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1、二、代词和介词,(一) 代词考点1代词的基本用法一、人称代词、物主代词及反身代词,1. 人称代词的排列顺序两个以上的人称代词并列, 其次序排列原则: 在并列主语中, “I”一般放在最后, 排列顺序为: 二 三 一(人称)。宾格me也一样。,2. 含有反身代词的习惯用语devote oneself to致力于 dress oneself自己穿衣enjoy oneself过得愉快 boast oneself自夸help oneself to随便吃, 随便用hide oneself把自己藏起来make oneself at home不拘束 say to oneself心里想seat oneself坐
2、下 teach oneself自学,【题组训练】1. They are afraid I might fall off my bike and hurt _(me). 2. (2018临沂模拟)Green tea is known for _(it) high level of cancer-fighting chemical. 3. Mr Perkins stood at the bus stop and watched the cars go by. Many of the cars were new Beta 400s, and most of _(they) were yellow.,
3、myself,its,them,二、 it的用法1. 指天气、时间、距离、环境等。*Its early spring, but it is already very hot. *It is twenty miles from here to the village.2. 代替前面提到过的事物、群体、想法或代替指示代词this, that。*Although he didnt like the movie, he decided to see it anyway.,3. 当说话者不清楚或没必要知道说话对象的性别时, 可用it来表示。*What will you call it if it is
4、a boy?,4. 用作形式主语或形式宾语, 代替不定式、动名词或从句。(1)it作形式主语的常用句型: It+be+adj. (+for sb. )to do sth. 常用于此句型的形容词有: easy, difficult, hard, necessary, unnecessary, possible等。,It+be+ adj. (+of sb. ) to do sth. 此句型中的形容词描述的是人的品德、特征。能用于该句型的形容词有: kind, nice, wise, silly, polite, impolite, friendly, foolish, clever等。It is
5、no good/no use/useless doing sth. Its (well) worth doing. . .,It+be+名词词组(a pity/a fact/no wonder/. . . )/adj. +that从句It+特殊动词(seems/appears/turns out/occurs to sb. /. . . )+that从句It+be+过去分词+that从句It+takes(+sb. ) some time/some money to do sth.,(2)it作形式宾语的常用句型: 主语+think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/m
6、ake/keep. . . +it+adj. /n. (for/of sb. ) to do/从句主语+think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep. . . +it+useless/worth/worthwhile/no use/no good/a waste oftime (money/energy. . . )+doing. . .,主语+think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep. . . +it+important/necessary/natural/essential+that. . .
7、(should). . . *He didnt make it clear when and where the meeting would be held. 他没说清楚何时何地举行会议。,【点津】某些及物动词或短语后不能直接跟从句。此时须先用it作形式宾语, 然后接从句, 有此用法的动词(短语)有: like, dislike, hate, appreciate, depend on, rely on, count on, see to等。*I hate it when people talk with their mouths full.,5. it的固定搭配When it comes t
8、o. . . 当涉及 make it 成功; 确定时间为 (后接时间类名词)as it is事实上; 照原样get it 明白了,【题组训练】1. In many countries, _is not unusual for families of different backgrounds to live together in the shared space. 2. (2018泉州模拟)Another reason why homework is important is that _can help you practice the days lessons.,it,it,3. (20
9、18衡水模拟)_would take him an hour to do so, but he insisted because it made him get a sense of success.,It,三、不定代词1. both, all, either, any, neither, none的区别*Ive bought two books; you can have either. *Im sorry I cant lend you any (money).,2. one, another, the other, some, others, the others的区别*I dont l
