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1、,春节是中国最具特色的重要传统节日，标志着中国农历新年的开始，从除夕一直持续到正月十五元宵节。春节是家人团圆的节日，这一点和西方的圣诞节很相似。在外地工作的人，都会不远千里回到家里和父母团聚。在除夕之夜，一家人聚在一起包饺子、吃年夜饭，即团圆饭。春节期间家家户户都会贴春联、贴年画。晚上12点左右，家家燃放烟花爆竹，辞旧迎新，希望送走不幸，迎来好运。春节第一天，大家互相拜年，送上最美好的祝愿。春节期间活动丰富，如敲锣、打鼓、走高跷、舞龙舞狮等。,The Spring Festival is the most unique and important traditional Chinese hol
2、iday. It marks the beginning of the Chinese lunar New Year, lasting from the New Years Eve to the Lantern Festival on the 15th day of the first lunar month. Like Christmas in the West, the Spring Festival is a time for family reunion. People working away from home will travel a long distance to come
3、 back to join their parents. On New Years Eve, the whole family gets together, making jiaozi and enjoying the meal of the Eve, or family reunion dinner. Every household will paste up Spring Festival couplets and Chinese New Year pictures. Around 12 oclock at night, every family will set off firework
4、s and firecrackers to greet the new days and send off the old ones, hoping to cast away bad luck and bring forth good luck. On the first day of the Spring Festival, people pay New Years calls, giving best wishes to one another. There are various activities during the Spring Festival, such as beating
5、 drums and striking gongs, as well as stilt-walking, dragon and lion dances.,布达拉宫(Potala Palace)是一座举世闻名的建筑群。它是世界上最高的古代宫殿，最高点达到3700米。 布达拉宫占地总面积为36万平方米，主楼高117米，共13层。整座宮殿具有鲜明的藏式风格(Tibetan style。 布达拉宫堪称是一座各种艺术的博物馆，它收藏的无数珍宝对于研究西藏的政治、经济、历史和文化都具有重大的价值。1994年，布达拉官被列为世界文化遗产(world cultural heritage )。,The Pota
6、la Palace is a world-famous architecture complex. It is the highest ancient palace in the world, reaching 3,700 meters at the top point. Covering a total area of 360,000 square meters, the Potala Palace is 117 meters high for the main building in 13 stories. The total palace is of distinct Tibetan s
7、tyle. The Potala Palace is called as a museum of various arts. It houses a collection of numerous treasures which is of great value for the study of politics, economy, history and culture in Tibet. In 1994, the Potala Palace was listed as a world cultural heritage site.,兵马俑是20世纪最重大的考古发掘之一，1987年被联合国教
8、科文组织列为世界文化遗产。兵马俑位于西安临潼，秦始皇陵以东约1.5公里。1974年，一群农民在皇家陵墓附近挖井时挖掘出一些陶器碎片，立即引起了考古学家的注意，然后才有了兵马俑这一伟大发现。1975年，国务院授权有关部门建立兵马俑博物馆。栩栩如生的兵马俑排成作战的阵势，成为博物馆最大的亮点。兵马俑是世界考古史上最伟大的发现之一，充分体现了中国古代人民的聪明才智和创造力。,The Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses, one of the most significant archeological excavations of the 20th century, we
9、re listed by UNESCO as a World Cultural Heritage Site in 1987. It is located about 1.5 kimometers east of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor in Lintong, Xian. In 1974, a group of farmers unearthed some pottery fragments while digging a well nearby the royal tomb. It caught the immediate attentio
10、n of archeologists and led to the great discovery of the Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses. In 1975, the State Counsil authorized the building of the Museum of the Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses.The life-like Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses arranged in battle formations are the star features at the m
11、useum. As one of the greatest archeological discoveries in the world, the Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses fully demonstrate the extraordinary wisdom and superb creativity of the ancient Chinese people.,长城是世界上最伟大的奇迹之一，1987年被列为联合国教科文组织世界文化遗产。它宛如一条巨龙，蜿蜒曲折，穿越草地、沙漠和高山，自西向东绵延8851.8公里（明长城）。经过两千多年的沧桑，长城部分城墙
