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1、专业英语,有机化合物的命名,Nomenclature of Organic Compounds,非官能团化合物 Nonfunctional Compounds1烃类-（烷烃 Alkane烯烃 Alkene炔烃Alkyne）2单环化合物（Monocyclic compounds） 3、官能团化合物 Functional compounds,有机化合物的命名,有机化合物的命名,系统命名IUPAC names (systematic names) 俗名法trivial names (popular names)国际理论和应用化学联合会 IUPAC: International Union of Pu
2、re and Applied Chemistry,官能团化合物,卤代烃-Alkyl halides醇- Alcohols硫醇-Thiols醇盐-The salts of alcohols (ROM)硫醇盐-The salts of thiols (RSM)醚-Ethers (R1-O-R2),官能团化合物,环氧化合物-Epoxides硫化物-Sulfides R1-S-R2)胺-Amines醛-Aldehydes酮-Ketones羧酸-Carboxylic acids,官能团化合物,酰胺-Amides酯-Ester羧酸盐-The salts of acids酸酐-Carboxylic anhy
3、drides酰氯-Acyl halides腈-Nitriles,官能团化合物,内酯和内酰胺-Lactones and lactams缩醛和缩酮-Acetals and ketals亚胺-Imines氢过氧化物-Hydroperoxides过氧化二乙醚-Ether peroxides (ROOR)过氧酸-Acid peroxides,1、卤代烃-Alkyl halides,命名规则halo + the name of alkane - halo+烷烃的名称The name of alkyl group + halide-烷基 + halide卤素halogen-halo 卤化物-halide,1
4、、卤代烃-Alkyl halides,卤族元素,（卤素取代基）halo: fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo（卤化物） Halide: fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide,取代基 substituents,Some Functional Groups Named as Prefixes,* methoxy-, ethoxy-, etc., depending upon the R group,1、卤代烃-Alkyl halides,Systematic name: prefix “halo-： fluoro-, chloro-, brom
5、o-, iodo-” + the name of alkane 系统命名法：卤素取代基（ halo： fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo- ）+烷烃名Trivial name (C1-C4): the name of alkyl group + fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide俗名法：烷基取代基+ Halide（ fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide）,1、卤代烃-Alkyl halides,异丙基氯化物叔丁基氯化物,2-iodopropaneisopropyl iodide,2-bromoiso
6、hexane,1、卤代烃-Alkyl halides,Some special names for alkyl halides: CHX3 chloroform bromoform iodoform CH2Cl2 methylene chloride CCl4 carbon tetrachloride Cl3C-CCl3 perchloro ethane,1、一些卤代烃的专用名称,2、醇- Alcohols,Rule：The name of alcohol are given by replacing the final letter “e” of the name of alkane（Alk
7、ene，Alkyne） with the suffix “ol ”规则：去掉烃名称Alkane，Alkene，Alkyne的最后一个字母e，加上后缀 “ol”,2、醇- Alcohols,Systematic name: Select the longest continuous chain to which the OH group is directly attached, and give the OH group the possible lower position number.,2、醇- Alcohols,Trivial name (C1-C4): the name of alk
8、yl group + alcohol,2、醇- Alcohols, Alcohols containing more than one OH group Systematic name: suffix: -diol, -triol Trivial name: glycol(乙二醇), glycerol （丙三醇）,2-propanol isopropanol,2、醇- Alcohols,5-methyl-3-propyl-2-hexanol,2、醇- Alcohols,3,4-dichloro-2-butanol,2-cyclopentenol,2、醇- Alcohols,2-methyl-1
9、,4-cyclohexanediol,3、硫醇-Thiols -SH,Systematic name: the name of alkane + thiol系统命名法：烷烃名称alkane加上后缀“thiol”,1-propanethiol 0-mercaptotoluene mercapto 含巯基的，含硫氢基的,3、硫醇-Thiols -SH,3、硫醇-Thiols -SH,Trivial name ：the name of alkyl group + mercaptan,4、醇盐-The salts of alcohols (ROM),Systematic name: The name
10、of cation + the name of R group + oxide规则：阳离子名称+取代基R名称+oxide,4、醇盐-The salts of alcohols (ROM),potassium isopentyl oxide,ammonium cyclohexyl oxide,5、硫醇盐The salts of thiols (RSM),Systematic name: the name of cation + the name of thiol + ate Trivial name ：the name of cation + the name of R group + sulf
11、ide 规则：系统命名法：阳离子名称+硫醇名称+ 后缀ate俗名法：阳离子名称+取代基R+sulfide,5、硫醇盐The salts of thiols (RSM),lithium tert-butyl sulfidelithium tert-butanethiolatelithium 2-methylpropane-2-thiolate,6、醚-Ethers (R1-O-R2),Systematic name: name the simple OR group as a substituent, the long chain as a parent body规则：简单的烷氧基作为取代基，长
12、碳链作为主链 CH3O- C-C-O- C-C-C-O- C-C-C-C-O- methoxy ethoxy propoxy butoxy C5H11O- C6H13O- suffix: -yloxy pentyloxy hexyloxy,6、醚-Ethers (R1-O-R2),Systematic name,6、醚-Ethers (R1-O-R2),Trivial name: list the names of both groups that attached to the oxygen in an alphabetic order + ether俗名法：按照字母顺序列出和氧原子相连的两
