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1、2022年12月23日,1,Applied Linguistics,Instructor Feng QiCourse for Postgraduate ProgramSchool of Foreign LanguagesShanghai UniversitySept. 12, 2010,2022年12月23日,2,Course Description,Aims and Objectives To enable the students to have fundamental knowledge of the nature and contents of applied linguisticsT
2、o enable the students to conduct some research in this area with the knowledge they acquire by taking the courseTeaching plans: 16 hours of lecturesEvaluation: term paper Norms: Title + abstract + key words + body + reference / bibliographyNo plagiarism,2022年12月23日,3,Course Description,A General Int
3、roduction: What is Applied LinguisticsLanguage Behaviour and Language LearningSecond Language LearningPerformance Analysis and Discourse AnalysisLearner CharacteristicsRelevance of Source DisciplinesHistorical Development of FLTLanguage Policy and Syllabus Design Selection of Course ContentsTesting
4、and Summary,2022年12月23日,4,What is applied linguistics?,Basic assumptions and misconceptions:subordinate to linguistics or application of linguistic theories: Beijing and China; empire and colonyequalize linguistics:盐 = 氯化纳independent discipline: has nothing to do with linguisticsindependent discipli
5、ne but related to linguistics in some way,2022年12月23日,5,Disagreements,How to give Applied Linguistics a scientific definition?So far no general agreement on clear-cut boundary where Applied Linguistics can be strictly defined / delimited.any theoretical study related to the application of languageth
6、e application of theories to language teaching and learning,2022年12月23日,6,Representatives,1st view: best represented by Wang Dechun (SISU) (Chinese and Russian tradition: from the point of view of a linguist)Lexicography, translation, language teaching and learning, language and machine translation,
7、 stylistics. 2nd view: best represented by Gui Shichun (GW)and Oxford series of readings on AL: consists of about 20 books and covers a wide area of discussion and a wide range of topics (European and American tradition: from the perspective of applied linguistics itself),2022年12月23日,7,China: Books
8、on AL,冯志伟（著）：应用语言学综论广东教育出版社，1999（汉语）于根元（著）：应用语言学概论商务出版社，2004何玉英，蔡金亭（主编）：应用语言学（Applied Linguistics）上海外语教育出版社，2005（汉语）桂诗春（编著）：应用语言学（Applied Linguistics）湖南教育出版社，1988（外语专业教师）文秋芳（著）：Applied Linguistics: Research Methods and Thesis Writing应用语言学研究方法与论文写作，外语教学与研究出版社，2001（外语专业教师）,2022年12月23日,8,International:
9、 Oxford Series on AL,Fundamental Concepts of Language TeachingUnderstanding Second Language AcquisitionThe Study of Second Language AcquisitionSecond Language Research MethodsConditions for Second Language LearningA Grammar of SpeechMeasured Words (Objective Language Testing)Aspects of Language Teac
10、hingA Cognitive Approach to Language Learning,10.Issues and Options in Language Teaching11.History of English Language Teaching12. Functional Considerations in Language Testing13. Language Testing in Practice14. Language and Understanding15. Context and Culture in Language Teaching16. Discourse and
11、Literature17. Practical Stylistics ( a marriage between linguistics and literature)18. Literature and Language Teaching19. Language Corpus,2022年12月23日,9,More Books,Corder: Introducing Applied LinguisticsEls et al: Applied Linguistics and the Teaching and Learning of Foreign Languages Halliday et al:
12、 (1964) published a book under the title of “The Linguistic Sciences and Language Teaching” The implication passed from the writer to the reader: Applied Linguistics is synonymous to foreign language teaching Conclusion: broadly defined and narrowly defined:Broad definition covers areas outside lang
13、uage teaching and learning and narrow definition strictly refers to Language teaching and Learning, especially Foreign Language teaching and learning,2022年12月23日,10,Then what is Applied Linguistics?,Different definitions: different treatment and different philosophy about languageHow is it to be tre
14、ated in our course?Second perspective, but in close association with the first for two reasons:Because we are English learners and tend to follow the European and American traditionBecause this is where my expertise lies and how it has always been treated in our program.,2022年12月23日,11,A more specif
15、ic definition,Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics: Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics (revised edition): (Richards, Platt and Platt) the study of second and foreign language learning and teaching. (Narrow Definition )the study of language and linguistics in relatio
16、n to practical problems, such as Lexicography, Translation, Speech Pathology, etc. (cross-cultural communication, computational linguistics) Applied linguistics uses information from sociology, psychology, anthropology, and information theory as well as from linguistics in order to develop its own t
17、heoretical models of language and language use, and then uses this information and theory in practical areas such as syllabus design, speech therapy, language planning, stylistics, etc. (Broad Definition),2022年12月23日,12,Any confusion?,Applied mathematics = the application of mathematics in solving m