10、ike this hat. Please show me another one. *I have two books. One is English; the other is French. *The other students in my class are from this city.,3. someone/somebody/something, anyone/anybody/anything, everyone/everybody/everything, no one/nobody/nothing的区别,*Nothing in my life impressed me so de
11、eply as my first visit to the Palace Museum.,4. none, nobody/no one, nothing的区别,*How much money do you have? None. *I wished someone could help me, but there was no one at the moment.,5. any, every的区别*I have many books here, and you can take any one. *Every student has to take the examination.,6. ev
12、ery, each的区别,*Almost every student in our class passed the English exam yesterday. *There are lots of trees on each side of the road.,7. many, much, few, little, a few, a little的区别(1)many修饰或替代可数名词复数; much修饰或替代不可数名词。两者都表示“许多”。(2)few修饰或替代可数名词复数; little修饰或替代不可数名词。用于否定句, 表示“几乎没有”。,(3)a few修饰或替代可数名词复数; a
13、 little修饰或替代不可数名词。用于肯定句, 表示“一些”。*He can speak a little French, but he knows little English.,8. 代词的部分否定和全部否定(1)all, both, everyone, everybody, everything以及“every+名词”与not连用时, 表部分否定。(2)no one, nobody, none, neither, not. . . any/either以及“no+名词”表全部否定。,(3)not与总括性副词, 如everywhere, always, wholly, altogethe
14、r等连用时, 也表示部分否定。*Every student does not realize the importance of the chance.,9. 不定代词用于固定搭配中nothing but仅仅, 只是 anything but决不 something of有几分, 略微or something诸如此类的人 或物all but几乎, 差不多 every other day每隔一天each other(两者)互相 one another(三者或三者以上) 互相,【题组训练】1. As is announced in todays newspaper, we have launche
15、d _man-made satellite. 世纪金榜导学号790602072. I got this bicycle for _: my friend gave it to me when she bought a new one.,another,nothing,3. (2018西宁模拟)Nobody likes to talk about death, but the reality iseveryoneis going to die at one point, but _of us know the day, or the hour.,none,(二) 介词考点2 介词一、常见介词的用
16、法(一)表示地点的介词 1. 表示地理位置的in, on, to。in表示在某范围内, on指“与毗邻”, to指在某环境范围之外。,*Changchun is in the northeast of China. (长春是中国的组成部分)*Mongolia is on the north of China. (蒙古与中国接壤)*Japan is to the east of China. (中国和日本是隔海相望的),2. 表示“在上”的on和in。on只表示在某物的表面上, 而in表示占去某物一部分。*There is a book on the piece of paper. *There
17、 is an interesting article in the newspaper.,3. 表示“穿过”的through和across。through表示从内部通过, 与in有关; across则表示从一端至另一端在表面上通过, 与on有关。*Water flows through the pipe. *The old man walked across the street.,4. above, below, over, under, on, beneath的区别。above 在某物的斜上方below 在某物的斜下方over 在某物的正上方under 在某物的正下方on 在某物的上面(两