13、个烷基+ ether,sec-butyl methyl ether仲丁基2-methoxybutane,ethyl isopropyl ether,6、醚-Ethers (R1-O-R2),(di)ethyl ether,Trivial name:,冠醚-crown ethers规则：碳原子个数+crown+氧原子个数,8-crown-4 12-crown-6,6、醚-Ethers (R1-O-R2),1-chloro-1,2-epoxypropane,7. 环氧化合物Epoxides,Systematic name: epoxy + the name of alkane规则： epoxy+烷
14、烃名称,2-(methylthio)butane,8. 硫醚Sulfides R1-S-R2,thioethers sulfides (RSR, 硫醚)-SR, alkylthio, 烷基硫基Systematic name: name the simple SR group as a substituent, the long chain as a parent body. The name of small alkylthio + the name of alkane规则：简单的烷基硫基作为取代基，长碳链作为主链,8. 硫醚Sulfides R1-S-R2,Trivival name： th
15、e name of R1 + the name of R2 + sulfide 规则：按照字母顺序列出和硫原子相连的两个烷基+ sulfide,sec-butyl methyl sulfide仲丁基,p-(ethylthio)benzoicacid p-ethyl(thio)benzoic acid,8. 硫醚Sulfides R1-S-R2,In order to avoid the confusion of SR and -SH groups in same cases, parenthesis must be correctly used.,8. 硫醚Sulfides R1-S-R2,8
16、. 硫醚Sulfides R1-S-R2,RNH2 primary 伯胺 RRNH secondary 仲胺RRRN tertiary 叔胺,9. 胺Amines RNH2,Quarternary ammonium季铵盐AmmoniaAmine,9.胺Amines RNH2,Systematic name: list the names of small alkyl groups + the name of parent chain + amine. Replace the final letter “e” in the name of alkane + amine系统命名法：列出取代基+主链
17、+amineTrivial name: list the names of alkyl groups that are attached to the nitrogen in an alphabetic order + amine.俗名法：按照字母顺序列出所有和N原子相连的取代基+ amine,1) Simple amines,9.胺Amines RNH2,Systematic name ：Replace the final letter “e” in the name of alkane + amine,N-ethyl-3-methyl-2-pentanamine3-ethylamino-2
18、-methylcyclohexanolN-ethyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxycyclohexanamine,9.胺Amines RNH2,2-butylaminebis(2-chloroethyl)amineN,N-dimethylpentanamine1-dimethylaminopentane,9.胺Amines RNH2,9.胺Amines RNH2,2) Amines with large alkyl groups or with other functional groups in the molecules Trivial name:氨基作为取代基,9.胺Amines
19、 RNH2,3-ethylamino-2-methylcyclohexanolN-ethyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxycyclohexanamine,9.胺Amines RNH2,9.胺Amines RNH2,3) Heterocyclic amines,吡啶 吡咯 喹啉,tertramethylammonium hydroxidecyclohexylammoniumchloride,9.胺Amines RNH2,10. 醛Aldehydes,Systematic name: Replace the final letter “e” of alkane with “al” , or
20、 “carb(ox)aldehyde”系统命名法：去掉烷烃名字的最后一个字母，加上后缀 “al” 或者 “carb(ox)aldehyde As a substitute (-CHO) “formyl”,10. 醛Aldehydes,10、醛Aldehydes,Trivial names are widely used for aldehydes with 1-5 carbon atoms:Formaldehyde（甲醛） Formyl (甲酰基） Acetaldehyde AcetylPropionaldehyde Propionyl Butyraldehyde ButyrylValeral
21、dehyde Valeryl,10、醛Aldehydes,4-ethyl-4-pentenalpropanedial2-methylcyclohexane-carbaldehyde,benzaldehyde,1,2,5-pentanetricarbaldehyde3-formylheptanedial,10、醛Aldehydes,11. 酮ketones,Systematic name: replace the final letter “e” in the name of alkane with “-one”.系统命名法：去掉烷烃名字的最后一个字母”e”，加上后缀 “one” . As a
22、substitute (C=O) “oxo”,11.酮ketones,Trivial name: write the names of the groups R and R, followed by the word “ketone”.俗名法：写出取代基（R、R）的名字+ ketone,3-pentanone4-methyl-4-hexen-2-one,11.酮ketones,11.酮ketones,1,3-cyclopentanedioneacetophenonemethyl phenyl ketone3-phenylcyclopentanone,5-methyl-2-cyclohexen-
23、1-one,2-propionylfuran2-propanoylfuranethyl 2-furyl ketone,1,2,4-triacetylbenzene,11.酮ketones,11.酮ketones,4-(4-oxohexyl)-1-benzoic acid4-methyl-3-penten-2-one5-isobutyl-3-cycloheptenone,12. 羧酸Carboxylic acids,Systematic name: Replace the final letter “e” in the name of the hydrocarbon with “-(o)ic a
24、cid” or “carboxylic acid”.系统命名法：去掉烷烃名字的最后一个字母”e”，加上后缀 “-(o)ic acid” 或者 “carboxylic acid”.,12.羧酸Carboxylic acids,3-butynoic acid2-isohexenoic acid,butanoic acidbutyric acid,12.羧酸Carboxylic acids,2-chlorocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid,(Z)-4,4-dichloro-2-pentenoic acid,2-ethyl-4-(carboxymethyl)hexanedi