12、已经被毁或湮灭。但是，由于它建筑雄伟，历史悠久，长城现今依然是世界上最具吸引力的景点之一。（长城始建于春秋战国时期的燕、赵、秦等过，作为防御工事。）今天我们看到的长城主要建于明代。长城承载着丰富的中国文化，体现了中国人民的智慧和顽强。长城与黄河、长江一起，成为了中华民族的象征。,The Great Wall, one of the greatest wonders of the world, was listed as a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Site in 1987. Like a giant dragon, the Great Wall sinds
13、 its way across grasslands, deserts and mountains, stretching approximately 8851.8 kilometers (the Ming walls) from west to east of China. With a history of more than 2000 years, some of the sections are now in ruins or have disappeared. However, it is still one of the most appealing attractions all
14、 around the world owing to its architectural grandeur and historical significance. (The Great Wall was originally built in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period as a defensive project by states including Yan, Zhao, and Qin.) The Great Wall we see today was mostly built during th
15、e Ming Dynasty. The Great Wall carries a considerable part of Chinese culture and demonstrates the wisdom and tenacity of the Chinese people. It has become a symbol of the Chinese nation along with the Yellow River and the Yangtze River.,莫高窟（Mogao Caves）位于古代丝绸之路上的重镇甘肃省敦煌市，被誉为20世纪最具有价值的文化发现，以其精美的壁画(m
16、urals)和雕像闻名于世。莫高窟始建于公元366年，历时近千年，到元朝已形成巨大的规模。现有洞窟492个，壁画45000余平方米，彩塑2400余尊，是世界上现存规模最大、保存最完好的佛教艺术宝库。莫高窟的壁画和雕塑反映了4世纪到14世纪中国社会生活的各个方面，为研究中国古代政治、经济、文化、宗教、民族关系等提供了珍贵资料。,Situated in the city of Dunhuang, Gansu Province along the ancient Silk Road, the Mogao Caves are hailed as the most valuable cultural d
17、iscovery in the 20th century, best known for their exquisite murals and statues in the world. Initiated in 366 A.D., and after nearly 1000 years of construction, the Mogao Caves had acquired a gigantic scale by the Yuan Dynasty. With 492 caves storing more than 45000 square meters of murals and over
18、 2400 colored statues, the site is now the worlds largest, best-preserved treasure house of Buddist art. These murals and sculptures mirrored the various aspects of Chinese social life from the 4th to the 14th century, and offered precious data for the study of ancient China in terms of politics, ec
19、onomy, culture, religion, and ethinic relations.,书法（calligraphy）是中国特有的一种书写艺术，也是世界上独一无二的艺术瑰宝。中国书法艺术的形成和发展与汉字的产生与演变有着密不可分的关系。汉字在漫长的演变过程中，不但起着思想交流、文化传播的重要作用，而且还发展成了一种独特的艺术形式。书法不仅是一种交流方式，也用来表现个人的内心世界。它能很好地反映出书法家的个人感情、知识、修养、个性等等，所以有“字如其人”的说法。作为中华民族的文化瑰宝之一，中国的书法在世界文化艺术宝库中独放异彩。,Calligraphy, Chinas special
20、art of writing, is a unique art treasure in the world. The formation and development of the Chinese calligraphy is closely related to the emergence and evolution of the Chinese characters. In its long evolutionary process, Chinese characters have not only played an important role in exchanging ideas
21、 and transmitting culture but also developed into a unique art form. Calligraphy is not only a means of communication, but also a means of expressing a persons inner world. It well reflects the calligraphers personal feelings, knowledge, self-cultivation, personality, and so forth, hence the saying
22、“ The calligraphy is the index of the calligrapher.” As one of the treasures of Chinese culture, Chinese calligraphy shines splendidly in the worlds treasure house of culture and art.,京剧是中国最受欢迎、影响最大的剧种，被认为是中国的“国剧”，至今已有约两百年历史。京剧本来是一种地方性戏剧，由于深受观众喜爱，逐渐传遍大江南北，慢慢演变成全国性戏剧。京剧演员主要运用四种艺术手法：唱、念、做、打。在京剧中，男性的角色
23、被称为“生”，女性的角色被称为“旦”，小丑被称为“丑”。每个角色都在脸上画不同的脸谱。这样，观众可以很容易地分清这些演员所扮演的是什么角色。如今，京剧已经称为介绍、传播中国传统文化的重要方式。,Peking opera, the most popular and most influencial opera in China, is regarded as Chinas “national opera” with a history of about 200 years. Originally a local drama, it was very popular with the audien