18、者接触)beneath 在某物的下面(两者接触),(二)表示时间的介词1. 表示时间的at, in, on(1)at表示片刻的时间。例如: at noon, at midnight, at the end of, at that time, at the beginning of, at the age of, at Christmas等。(2)in表示一段的时间。例如: in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in October, in 1998, in summer, in the past, in the future等。,(
19、3)on是指在特定的某一天或某一天的上午、下午或晚上。例如: on Monday, on Christmas morning, on the following day, on a warm morning等。,2. 表示时间的since, for和from (1)since表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程, 常与现在完成时连用。*We have not seen each other since 1995. (2)“for+时间段”, 表示行为或状态持续的时间。*I have been teaching in the school for ten years.,(3)from表示从时间的某一
20、点开始, 不涉及与现在的关系。*I hope to do morning exercises from today.,3. 表示时间的after和in(1)after表示在某一具体时间点之后, after短语和过去时态或将来时态连用。after有时也可以表示在一段时间之后(常用在过去时里)。*After seven the rain began to fall. (2)in+时间段和将来时态连用。*Well be back in three days.,4. 表示时间的over和during(1)“over+名词”表示“一边一边; 在过程中”。*Lets have a talk about i
21、t over a coffee. (2)“during+名词”表示“在期间”, 通常用于一般过去时。*He picked up Japanese during his stay in Japan.,(三)表示“除了”的介词 1. besides指“除了还有, 再加上”, 也可用in addition to*Besides stamps, he also collects ancient coins. 2. except指“除了, 减去”, 不能放在句首*All went out except me.,3. but与except意思近似, 表示“除了外”, 经常用在no, all, nobody
22、, anywhere, everything等词或其他疑问词后面*I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper. 4. except for表示“如无就, 只是”, 表明具体原因*His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.,(四)表示“方式和方法”的介词1. as, like两者都可表示“如, 像”as表示“如, 像”时, 用作连词; 表示“作为”时, 用作介词。like表示“如, 像”时, 通常用作介词, 但是在口语中也可用作连词。like含有“好像是”之意, 意指“实际上
23、不是”。,*I long to fly like a bird in the sky. *They were all dressed as clowns.,2. 介词by, in, with(1)by表示使用某种交通工具, 且名词前面不加冠词。*You can reach the island by road or by sea. (2)in通常指使用某种语言、某种字体等。*You must write the title of the passage in capitals. (3)with指使用有形的工具、物体或身体的某些部分。*The monkey can reach the banan
24、as on the tree with some tools.,(五)表示原因的介词 1. because of/on account of意思是“因为, 由于”, 引起的介词短语通常作状语, 可以放于句首或句中。*He didnt attend the meeting because of the heavy rain.,2. due to意思是“因为, 由于”, 通常只作表语, 作状语时不用于句首。*His illness was due to smoking and drinking.,3. thanks to意思是“因为, 由于, 多亏了”, 多用于句首。*Thanks to his
25、timely help, we finished the task on time. 4. for意思是“因为”, 常表示为了某一目的、事业的原因, 而but for表示“如果不是因为”。*He gave up smoking for his bad health.,5. at和with (1)at和一些形容词连用表示引起某种情绪的原因。be angry at(对气愤), be surprised at(对感到惊奇)。(2)with和一些名词搭配也可表示原因, 指由于外界而影响到内部, 意为“因为; 由于”。jump with joy (高兴地跳起来), shake with anger (气
26、得发抖)。,【题组训练】1. One side of the road travels _one direction; the other side moves the opposite way. 世纪金榜导学号790602082. (2018包头模拟) Chinese proverbs are rich and they are still widely used in Chinesepeoples daily life. _these proverbs there are often interesting stories.,in,Behind,3. (2018济南模拟) She patt
