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1、常用被动语态的文体,这类信息性的文体主要指科技文体、新闻文体、公文文体及论述文体。科技论文注重事理和活动的客观叙述(impersonal activity seen objectively)，力戒作者的主观臆断，因而常常避免提及施事。新闻报道注重口气客观、间接，叙事翔实、冷静(calm fact-teller)，施事往往难以言明，也不宜言明。公文则注重叙述公正、无私，口气客观、正式。英语有过分使用被动语态的倾向。正式文体尤其如此。,不需要或不可能说出施事者的时候，汉语可以采用无主句或主语省略句来保持句子的主动形式。英语注重句子结构齐整，句中不能没有主语，只好采用被动式或其他句式，以便于把施事者
2、省略或隐含起来。如：要制造飞机，就必须仔细考虑空气阻力问题。Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the aircraft is to be manufactured.,“是的”式，即表示状态的静句，通常可以与表示动作的动句互相转换，如：这些产品是我国制造的。These products are made in our country.,“的是”式，一般可以与“是（由）的”式互相转换，如：推荐我的是一位教授。I was recommended by a professor.接见他的是一位秘书。He was receive
3、d by a secretary.,汉语中的哪些句式可以用或必须用英语被动式来表达，是研究语态变换的主要问题。当然，英语中被动语态的各种用法都有一定的理由。归纳起来，不外乎是：（）着重被动的动作；里（）突出动作承受者（人或事物）的重要性；（）不知道或无须说出动作的执行者；（）便利上下文的连贯、衔接。这些理由也正是我们在汉译英时进行语态变换的重要依据。,关于汉语被动句的英译问题,汉语的被动句子，从结构上来说，大体可分为两类：一类带有表达被动意义的标记；另一类则不带这种标记；普通而常见的是最后一类。不论属于哪一类，英译时基本仍可运用被动语态。,带有被动标记的汉语被动句,这类句子，一般表示较强的被动
4、意义，着重于被动的动作。此类句子可按英语的惯常用法，相应地翻译成英语的被动句子。汉语这一类被动式，用助词“被”、“受”、“遭”、“给”、“挨”、“叫”、“让”等为标记。海外华侨现在不再被人轻视了。Over-seas Chinese are no longer looked down upon. 这东西已被新机型取代不再生产了。Its no longer in production and had been replaced by our new model.,被动句标记：“为所”、“被所”，如：社会主义思想体系已为全国人民所接受。Socialist ideology has been acce
5、pted by the people of the whole country.茅屋为秋风所破。The Thatched house was destroyed by the autumn storm.她被花言巧语所陶醉。She is intoxicated with sweet words.,被动句标记：“加以”、“予以”等词后加谓语动词来表达被动意义的。这个问题必须在适当的时候以适当的方式予以处理。The problem must be dealt with by appropriated means at an appropriate time.,Exceptions,并不是所有带被动标
6、记的句子都一定要翻译成被动式。必须首先考虑所选的英语动词的特点、习惯用法以及上下文关系等，然后再决定用什么语态。老太太被风吹病了.The old lady was blown sick by the wind. The old lady fell ill because of the draught.后者符合英语的表达习惯。,他们将冲破一切束缚他们的罗网，朝着解放的路上迅跑。一切帝国主义、军阀、贪官污吏、土豪劣绅，都将被他们葬入坟墓。（毛泽东选集一卷，13页）They will smash all the trammels that bind them and rush forward alo
7、ng the road to liberation. They will sweep all the imperialist, warlords, corrupt officials, local tyrants and evil gentry into their graves.改译成英语主动式，这样，上下文联系得更为紧密，并避免了头重脚轻.,不带被动标记的汉语被动句,这类句子在形式上一般都有主语，也有动词，但是主语在实际上是谓语动词的动作承受者，而不是执行者。动作执行者并未出现。这种句子结构上为主动句，而含义上是被动句。这一类被动句在汉语中大量存在，英译时一般也要用被动语态来处理。例如：,
8、运费包括在价格里。The shipping charges are included in the price. 有些问题还需要澄清。Certain questions have yet to be clarified. Certain questions need clarifying.这个问题正在研究。The problem is now being studied. The problem is now under consideration.,汉语主动句的英译问题,汉语多采用主动语态，但在英译时有时改用被动语态：为了强调接受动作的人或事物的重要性我国各族人民每年都要热烈庆祝十月一日的国
