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1、Translation,1,Translation1,汉英词义对比英汉词汇意义的对应程度，大致有以下三种情况1）词义相符(semantic correspondence) 如: 山(mountain), 学生(student), 环境保护(environmental protection) 在寻找语义相符的对应语时,易犯逐词翻译的毛病,找到假对应词,如: 学习知识 to learn knowledge (to acquire knowledge) 盐水 salt water (salt solution),2,汉英词义对比2,2)二.词义相异(semantic non-corresponden
2、ce) 词义相异有两种情况.第一种是指称意义相符,蕴涵意义相异. 松、梅、竹（岁寒三友，蕴含不畏唁函，傲然风雪的品德）然而，英语中pine trees, plum blossoms,bamboo不具备上述蕴含意义。 “羊”在古汉语中就是吉祥的意思.如“三羊开泰”(Three Rams Bring Bliss) ram 在英语中除表示 “公羊”外，还表示“撞击装置”。,3,2)二.词义相异(semantic non-correspo,第二种情况是指称意义和蕴涵意义相异. phoenix(凤凰): mythical bird of the Arabian desert, said to live
3、for several hundred years before burning itself and then rising born again from its ashes “龙凤呈祥”(Dragon and Phoenix Bringing Prosperity),4,第二种情况是指称意义和蕴涵意义相异.4,3) 词义空缺(semantic zero) 词语意义的空缺是文化现象空缺的结果.翻译是需要用音译,意译或其他方式表示其义. 糖葫芦 Tanghulu, a sugar-coated fruit on the stick which is a kind of childrens f
4、avorite food in winter 特困生 the most needy students 乌纱帽 an official post 站票 standing-room-only tickets,5,3) 词义空缺(semantic zero)5,钱先生周岁时 “抓周”,抓了一本书,因此得名 “钟书”. When Qian was just one year old, he was told by his parents to choose one thing among many others, he picked up a book of all things. Thereupon
5、 his father very gladly gave him the name: Zhongshu (=book lover).,6,钱先生周岁时 “抓周”,抓了一本书,因此得名 “钟书”.6,钱先生周岁时 “抓周”,抓了一本书,因此得名 “钟书”. When Qian was just one year old, he was told by his parents to choose one thing among many others, he picked up a book of all things. Thereupon his father very gladly gave
6、him the name: Zhongshu (=book lover).,7,钱先生周岁时 “抓周”,抓了一本书,因此得名 “钟书”.7,每年春季，数以万计的中外客商云集申城，参加一年一度的华东出口品交易会。上海各类商品在这里与全国各地一比短长。上海的优势在于科技实力，因此高技术产口的出口应成为上海外贸出口增长的排头兵”。著名物理学家杨振宁教授曾说：高科技战场是中国超越发达国家的主战场，也是最后的战场。”走发展高科技贸易之路，是历史的必然，也是末来的需要。,8,每年春季，数以万计的中外客商云集申城，参加一年一度的华,中外客商domestic and foreign businessmen云集
7、申城swarm into Shanghai华东出口品交易会East China Export Commodity Trade Fair一比短长compete,9,中外客商9,10,大家应该也有点累了，稍作休息,大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流,10大家应该也有点累了，稍作休息大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流,科技实力scientific and technological strength排头兵take the lead in高科技战场The high-tech battlefield超越overtake,11,科技实力11,高科技贸易high-tech trade 必然indispensable,1
8、2,高科技贸易12,每年春季，数以万计的中外客商云集申城，参加一年一度的华东出口品交易会。Every spring hundreds of thousands of domestic and foreign businessmen swarm into Shanghai to attend the annual East China Export Commodity Trade Fair.,13,每年春季，数以万计的中外客商云集申城，参加一年一度的华东出口,上海各类商品在这里与全国各地一比短长。Here, all kinds of goods from Shanghai compete wit
9、h the goods from other places in China.,14,上海各类商品在这里与全国各地一比短长。14,上海的优势在于科技实力，因此高技术产口的出口应成为上海外贸出口增长的排头兵”。The advantage of Shanghai lies in its advanced scientific and technological strength, therefore the export of high-tech products should take the lead in increasing Shanghai s foreign trade and exp
10、ort.,15,上海的优势在于科技实力，因此高技术产口的出口应成为上海外贸出,著名物理学家杨振宁教授曾说：高科技战场是中国超越发达国家的主战场，也是最后的战场。Professor Yang Zhenning, a famous physicist, once said, “The high-tech battlefield is the main and the last battlefield for China to overtake the developed countries.”,16,著名物理学家杨振宁教授曾说：高科技战场是中国超越发达国家的主,”走发展高科技贸易之路，是历史的必然
11、，也是末来的需要。It is not only indispensable in history, but also necessary in the future to develop by way of promoting high-tech trade.,17,”走发展高科技贸易之路，是历史的必然，也是末来的需要。17,Every spring hundreds of thousands of domestic and foreign businessmen swarm into Shanghai to attend the annual East China Export Commod
12、ity Trade Fair. Here, all kinds of goods from Shanghai compete with the goods from other places in China. The advantage of Shanghai lies in its advanced scientific and technological strength, therefore the export of high-tech products should take the lead in increasing Shanghai s foreign trade and e
13、xport. Professor Yang Zhenning, a famous physicist, once said, “The high-tech battlefield is the main and the last battlefield for China to overtake the developed countries.”It is not only indispensable in history, but also necessary in the future to develop by way of promoting high-indispensable in
14、 history, but also necessary in the future to develop by way of promoting high-indispensable in history, but also necessary in the future to develop by way of promoting high-tech trade.,18,Every spring hundreds of,汉英句法对比汉语句子特点是“以意统形”.因而汉语的句法特征是意合(parataxis),强调逻辑关联与意义关联而不在意词语之间和句际之间的形式衔接. 英语句子的特点是强调形
15、式和功能,因而英语的句法特点是形合(hypotaxis).句子成分之间的关系要求用形式标记表明. 请看下例:,19,汉英句法对比19,1)我常见许多青年的朋友,2)聪明用功,3)成绩优异,4)而语文程度不足以达意,5)甚至写一封信亦难得通顺,6)问其故则曰其兴趣不在语文方面.,20,1)我常见许多青年的朋友,2)聪明用功,3)成绩优异,4)而,倘若完全按原文的句法特征将其译成英文,可能是: 1)I have come across a great many young friends, 2)Bright and diligent, 3)Do exceedingly well in studie
16、s, 4)but they are rather weak in Chinese, 5)even cant write a smooth Chinese letter. 6)When asked why, theyll say they are not interested in Chinese.,21,倘若完全按原文的句法特征将其译成英文,可能是:21,I have come across a great many bright and diligent young friends who have done exceedingly well in their studies, but ar
17、e rather weak in Chinese. They cannot even write a letter in correct Chinese. When I asked them why, they said they were not interested in the Chinese language.,22,I have come across a great man,英语的从句前必须根据其语法功能用when, where, who,that, an等表示关联词将其与主句衔接起来.这也是汉语语法隐含性(covertness)的一种表现. 而英语的语法呈外显性(overtness),体现了英美人重个体,重分析的思维方式.,23,英语的从句前必须根据其语法功能用when, where, w,