18、athematical problemsApplied physics = the application of physics in handling practical problemsWhy applied linguistics the application of linguistics in dealing with language problems?Due to the ambiguity of the term “applied”, B. Spolsky recommends that we should use the term “educational linguisti
19、cs” instead of “applied linguistics” to avoid confusion.,2022年12月23日,13,Explanations,Most people maintain: nothing inappropriate about the term “applied linguistics”. strictly define it so that it will not be interpreted in its literal sense. “Language laboratory” has come to be accepted. How? not u
20、sed in the sense of ordinary laboratory full of test tubes, chemicals and so on, but its reference has more or less been internalized and determined in our mind as something fixed. There is no need to consider the term literally or word by word. conventionalization & arbitrary nature of language: mo
21、re examples: end of the world,未婚妻,打扫卫生,晒太阳It is a technical term. Origin & development of the term,2022年12月23日,14,origin & development of the term,Origin of the term:Back: already existed at the turn of last century: late 19th and early 20th centuries. Failed to give evidence to support his statemen
22、t. Generally agreed: originated in the United States in 1947 at the University of Michigan Why?,2022年12月23日,15,Rise of Applied Linguistics,Because it was in 1947 and at University of Michigan that English Language Department established by Fries and Lado purpose of the program: to be devoted to the
23、teaching of English to Foreign learnersPlease note: key words: “teaching” & “foreign learners”,2022年12月23日,16,How did the term come into popularity,Came into being in 1947, but did not come into popularity until 1960s. Why 1960s rather than 1950s? 4 principal reasons: 1) practical reasons; 2) lingui
24、stic reasons; 3) educational reasons; 4) reasons of Applied Linguistics itself,2022年12月23日,17,1. Practical Reasons,What was the situation in the 1940s 50s?After WW2, there was a need for every nation to heal from wounds: to develop politicsto develop economicsto develop industry to develop tourismto
25、 develop educationto develop social security Education was considered to be the best policy & solution,2022年12月23日,18,Political situation in the 1950s,Cold war: between the Soviet Union and AmericaSoviet Union emerged as a new up-start: challenge & threat to the US government. felt an urgent need to
26、 develop education, especially foreign language education to learn from the world. Because applied linguistics has something to do with education.,2022年12月23日,19,2. Linguistic Reasons:,What was the Linguistic situation?Important dates to remember: 1950s 1960s: a period dominated by structuralism rep
27、resented by Bloomfield. Corresponding to Mainstream of American Structuralism, behaviourist psychology headed by Skinner. A direct result of the development of linguistics and psychology: stimulus and response theory, habit formation process; the rise of Audio-lingual Approach; English 900, pattern
28、drills.,2022年12月23日,20,Linguistic Reasons (continued),What was the situation in the 1960s?rise of Chomsky and his TG grammar: brought new life to linguistics: considered as a revolution and offered a new perspective / view / approach to FLT: mentalistic view: to be discussed in subsequent lectures,2
29、022年12月23日,21,Educational Reasons,The educational situation in the mid 1960s: educational crisis prevailed western world: strong demand for reform. What was wrong?too much importance attached to teachers: two or three years of training, but still unable to perform communicative tasks many research p
30、rojects focused on various factors related to learners A similar situation faced by Chinese: a kettle of water,2022年12月23日,22,Reasons in AL itself,Important dates to remember: 58 dedicated to the training to applied linguists1964: marked the beginning of Applied Linguistics to maturation: Why?the Fi
31、rst International Conference for Applied Linguistics held in France.At the conference, International Association for Applied Linguistics set up25 organizations became membersregularly every 3 years,2022年12月23日,23,Properties of Applied Linguistics,Four properties of AL:Applied Linguistics as an Indep
32、endent Science Applied Linguistics as an Interdisciplinary Science Applied Linguistics as an Applied Science and MORE than an applied science Applied Linguistics as an Experimental Science,2022年12月23日,24,AL as an Independent Science,It has its own subject of study: i.e. language teaching & learning
33、It has given rise to projects waiting for us to explore in the course of language teaching It has already developed a relatively complete set of theories & methodologies It has its own training bases of experiment to develop its own professional teams. Subject of study for graduate and Ph.D. student
