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1、Grammar,sentences,start !,句子成份, 句子一般由两个部分组成：,主语部分（ subject group）,谓语部分（ predicate group）, 句子成份：,主,谓,宾,表,补,定,状,Members of sentence: S - subjectP - predicative O - objectAttri.-attributeAdv.- adverb Oc - object complement,主,宾,表,补,定,状,1) 主语（subject）,I like football.,The boy needs a pen.,句子的主体，全句述说的对象。一
2、般由 担任,常置于句首。,动词不定式,动名词 或主语从句,名词,主格代词,The sun rises in the east. （名词） He likes dancing. （代词）Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词)Seeing is believing. （动名词） To see is to believe. （不定式）What he needs is a book. （主语从句）It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It形式主语，主语从句是
3、真正主语）,2) 谓语（predicate）,说明主语的动作或状态。由 担任。常置于主语后。,The train leaves at 6 oclock.,I want a ticket.,动词,常用时间状语 ： usually,sometimes,often,never,in spring, every day,in the morning 动词构成 ：be(is/am/are) 动词原型. work 动词+S.（主语是第三人称单数）works 否定构成 ： dont+动原 doesnt+动原 一般疑问构成及简答：Do+主语+动原+其它？Yes,I do. Does+主语+动原+其它？No,h
4、e doesnt.特殊疑问举例 ：What do you often do on Sundays? Where does he live?,Exercise,The twins _(wash) the clothes every day.Sometimes he _ (play) basketball over there.How often _ Sally _(sing)?,wash,plays,Grammar,常用时间状语：yesterday,last night,two days ago, in 2000,at that time,before liberation, when 等引导的
5、含过去时的句子。动词构成：动词过去时（-ed） worked/used to work否定构成：didnt+动原 didnt work used not(didnt use) to work一般疑问构成及简答举例：Did+主语+动原+其它？ 特殊疑问句举例：What did he do yesterday? P.S.：He has opened the door.（表示过去“开门”的动作对现在的影响是门还开着）He opened the door.(不能确定门现在是否开着),动词-ed形式的构成：,moveddied,carriedcried,stoppedplanned,answered,g
6、ot,drank,took,went,swam,ate,cut,were,had,did,came,said,saw,put,不规则过去式,Exercise,The twins _(wash) the clothes yesterday.The day before yesterday he _ (play) basketball over there._ Sally _(sing) two hours ago?,washed,played,一般将来时句子结构,主语 + shall will + do主语+ is amare going to +do主语+ be to +do 主语+ be a
7、bout to +do主语+ be + doing,(1) Your job _ open for your return. Thanks. (06北京) A. will be kept B. will keep C. had keep D. had been kept,现在进行时用法,正在进行,一直进行,与always连用,Look, they are playing football.,He is writing a novel this year.,My teacher is always smiling in class.,Grammar,结构: be (is, am, are) +
8、doing标志语： Look! Listen! now , these days注意： go,come,leave.arrive,return,die等的进 行时有时表示即将发生的动作。,动词-ing形式的构成：,writingtaking,gettingrunningswimming,asking,Exercise,The twins _(wash) the clothes now.Look! He _ (play) basketball over there.Listen! _ Sally _(sing)?,are washing,is playing,过去进行时用法,过时正进,过段直进,
9、when, while,I was doing my homework at eight last night.,They were watching TV from nine to ten yesterday.,They were reading aloud when the teacher came in.,Grammar,过去进行时: Past Progressive概念: 表示过去正在发生的动作结构: be (was，were) + doing标志语：at 8:00 yesterday 、 when、while 、at this time yesterday,at that time,
10、现在完成时,1.表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响和结果, 这种用法中的谓语动词一般为短暂性动词.,2未完成用法, 表示过去已经开始, 持续到现在的动作或状态, 可能持续下去, 也可能刚刚结束, 这种用法中的谓语动词一般为延续性动词,I have read the book.He has opened the door.Have you seen a book here ?,I have lived here since my childhood.We have learned English for four years.It has been ( is ) six years
11、 since he left here.,(1)We _our new neighbors yet , so we dont know their names.(06上海) A. dont meet B. wont meet C. havent met D. hadnt met,(2)The coffee is wonderful ! It doesnt taste like anything I _ before . (05全国) A. was having B. have C. have ever had D. had ever had,(3)My brother is an actor
12、.He _ in several films so far . (05 浙江)A. appears B. appeared C. has appeared D. is appearing,3) 宾语（object）,I like China. （名词）He hates you. （代词）How many do you need? We need two. （数词）We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you. （动名词）I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down
13、 what he said? （宾语从句） 2） 介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介宾Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks. 3） 双宾语-间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money.,4) 表语（predicative）,用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。由n.或adj.担任。置于系动词之后。,He is a teacher. （名词） Seventy-four! You dont look it. （代词
14、）Five and five is ten. （数词）He is asleep. （形容词） His father is in. （副词） The picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语)My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词）To wear a flower is to say Im poor, I cant buy a ring. （不定式）The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）,除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，1)表感官的动词:2) 表转变变化的动
