed my sign this morning? What did you write? The man said, I only wrote the truth. I said what you said, but in a different way. I wrote: Today is a beautiful day, but I cannot see it. Both signs told people that the boy was blind. But the first sign simply said the boy was blind. The second sign told people that they were so lucky that they were not blind. Should we be surprised that the second sign was more effective?,Practice after Class,