27、ed him _the head and said, “My little boy, do you feel comfortable now than before? ”,on,二、介词固定搭配1. at+名词at peace处于和平状态 at sea茫然, 在大海上at work在工作at will任意地,2. beyond+名词beyond compare无与伦比beyond description 难以形容beyond doubt无疑 beyond ones reach够不着beyond recognition面目全非,3. by+名词by accident偶然地by chance碰巧b
28、y mistake错误地by hand用手工by nature天生地by coincidence碰巧,4. in+名词in all总计 in advance事先, 提前in common共有, 相同 in detail详细地in general通常, 大体上 in need在危难中in turn轮流,5. in+名词+ofin terms of就而言in need of需要in favor of支持, 赞成in search of寻找in place of代替in case of假使in honor of 为纪念in spite of尽管,6. on+名词on purpose故意地on lea
29、ve在休假on time准时on exhibition/show 在展出on fire着火on sale出售,7. out of+名词out of sight看不见out of reach够不着out of order发生故障out of breath 上气不接下气8. 其他常考短语as a result of因为, 由于 far from远非for fear of唯恐 instead of代替, 而不是regardless of不管, 不顾 along with 与一起next to紧挨着,【题组训练】1. The teacher paused _purpose to remind the
30、students to stop talking. 世纪金榜导学号790602092. (2018广州模拟) Many times we dont realize how routine our lives have become and how much we take them _granted until we find ourselves in a new situation.,on,for,3. (2018衡水模拟)The effect that music can have _our emotions is tremendous, as it can bring people to
31、 floods of tears or bursts of laughter.,on,. 语法填空解题技法 【考题在线】1. (2017浙江高考)“She thought I had hurt _(I), ”says Pahlsson. 世纪金榜导学号79060210,myself,2. (2017全国卷)However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25, 000 people were using _every day. 3. (2016全国卷)On my
32、 recent visit, I held a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by _(it) mother.,it,its,4. (2015广东高考)Now it occurred to _that his farm had much potential and that the death of the cow was a bit of luck. 5. (2017全国卷)This trend, which was started by the medical community(医学界)_a method of fi
33、ghting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart diseasethe very thing the medical community was trying to fight.,him,as,6. (2017全国卷)After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before going to university to get a degree _engineering or architec
34、ture. 7. (2016全国卷)Most of us are more focused _our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day. 8. (2016全国卷)Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat _their hands.,in,on,with,【技法点拨】1. 人称、物主、反身代词: “成分”是关键(1)如果句中缺少主语, 则用人称代词的主格; (2)如果句中缺少宾语或
35、表语, 则用人称代词的宾格; (3)如果句中缺少定语, 则用形容词性物主代词; (4)如果宾语或表语又反射到句子主语, 则用反身代词。,2. it: “指代”要辨明(1)如果指代上文提到的同一个事物, 则用it; (2)如果指代天气、时间、距离, 则用it; (3)如果作形式主语或形式宾语, 则用it。,3. “是否宾语”作依据介词必须要接宾语, 宾语通常由名词、代词、动名词或者what从句充当。若空格后是名词、代词或动名词且它们在句中不作主语和动词的宾语, 则要考虑介词。,4. “四种方法”确定介词(1)根据介词短语与谓语的逻辑关系; (2)根据语境含义结合介词用法; (3)根据特殊的结构关