15、词:3)表延续的动词,feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。,become, get, grow, turn, go,等,remain, keep, hold, stay, rest等。,定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。Miss Yang is a chemistry teacher.（名词） He is our friend. （代词）We belong to the third world. （数词） He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）The man o
16、ver there is my old friend.(副词) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）The trees planted last year are growing well now.（过去分词） I have an idea to do it well. （不定式）You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）,说明1：当定语修饰不定代词如：nothing , anything
17、, everything , something 等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语 我告诉他一些有趣的事情。 I tell him something interesting . 说明2：不定式、短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。 这间屋子里的男孩子们是10班的。 The boys in the room are in Class Ten.,状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., or 句子。 表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式、让步和伴随。 （以下例句按上述顺序排列）I will go there tomorrow. The meeting will be he
18、ld in the meeting room.The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well.He didnt study hard so that he failed in the exam.I like some of you very much. If you study hard, you will pass the exam.He goes to school by bike. Though he is young, he can do it well. The t
19、eacher came in, with a book in his hand.,7) 状语（adverbial）,用以修饰adj. /v. /adv.及全句,位置灵活。通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。,I am very sorry.We often help him. When I grow up , I am going to be a teacher .
20、（从句作时间状语),宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。We elected him monitor. （名词）We all think it a pity that she didnt come here. （名）We will make them happy. （形容词）We found nobody in. ( 副词 )Please make yourself at home. 介词短语） Dont let him do that. （省to不定式）His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带to不定式）Dont k
21、eep the lights burning. （现在分词） Ill have my bike repaired. （过去分词） 主补：对主语的补充。He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.,二、Exercises：（一）分析下列句子成分：,1. Our school is not far from my home. 2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you 3. All o
22、f us considered him honest. 4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.5. He broke a piece of glass. 6. He made it clear that he would leave the city.7. I love you more than her, child. 8. Trees turn green when spring comes.9. They pushed the door open. 10. Grandma told me an interesting sto
23、ry last night.,主 系 表,形主+系+表+真主,主 及物动 宾 宾补,主双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语,主语 及物动词 宾语,主语 动词 形式宾语 it 宾语补足语+宾语,主语 及物动词 宾语,主 系 表,主 及物动 宾 宾补,主双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语,句子类型,简单句,并列句,复合句,三、简单句的基本句型1. 主语 谓语本结构是由“主语+不及物动词（词组）”构成, 常用来表示主语的动作。如，She came. / My head aches. / The sun rises.该句型的主语可有修饰语-定语，如，The red sun rises.谓语可有修饰语-状语，如，The re
24、d sun rises in the east.,2. 主语 谓语 宾语 此结构是由“主语+及物动词（词组）+宾语”构成。宾语可以是名词、代词、数词，动名词、动词不定式或词组、the +形容词、分词以及从句等。如，She likes English.The young should take good care of the old.3. 主语 连系动词 表语本结构主要用以说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。连系动词有：（1）表示特征和存在状态的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound等；（2）表示状态延续的 remain, stay
25、, keep, continue, stand等；（3）表示状态变化的 become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow等。She is happy. / He fell off his bike and got hurt. / His advice proved (to be) right.,4. 主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语常跟双宾语的及物动词有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise,return, send, show, teach, tell, write, 等；（
26、需借助for 的）buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order,sing, save, spare,等。He sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary. = He sent an English-Chinese Dictionary to me.She gave John a book= She bought a book for me.5. 主语 谓语（及物动词） 宾语 宾语补足语此结构中的宾语与宾语补足语之间存在有内在逻辑上的主谓关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不完整。可以用做宾补的有名词，形容词，
27、介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。She makes her mother angry.The teacher asked me to read the passage.,6. There be 句型此句型是由 there + be + 主语 + 状语 构成，用以表达某地存在有，它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际意义。Be 与其后的主语在人称和数上一致，有时态和情态变化。如， 现在有 there is / are 过去有 there was / were 将来有 there will be/ there is / are going to be.