34、s all over the world. No need to go elsewhere: Just situation in China: Most prestigious universities in China offer AL programs at both doctoral and masters levels. A sure sign that AL is a legitimate area of academic research.,2022年12月23日,25,Statistics,Statistical evidence: over 1 thousand applied
35、 linguists were produced in Britain from 1967 to 1977. And still more today.China: I personally benefited from a similar program in 1982 a chance to go to Xiamen, Beijing & Shanghai,2022年12月23日,26,AL as an Interdisciplinary Science,Reflected in its connection with many other different disciplines. F
36、or example: Linguistics Discipline (LD), Linguistics Related Disciplines (LRD), Education-Related Disciplines (such as Psychology), Language Teaching,2022年12月23日,27,a diagram,2022年12月23日,28,AL as an Applied Science & More,Focus on actual application rather than theoretical research. One misconceptio
37、n: a direct relationship between linguistic theories, linguistic descriptions & language teaching. What an applied linguist does is no more than putting theories into practice. Useful but cannot and should not expect linguistic theories to provide answers to all your questions and problems. Linguist
38、ic theories provide teachers with information & systematic knowledge about structures & functions of language systems.Applied linguistics is concerned not with the actual application, but more importantly with its implication to language teaching & learning. We need to observe our own material colle
39、ct data from our own data from our own practice. An important source to enrich linguistic studies.,2022年12月23日,29,AL as an Experimental Science,The aim of applied linguistics: to establish theories and principles on language teaching. How to achieve it? Scientific experimentation. Two possible ways
40、to conduct Educational Research: Observation: when working on language development and language errors of our students. Experiment: establish research projects & propose hypotheses and test hypotheses by means of controllable observations and come to objective conclusions on the basis of our researc
41、h findings.,2022年12月23日,30,Experimental Science (continued),FLL effects can be determined by internal factors such as learners motivation, personal interest, intelligence, age span, learning strategies and so on. also by external factors such as sense of responsibility, teaching approaches, teaching
42、 materials, teaching instruments, teaching facilities, etc. Manipulation & Control: interlanguage is a result of various factors. But which is a dominant factor? To know their different effects, we need to make a list of factors & put the dominant factor under manipulation & the rest under control.
43、Statistical data as evidence,2022年12月23日,31,Some technical terms,TEFL, TESL, TESOL and ELT: Whats the difference?TEFL (Teaching English as a Foreign Language) involves teaching people, usually in their own countries, who want to use English for business, leisure, travel, etc.TESL (Teaching English a
44、s a Second Language) involves teaching immigrants in English-speaking countries.TESOL (Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages) & ELT (English Language Teaching) cover both TEFL and TESL. Confusingly, the acronym TESOL also refers to the American professional association: Teachers of English
45、 to Speakers of Other Languages.,2022年12月23日,32,Course Description in more detail,2022年12月23日,33,A General Survey,What is Applied Linguistics? Two different definitions: a narrow definition and a broad definition.What are the defining features of AL:Four properties of ALWhere does the term come from
46、 and how does it become popular?origin 1947 at University of Michigan, USA; popularity in 1960s for 4 principal reasonsWhat should be included in this course?,2022年12月23日,34,Language Behaviour and Language Learning,Language Behaviour What is language behaviour: hierarchical structures of language be
47、haviourGrammar and language behaviour Observations in the study of grammar and language behaviour Language LearningA behaviouristic approach A mentalistic approach A procedural approach,2022年12月23日,35,Second Language Learning (1),CA, EA & Interlanguage: a historical perspective Contrastive analysis:
48、 strong hypothesisweak hypothesis Error Analysis: intralingual deviations from L1 norms learner oriented deviationsInterlanguage: a unique system fossilization and defossilizationTraining procedures,2022年12月23日,36,Performance Analysis & Discourse Analysis,Performance analysis methodological aspectss
49、yntactic developmentmorphological developmentlexical developmentphonological developmentDiscourse analysis foreigner talkturn-taking and conversational correction (how different cultures influence turn taking: conversational ball games)thematic progression,2022年12月23日,37,Learner Characteristics,Age:
50、 年龄critical period hypothesis 语言学习关键期假说biological argument: hemisphere localization & brain plasticity 可塑性other argumentsempirical evidence 观察得到的证据Aptitude: 资质definitionaptitude test,2022年12月23日,38,Learner Characteristics,Cognitive Styles: 认知方式field-dependentfield-independentAffective Characteristic
