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1、1,英语构词法,1 derivation 派生法2 Compound word 复合词3 conversion 转化法 4 clipping 剪切法 缩短法5 blending 混合法6 Onomatopoeia 拟声法7 by analogy 类推8 by contrast 对比9 Acronym(首字母缩略词)10 back formation 逆生法11 By borrowing words from other languages 12 By adding new meaning into existing words13 Translation loans译借词,2,1 deriva
2、tion 派生法,前缀法后缀法,1. 派生法 : 是通过在词根上加前缀或者后缀构成一个新词,happy - unhappydevelop - development,前缀前缀一般只引起意思上的变化而不造成词类的变化，只有少数能引起词类的变化,mis+ understand v. - misunderstand v. 误解,en + large adj. - enlarge v.,1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例如： agreedisagree fairunfa
3、ir possibleimpossible,2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对；抵抗), auto- (自动), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再；又), sub- (下面的；次；小), tele- (强调距离)等。例如： co-worker 同事，帮手 enrich 使丰富cooperate 合作 rewrite 重写 subway 地铁,后缀1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence，-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人),-ese (某地人)，-ess (雌性)，-ian (精通的人)，-ist (专业人员)
4、，-ment (性质；状态)，-ness (性质；状态)，-tion(动作；过程)等。例如： differdifference writewriter ChinaChinese actactress musicmusician,2)构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容词之后)，-fy (使化)，-ize (使成为)。例如： widewiden加宽 sharpsharpen使变锋利 beautybeautify美化 purepurify提纯 realrealize意识到 organorganize组织,3)构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al，-able (有能力的)，-(a)n(某国人的)
5、，-en (表示材料的名词后)，-ern (方向的)，-ese(某国人的)，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，-less (表示否定)，-like (像的)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y (表示天气)等。例如： naturenatural reasonreasonableAmericaAmerican ChinaChinesegoldgolden easteastern childchildish snowsnowy,4)构成副词的常用后缀有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度)，-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。例如： angryangrily
6、totowardseasteastward,5)构成数词的后缀有-teen (十几)，-ty (几十)，-th (构成序数词)。例如： six六sixteen十六sixteenth第十六,12,2. Compound word,Soccer mom (足球妈妈:郊区妇女, 美选举中占相当大的投票者)Theme park （主题公园）Fat farm (减肥场所), Letter bomb (邮件爆炸物)Mail order (邮购货物)Toy solider (地雷)Open-heart surgery (体外循环心脏手术),19,3 conversion转化法,把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形
7、不变,1）动词转化为名词I think wed better finish the talk now. He is a man of strong build. Lets have a look first.,动词-名词 stop vt. 停止 - n.车站love vt. 爱 - n. 爱Watch vt. 观看 - n. 手表record vt. 录音 - n. 纪录comb vt. 梳理(头发) - n. 梳子abuse vt. 辱骂 - n. 辱骂,2）名词转化为动词Have you booked the ticket? Hand in your papers please. She
8、nursed her husband back to health. We breakfasted together.,名词 - 动词 hand n. 手 - vt. 上交seat n. 座位 - vt. 坐nurse n. 护士 - vt. 护理oil n. 油 - vt. 上油time n. 时间 - vt. 定时，测时shoulder n. 肩膀 - vt. 肩负,mine n. 矿山 - vt. 开矿barbecue n. 烧烤-vt. 在烤架上烤ship n. 船 - vt. 用船装运 finance n. 金融- vt. 为提供资金stain n. 污点,污迹 - vt. 玷污，污
9、染draft n. 草稿 - vt. 起草head n. 头 - v. 前进transport n. 运输 - vt. 运输,3）形容词转化为动词We will try our best to better our living conditions. 4）形容词转化为名词The girl in black appears very beautiful. We dont belong to the rich, but we dont belong to the poor either,5）副词转化为动词Murder will out.恶事终必将败露。副词 - 动词 down adv. 向下 -
10、 v. 放下副词 - 名词nowhere adv. 任何地方都不 - n. 无处，无名的地方,数词 - 动词/名词 second num. 第二 - v. 赞成 - n. 秒,28,4. clipping 截短法（缩略法）,将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变。,4. clipping 截短法（缩略法）,1)截头telephonephone aeroplaneplaneomnibusbus 2)去尾mathematicsmaths co-operateco-opexaminationexam kilogramkilolaboratorylab taxicabtaxi3)截头去尾influenzafl
11、u refrigeratorfridgeprescriptionscript,29,30,5. Blending 混合法,两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体；前半部分表示属性。breakfast lunch brunch 早午餐news broadcast newscast 新闻广播television broadcast telecast 电视播送smoke and fog smog 烟雾helicopter airport heliport 直升飞机场,31,6. Acronym首尾字母缩略法,用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式，即各字母分别读音；作为一个
12、单词读音。very important person VIPTelevision TV TOEFL -Test of English as a foreign language IELTS -International English language test system,32,Acronym(首字母缩略词),BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation)UN (United Nations)PM (Prime Minister)MP (Member of Parliament)NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