28、 现在已经有 there has / have been 可能有 there might be. 肯定有 there must be / there must have been. 过去一直有 there used to be 似乎有 there seems / seem / seemed to be 碰巧有 there happen / happens / happened to be 此句型有时可用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive,等词代替be动词。Eg. There is going to be a meeting to
29、morrow. There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain. There came a shout for help. There must have been a village here.There lies a book on the desk.,.简单句,1. Things changed.2. Trees are green.3. We dont beat children.4. He gave his sister the piano.5. I found the book easy.,主 + 谓,主 + 谓 + 表,主 +
30、 谓 + 宾,主 + 谓 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语, ,主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补,Nobody went.She became a doctor.The car caught fire.I will write you a long letter.I will let him go.,Practice, ,主 + 谓,主 + 谓 + 表,主 + 谓 + 宾,主 + 谓 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语,主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补,四、翻译练习：（一）主谓结构（主语不及物动词）1. 你应当努力学习。2. 她昨天回家很晚。 3. 那天早上我们谈了很多。4. 会议将持续两个小时。 5. 在过去的十
31、年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。,1. You should study hard.,2. She went home very late yesterday evening.,That morning we talked a great deal.,4. The meeting will last two hours.,5. Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years.,6. 让我们立即行动起来。7. 乌云低沉沉的，天下着大雪。8. 恰好他身边有钱。9. 慢慢地她脸上露出了一丝笑容。10. 背起
32、书包我急忙赶到学校。,Lets act at once/ immediately,Dark clouds hung overhead, and a heavy snow fell/ it snows heavily.,He happened to have some money with him.,Gradually a smile appeared on her face.,I hurried to the school with my schoolbag.,（二）主谓宾结构（主语及物动词宾语）1. 昨晚我写了一封信。 2. 今天下午我想同你谈谈。 3. 这本书他读过多次了。4. 他们成功地
33、完成了计划。 5. 你们必须在两周内看完这些书。,1. I wrote a letter last night.,2. I want to talk with you this afternoon.,3. He has read this book many times.,4. They have carried out the plan successfully.,5. You must finish reading these books in two weeks.,6. 那位先生能流利地说三种语言。7. 我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。 8. Jim 还不会自己穿衣服。 9. 我们大家都
34、相信Jack 是一个诚实男孩。 10. 他不知道说什麽好。,6. That gentlemen can speak three languages fluently.7. I received a letter from my pen friend in Australia.8. Jim cannot dress himself.9. All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.10. He did not know what to say.,（三）主系表结构（主语系动词表语 ）1. 我的兄弟都是大学生。 2. 冬季白天短，夜晚长。 3. 布朗夫人
35、看起来很健康。 4. 十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。 5. 孩子们，请保持安静。,1. My brothers are all college students.,2. In winter, the days are short and the nights are long.,3. Mrs. Brown looks very healthy.,4. At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist.,5. Children, keep quiet please.,（四）双宾语结构（主语及物动词间接宾语直接宾语 ）1Johnson 先生去年教我们
36、德语。2. 奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。3. Mary把钱包交给校长了。4. 请把那本字典递给我好吗？5. 他把车票给列车员看。,1. Mr. Johnson taught us German last year.,2. Grandma told me an interesting story last night.,3. Mary handed the wallet to the schoolmaster.,4. Would you please pass me the dictionary?,5. He showed the ticket to the conductor.,（五）复
37、合宾语结构（主语及物动词宾语宾语补足语）1我们叫她Alice. 2. 他的父母给他取名为John. 3. 我们大家都认为他是诚实的。 4. 他们把门推开了。 5. 他们把小偷释放了。,1. We call her Alice. .,2. His parents named him John.,3. All of us considered him honest.,4. They pushed the door open,5. They have set the thief free.,6. 我们要使学校变得更美丽。 7. 他请我们参加做游戏。 8. 我要你把真相告诉我。 9. 卫兵命令我们立即
38、离开。 10. 明天我要找人来修理机器。,6. We will make our school more beautiful. 7. He asked us to join in the game.8. I want you to tell me the truth.9. The guards ordered us to leave at once. 10. Tomorrow Ill have someone repair the machine.,（六）There be 句型1. 今晚没有会。 2. 这个村子过去只有一口井。 3. 这个学校有一名音乐老师和一名美术老师。 4. 客人当中有两名