9、庆节。National Day is enthusiastically celebrated on Oct. 1 by the Chinese people of all nationalities every year.,他提议在各班之间开展友谊竞赛。He proposed that a friendly emulation drive be started among the different classes. 农民的生活水平不断提高，大部分农民已经解决了温饱问题，不少农民已过上了小康生活。The living standard of farmers has been raised co
10、ntinuously. The majority of farmers have enough food and clothing and quite a few are leading a more comfortable life.,为了加强上下文的连贯性,英语中，常常为了上下文的连贯，使句子之间的衔接紧密自然而运用被动结构。为此目的，在汉译英时也常常将汉语的主动句改翻译为英语的被动句。如：他出现在台上，观众给予热烈鼓掌。He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.,为了使措辞得当，语气委婉,英语常出于
11、礼貌上的考虑，不说出主事者，尤其是第一人称，因而采用被动语态。汉译英时也往往将汉语的主动语态转译成英语的被动语态，多见讲话、通知、请贴等。,今天邀请大家来开座谈会，目的是要和大家交换意见，研究文艺工作和一般革命工作的关系， You have been invited to this forum today to exchange ideas and examine the relationship between work in the literary and artistic fields and revolutionary work in general,请全系教师和干部于星期三下午二时
12、在会议室集合，听报告。All teachers and cadres of the Department are requested to meet in the conference room at 2:00 p.m. on Wednesday to hear a speech.,关于汉语的一些习惯用语的译法,汉语中有许多习惯用语。其中有的是用“人们”、“有人”、“大家”等作主语；有的看来是无主语句，有的则是句子里的独立结构，如“据悉”、“应该说”、“必须指出”、“已经证明”，等等。汉语中的这类习惯用语，从语态上来说是主动语态，但英译时通常都用被动语态，在表达方式上，则可充分利用英语中it做
13、形式主语的句型。,应该说，情况基本上是健康的。It should be said that the situation is basically sound.据报告，敌人当时离那里只有十英里。It is reported that the enemy were only ten miles away.很明显，这项计划应该取消。It is obvious that the plan should be canceled.,习惯用语极其常见译法,人们（有人、大家）认为 It is considered (or: thought) that普遍（一般、通常）认为 It is generally (u
14、sually) accepted (or: agreed, recognized) that有人（人们、大家）相信 It is believed that 大家知道（众所周知） It is well-known that,据说（有人说） It is said that 据悉（说） It is learned that 据推测 It is supposed that 据估计（预计） It is estimated (predicted, calculated) that 据报道（告） It is reported that 必须指出 It must be pointed out that ,必须
15、（应该）承认 It must (should) be admitted that 可见（可以看出） It will be seen that由此可见 It will be seen from this that 不用说（谁都知道） It is understood that 无可否认 It cannot be denied that 已经证明 It has been proved (or: demonstrated) that,可以肯定 It may be confirmed that 可以有把握地说 It may be safely said that人们有时会问 It is sometim
16、es asked that 人们希望 It is expected (hoped) that,语态与译文的流畅性,译文中，在一个句子里或一个小的段落里，不要经常变换语态，要么用主动语态，要么用被动的语态。经常变换语态往往会破坏了句子的流畅性。如：,有的在扫地，有的在擦玻璃，有的在掸掉书桌上的土。Some were sweeping the floors; the windows were being cleaned by some students; and others were dusting the books on the bookshelf. 应改成：Some were sweeping the floors; some were cleaning the windows; and others were dusting the books on the bookshelf.,