25、oic acid,12.羧酸Carboxylic acids,Some trivial names for acids with low molecular weight:formic acid acetic acid propionic acid butyric acid valeric acidmaleic acid (马来酸, 顺丁烯二酸)fumaric acid (富马酸, 反丁烯二酸),13. 酰胺 Amides,Systematic name：Omit the final letter “e” in the name of alkane, and then add the suff
26、ix “amide” or carboxyamide to the end of the name.系统命名法：去掉烷烃名字的最后一个字母”e”，加上后缀 “amide” 或者 “carboxyamide”.,13.酰胺 Amides, Trivial names for amides containing C1C5 carbon atoms: formamide acetamide propionamide butyramide valeramide,13.酰胺 Amides,N,N-dimethylformamide,butanamide,N-ethyl-4-methyl-2,5-hexa
27、dienamide,cyclopropanecarboxyamide,13.酰胺 Amides,13.酰胺 Amides,N,N-dimethylbenamidep-acetamidobenzoic acid,14. 酯Ester,Systematic name：Omit the final letter “e” in the name of alkane, and then add the suffix “(o)ate” or “carboxylate” to the end of the name.系统命名法：去掉烷烃名字的最后一个字母”e”，加上后缀 “(o)ate” 或者 “carbo
28、xyate”.,14.酯Ester,ethyl butanoate isopropyl benzoate,ethyl cyclopentanecarboxylate,cyclopentyl 4-methylpentanoate,(2-methylbutyl) -3-methylcyclohexanecarboxylate,14.酯Ester,15.羧酸盐The salts of acids /Carboxylate salts,Systematic name：The name of cation + alkane + “-(o)ate” or “carboxylate”.,potassium
29、isohexanoatelithium cyclopentanecarboxylate,sodium acetate,15.羧酸盐The salts of acids /Carboxylate salts,16. 酸酐Carboxylic anhydrides,Systematic name：The name(s) of the Alkane + “(o)ic” anhydride,butyric propionic anhydridebutanoic propanoic anhydride,butyric anhydridebutanoic anhydride,rule： carboxyli
30、c acids carboxylic anhydride。,benzoic anhydride,cyclohexanecarboxylic anhydride,butanedioic anhydride,16. 酸酐Carboxylic anhydrides,17.酰氯Acyl halides,Systematic name：Omit the final letter “e” in the name of alkane, and then add the suffix “oyl halide” to the end of the name.,butanoyl chloride,benzoyl
31、fluoride,3-pentenoyl bromide,17.酰氯Acyl halides,18. 腈Nitriles,Systematic name：Add the suffix “(o)nitrile” or “carbonitrile to the end of the name of the hydrocarbon.Trivial names of nitriles containing C1C5 carbon atoms: hydrocyanic acid acetonitrile propiononitrile butyronitrile valeronitrile,18. 腈N
32、itriles,3-pentynenitrilecyclopentanecarbonitrile1,3,5-hexanetricarbonnitrile1,3,5-tricyanohexane,19.内酯和内酰胺 Lactones and lactams,Systematic name：Add the suffix “(o)lactone” or “(o)lactam” to the end of the name of the hydrocarbon.,4-butanelactone4-butyrolactone,5-petanelactone5-valerolactone,5-heptan
33、elactone,4-butanelactam4-butyrolactam,N-methyl 5-pentanelactamN-methyl 5-valerolactam,19.内酯和内酰胺 Lactones and lactams,20.缩醛和缩酮 Acetals and ketals,Systematic name：The name of dialkyloxy OR” + the name of the hydrocarbon.Trivial names ：The name of aldehyde or ketone + the name of the alkyl group R” + t
34、he suffix acetal.,20.缩醛和缩酮 Acetals and ketals,2,2-diethoxybutane2-butanone diethylacetal,m-nitrobenzaldehyde dimethylacetal,1-ethylenedioxypentanepentanal ethyleneacetal,21. 亚胺Imines,Systematic name：N- + the name of R3 group + the name of the hydrocarbon (omit final letter “e”) + the suffix “imine”.
35、,N-methyl 2-pentanimine,cyclohexanimine,22. 氢过氧化物-Hydroperoxides,Systematic name：The name of the R group + the suffix “hydroperoxide”.,ethylhydroperoxide,tert-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP),23. 过氧化二乙醚Ether peroxides (ROOR),Systematic name：The name of R group + the name of R group + peroxide,methyl propyl peroxidediethyl peroxide,24. 过氧酸 Acid peroxides,Systematic name：Omit “ic acid” in the name of the acid + the suffix “(o)hydroperoxide”.,acetohydroperoxidehexanohydroperoxidebenzohydroperoxide,