39、美国人和两名法国人。 5. 天气预报说下午有大风。,1. There isnt going to be a meeting tonight.,2. There was only a well in the village.,3. There is (are) a teacher of music and a teacher of art in the school.,4. Among the guests there were two Americans and two Frenchmen.,5. The weatherman says therell be a strong wind in
40、the afternoon.,6. 灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。 7. 战前这儿一直有家电影院的。 8. 恰好那时房里没人。 9. 从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。 10. 公共汽车来了。,6. The light is on. There must be someone ion the office. 7. There used to be a cinema here before the war. 8. There happened to be nobody in the room. 9. Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village
41、 by the sea. 10. There comes the bus.,.并列句,This is me and these are my friends. They must stay in water, or they will die. Its not cheap, but it is very good. It was late, so I went to bed.,and,or,but,so,He knocked at the door; there was no answer.Youre alive! And shes dead.,名词性从句,状语从句,定语从句,主语从句,表语从
42、句,宾语从句,同位语从句,.复合句,A plane is a machine that can fly.,He said that he didnt like her.,What are noun clauses? His story is interesting. What he said is interesting. I heard his story. I heard what he said. I listen to his story. I listen to what he said. This is his story. This is what he said. The id
43、ea of going there is good. The idea that we go there is good.,Subject clause,Object clause,Object clause after a preposition,Predictive clause,Appositive clause,Practice time：指出下列各名词性从句的种类,At lunchtime, the radio weatherman reported that the mist would become a thick fog in the afternoon.2. She wond
44、ered if the buses would still be running.3. The truth is that the fog is too thick for the bus to run that far.4. She sensed that she was being watched by a tall man ina dark coat.5. When we will start is not clear.6. I had no idea that you were her friend.,Object clause,Object clause,Predicative cl
45、ause,Object clause,Subject clause,Appositive clause,专题十一 正面解读,专题十一 正面解读,专题十一 正面解读,名词性从句,1) 主语从句,* What he said is not known.* That we shall be late is certain.* It is certain that we shall be late.* How strange it is that the children are so quiet!,1. 他在找什么与你无关。,IV. 用主语从句翻译下列句子。,2. 他喜欢这种书，这件事非常有趣。,3
46、. 他是否能来仍然是个问题。,What he is looking for is none of your business.,That he likes books of this kind is very interesting.,It remains a question whether he will be able to come.,5. 飞机何时起飞还没有宣布。,4. 他们哪一个是从监狱里逃跑的，仍然是个谜。,Which of them escaped from the prison is still a mystery.,When the plane is to take off
47、 has not been announced. / It has not been announced when the plane is to take off.,2）表语从句,* That is what he wants to buy. * The problem is that who we can get to replace her?* The reason is that he has lied to me several times.,3) 宾语从句,* I understand that he is well qualified.* He said that he didn
48、t like her. * I dont know if you can help me.,用宾语从句或表语从句翻译下列句子。,1. 老师说月亮绕着地球转。 The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth.2. 他们都在担心是否能按时到达那里。 They are all worrying about whether they can get there on time.,3. 我觉得他们按时完成自己的任务是很重要的。 I think it is important for them to finish their own task on
49、 time.4. 问题是这本书是否有读的价值。 The question is whether the book is worth reading.,5. 我不知道汤姆今天早上为什么没来。 I dont know why Tom didnt come this morning.6. 我的意见是你不应单独前往。 My opinion is that you should not go alone. 7. 今日的中国不再是过去的中国了。 China today is no longer what she used to be.,8. 那是因为他没有理解我。 Thats because he did
50、nt understand me. 9. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。 My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow morning. 10. 谁知道将来会发生什么？ Who knows what will happen in the future?,4) 同位语从句,* Where did you get the idea that I couldnt come?* The question who should do the work requires consideration.* Mother made a promis