13、OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)Aids (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome),33,Acronym(首字母缩略词),Some abbreviation are only written forms; they are still pronounced as the full word.MR (Mister) DR (Doctor)St (Saint),34,Onomatopoeia(拟声法）,滴答， 扑通， 咚咚， 布谷， 鸡鸣， 犬吠狮吼虎啸， Can you give more
14、examples in Chinese?-?,35,7. Onomatopoeia nmtpi:拟声法,The words coined in imitation of the sounds associated with the things named are called onomatopoeia (Echo-words).Such as: cuckoo, coo, mew, ding-dong, band, tick-tackEcho-words are universal features in any language.,36,发音与其所指之间存在很多自然的相似关系，如世界各语言中
15、的拟声词等。英语中有不少音素，与所表达的意义之间有之间联系，如：,37,Gr-； Fl-,gr- 表示一种沉闷而又令人不快的声音：groan呻吟, growl咆哮, gruff粗哑的, grumble抱怨, grunt咕哝, gruntle 叽咕fl- 表示“闪烁，不稳定的光”：flame火焰，flamboyant火焰似的，flare 闪耀，flash 闪光，flicker 闪烁,38,Onomatopoeia(拟声法）,英语与汉语有些词的发音惊人相似amorous(爱慕)，back(背)，cheat(欺骗)，cough(咳嗽)dawn(旦)，ditch(堤)，give(给)，murmur(喃
16、喃)，palm(巴掌)rude(鲁莽)，shy(羞)记忆这些单词时可用联想法,39,de-；dis-； sn-； -ump,de-,dis- 表示“低，下，离去，否定”sn- 表示与鼻音有关的词-ump表示“沉重碰击”：bump（碰撞）, clump（沉重脚步声）, dump（砰地一声）, lump（笨重地走）,stump（笨重地行走）,thump（重击声）,40,1)Structure of Onomatopoeia,A). Monosyllabic words:Such as: crack, crash, rap, ding, dong, bangB). Reduplicatives (重
17、叠词）Such as: puff-puff, flick-flick, bow-bow, rat-tat-tat, hurdy-gurdy,41,2)Means of onomatopoeia,A). From the sound of humanSuch as: giggle(吃吃地笑), Titter (嗤嗤地笑), Murmur (喃喃地说), Hiss (嘶嘶地说),42,B). From the sound of animals,Apes gibber asses brayBears growl beetles droneBulls bellow camels gruntCats m
18、ew ducks quackEagles scream flies buzzFrog croak geese cackleGoats bleat horses neigh,43,From the sound of animals,Hens cluck larks warbleLions roar magpie chatterMice squeak owls hoot (screech)Pigeons pigs squeal (grunt) coo Puppies yelp ravens croakSnakes hiss thrushes whistleTurkeys gobble wolves
19、 howl,44,C). From the things:,Such as:Bubble (汩汩地流)Splash (扑通)Clash (金属碰撞声)Tinkle (叮叮当当)Thump (砰然地响)Bang(砰砰地响),45,3)Function of Onomatopoeia,1. Used as verbs: to howl, to squeal, to roar, to twitter2. Used as nouns:Cricket(蟋蟀), cuckoo(布谷), ping-pong(乒乓), pop(枪), pompom(高射炮),46,8. Word formation by a
20、nalogy 类推,Yesterday_ yester yearBirds eye(俯视的)_ fish eye(全视的), worms eye(仰视的), Cats eye(猫眼)Sunrise _moonrise(月出), earthrise(月平线上看到的地球升出,这种景象只能从宇宙飞船上才能看到), Spaceman _earthman(地球人), moonman(月球人),47,8 by analogy类推,Airport - moonport月球火箭发射站Seafaring 海上航行 - spacefaring 航天飞行Earthquake - starquake星球地震,指星球形
21、状连续的急剧变化Landscape - moonscape - marscape火星的表面,48,by analogy 类推,Missile gap 指美国与苏联在导弹发展上的差距Production gap 生产上的差距Development gap 经济发展上的差距Credibility gap 信用差距Generation gap 代沟,49,White-collar blue-collar gold-collar grey-collar pink-collar open-collar,Black-list, White-list(白名单, 指准予上演的短剧的名单), gray-list
22、( 灰名单, 指非明文查禁但仍属于不合法的人或物).,50,by analogy 类推,First lady 第一夫人,国家元首的夫人First mother 第一母亲,国家元首的母亲First family 第一家庭,国家元首的家庭The first world-the second world-the third world-the fourth world最贫穷的国家,51,by analogy,User-friendly(指电脑:一般人都能使用的),reader-friendly(指书籍:一般人都能阅读的),Listener-friendly(指音响设备:一般人都能使用的),citiz
23、en-friendly(指法律:一般人都能读懂的),52,by analogy类推,Environmental pollutionVisual or eye pollutionNoise or sound pollutionCultural pollutionGraffiti pollution,53,9. Word formation by contrast 对比,Baby-boom(生育高峰)_baby bust(生育低谷)Nightmare _ daymare (白昼恶梦)Blacklist _ whitelist (白名单,指守法人士,合法机构的名单,准备上演的节目等的名单)Brain
24、 drain(人才外流) _brain gain (人才引进),Cold war_ hot warMan of letters _lady of letters (女文人),54,by contrast 对比,High-rise(高层建筑)-low-rise (低层建筑)Hot line热线,原指苏美的热线- cold line 冷线,指关系冷漠,疏远Phase out分阶段减少- phase in 逐步引入Flash-back倒叙- flash-forward提前叙述未来事件Overproduce过剩地生产-underproduce 生产不足Overkill过度的核杀伤力- underkil
25、l核杀伤力不足,55,10. Back-formation 逆生法,baby-sitter baby-siteditor editbeggar begtypewriter typewriteemotion-emotetelevision- televisecaretaker- caretakehousekeeper- housekeepgreedy greedGloomy - gloom,56,11. By borrowing words from other languages,Karaoke (卡拉OK)Chi-paoMao tai,57,12. By adding new meaning into existing words,Break(霹雳舞),mouse(鼠标),dove(主和派人物),hawk(主战派人物),country(乡村音乐的),bread(美俚,钱),apple-pie(典型的美国价值观),