36、系, 如接复合宾语就只能用with或without; (4)根据介词与动词等的搭配。,. 短文改错解题技法 【考题在线】1. (2017全国卷)Mr and Mrs Zhang all work in our school. ( )2. (2017全国卷)This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of your high school days. ( ),allboth或者去掉all,yourmy,3. (2016全国卷)If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden your view
37、 and gain knowledge we cannot get from books. 世纪金榜导学号79060211 ( )4. (2017全国卷)They have also bought for some gardening tools. ( ),yourour,去掉for,【技法点拨】1. 避免张冠李戴, 注意前后人称、性别、单复数的一致; 2. 分析句子成分, 正确使用人称代词、物主代词和反身代词; 3. 系统掌握it的用法, 准确把握不定代词的用法; 4. 检查介词用法是否误用;,5. 检查介词搭配是否正确; 6. 检查名词前是否有介词。,小魔方站作品 盗版必究,语文,更多精彩
38、内容，微信扫描二维码获取,扫描二维码获取更多资源,谢谢您下载使用！,附赠 中高考状元学习方法,群星璀璨,-近几年全国高考状元荟萃,前 言,高考状元是一个特殊的群体，在许多人的眼中，他们就如浩瀚宇宙里璀璨夺目的星星那样遥不可及。但实际上他们和我们每一个同学都一样平凡而普通，但他们有是不平凡不普通的，他们的不平凡之处就是在学习方面有一些独到的个性，又有着一些共性，而这些对在校的同学尤其是将参加高考的同学都有一定的借鉴意义。,青春风采,青春风采,北京市文科状元 阳光女孩-何旋,高考总分：692分(含20分加分) 语文131分 数学145分英语141分 文综255分毕业学校：北京二中报考高校：北京大学
39、光华管理学院,来自北京二中，高考成绩672分，还有20分加分。“何旋给人最深的印象就是她的笑声，远远的就能听见她的笑声。”班主任吴京梅说，何旋是个阳光女孩。“她是学校的摄影记者，非常外向，如果加上20分的加分，她的成绩应该是692。”吴老师说，何旋考出好成绩的秘诀是心态好。“她很自信，也很有爱心。考试结束后，她还问我怎么给边远地区的学校捐书”。,班主任： 我觉得何旋今天取得这样的成绩，我觉得，很重要的是，何旋是土生土长的北京二中的学生，二中的教育理念是综合培养学生的素质和能力。我觉得何旋，她取得今天这么好的成绩，一个来源于她的扎实的学习上的基础，还有一个非常重要的，我觉得特别想提的，何旋是一个
40、特别充满自信，充满阳光的这样一个女孩子。在我印象当中，何旋是一个最爱笑的，而且她的笑特别感染人的。所以我觉得她很阳光，而且充满自信，这是她突出的这样一个特点。所以我觉得，这是她今天取得好成绩当中，心理素质非常好，是非常重要的。,高考总分:711分毕业学校:北京八中语文139分 数学140分英语141分 理综291分报考高校：北京大学光华管理学院,北京市理科状元杨蕙心,班主任 孙烨：杨蕙心是一个目标高远的学生，而且具有很好的学习品质。学习效率高是杨蕙心的一大特点，一般同学两三个小时才能完成的作业，她一个小时就能完成。杨蕙心分析问题的能力很强，这一点在平常的考试中可以体现。每当杨蕙心在某科考试中出
41、现了问题，她能很快找到问题的原因，并马上拿出解决办法。,孙老师说，杨蕙心学习效率很高，认真执行老师的复习要求，往往一个小时能完成别人两三个小时的作业量，而且计划性强，善于自我调节。此外，学校还有一群与她实力相当的同学，他们经常在一起切磋、交流，形成一种良性的竞争氛围。谈起自己的高考心得，杨蕙心说出了“听话”两个字。她认为在高三冲刺阶段一定要跟随老师的脚步。“老师介绍的都是多年积累的学习方法，肯定是最有益的。”高三紧张的学习中，她常做的事情就是告诫自己要坚持，不能因为一次考试成绩就否定自己。高三的几次模拟考试中，她的成绩一直稳定在年级前5名左右。,上海2006高考理科状元-武亦文,武亦文 格致中
42、学理科班学生 班级职务：学习委员 高考志愿：复旦经济 高考成绩：语文127分 数学142分 英语144分 物理145分 综合27分 总分585分,“一分也不能少”,“我坚持做好每天的预习、复习，每天放学回家看半小时报纸，晚上10：30休息，感觉很轻松地度过了三年高中学习。”当得知自己的高考成绩后，格致中学的武亦文遗憾地说道，“平时模拟考试时，自己总有一门满分，这次高考却没有出现，有些遗憾。”,坚持做好每个学习步骤 武亦文的高考高分来自于她日常严谨的学习态度，坚持认真做好每天的预习、复习。 “高中三年，从来没有熬夜，上课跟着老师走，保证课堂效率。”武亦文介绍，“班主任王老师对我的成长起了很大引导
43、作用，王老师办事很认真，凡事都会投入自己所有精力，看重做事的过程而不重结果。每当学生没有取得好结果，王老师也会淡然一笑，鼓励学生注重学习的过程。”,上海高考文科状元- 常方舟,曹杨二中高三(14)班学生 班级职务：学习委员 高考志愿：北京 大学中文系高考成绩：语文121分数学146分 英语146分历史134分 综合28分总分575分 (另有附加分10分),“我对竞赛题一样发怵”,总结自己的成功经验，常方舟认为学习的高效率是最重要因素，“高中三年，我每天晚上都是10:30休息，这个生活习惯雷打不动。早晨总是6:15起床，以保证八小时左右的睡眠。平时功课再多再忙，我也不会开夜车。身体健康，体力充沛
44、才能保证有效学习。”高三阶段，有的同学每天学习到凌晨两三点，这种习惯在常方舟看来反而会影响次日的学习状态。每天课后，常方舟也不会花太多时间做功课，常常是做完老师布置的作业就算完。,“用好课堂40分钟最重要。我的经验是，哪怕是再简单的内容，仔细听和不上心，效果肯定是不一样的。对于课堂上老师讲解的内容，有的同学觉得很简单，听讲就不会很认真，但老师讲解往往是由浅入深的，开始不认真，后来就很难听懂了；即使能听懂，中间也可能出现一些知识盲区。高考试题考的大多是基础知识，正就是很多同学眼里很简单的内容。”常方舟告诉记者，其实自己对竞赛试题类偏难的题目并不擅长，高考出色的原因正在于试题多为基础题，对上了自己的“口味”。,