24、ce and gradually spread all over China, slowly evolving into a national drama. Its actors and actresses mainly use four forms of performing methods on stage, namely, chang (singing), nian (recitation), zuo (facial and body acting), and da (martial arts). In Peking opera, male roles are called sheng,
25、 female roles are dan, and clown roles are chou. Each role is characterized by drawings of different facial make-up designs. In this way, the audience can easily tell what characters the actors represent. Today, Peking opera has become an important means of introducing and transmitting traditional C
26、hinese culture.,孔庙(Temples of Confucius)是纪念我国伟大思想家、教育家孔子的祠庙建筑。中国孔庙很多，孔子故里曲阜的孔庙最大、最有名。该庙位于山东曲阜南门内，是一组具有东方风格的宏伟建筑群。曲阜孔庙建于公元前478年，即孔子逝世的第二年。这里经常举行祭孔仪式。现存孔庙在明清时期经过重建和翻修，模仿皇宫规制，共有九进院落。主建筑沿南北中轴线分布，其他建筑左右对称。,Temples of Confucius are temple constructions memorizing Confucius, Chinas great thinker and educat
27、or. Among the many Temples of Confucius in China, the one in Qufu, the hometown of Confucious, is the largest and the most famous. Located inside the south gate of Qufu, Shangdong Province, the Temple of Confucius is a group of grand buildings built in oriental style. The Temple was built in the yea
28、r of 478 BC, the second year after the death of Confucius. Sacrifices were often offered to the sage. The temple standing today was rebuilt and renovated during the Ming and Qing dynasties. Patterned after a royal palace, it is divided into nine courtyards. The main buildings run along a north-to-so
29、uth axis, with the attached buildings symmetrically in line.,甲骨文（oracle bone script）是中国的一种古代文字，被认为是现代汉字的早期形式。甲骨文出现在商朝晚期。当时，王室为了占卜记事而在龟甲或兽骨上契刻文字。这是中国最早的成体系的文字形式，现代汉字就是由甲骨文演变而来。值得一提的是，甲骨文属于象形文字，即利用线条或笔画把物体的外形特征勾画出来。如今，汉字虽然还保留着象形文字的某些特征，但经过数千年的演变，已跟原来的形象相去甚远。,Oracle bone script, a form of ancient Chine
30、se writing, is cosidered an early form of modern Chinese characters. It emerged in the late Shang Dynasty. At that time, royal families carved words on turtle shells or animal bones to keep a record of divination and events. This was Chinas earliest form of systematic writing, and it was from the or
31、acle bone script that modern Chinese characters evolved. What is worth mentionting is that the oracle bone script belongs to pictograph-the use of lines or strokes to sketch out the appearance or the feature of a physical object. Today, Chinese characters still keep certain features of pictograph, b
32、ut after thousands of years of evolution, theyve becoe very different from their original looks,汉语方言作为地方文化的一种，是中国民族文化不可缺少的部分。中国式一个多民族、多语言的国家。汉族社会在发展过程中出现过不同程度的分化，因而逐渐产生了汉语方言。现代汉语有各种不同的方言，分布的区域很广。在现代汉语的几大方言中，北方方言源于古汉语，是经过数千年在广大北方地区发展起来的。现代汉语各方言之间的差异表现在语音、词汇、语法各个方面，语音方面尤为突出，但它们不是独立于汉语之外的另一种语言。,As part
33、 of local culture, Chinese dialects are an indispensable part of Chinese national culture. China is a multi-ethnic and multi-lingual country. In the process of its development, the Han Chinese society went through divisions at different levels, so the Chinese language was gradually mixed with dialec
34、ts. Modern Chinese language comprises various dialects from widely distributed areas. One of the few major dialects in modern Chinese is the northern dialect which was derived from the ancient Chinese language after thousands of years of development in the vast northern region. The differences of va
35、rious dialects in modern Chinese can be seen in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar, especially pronunciation, but none is a separate language independent of Chinese.,孔子是春秋时期鲁国伟大的思想家和教育家，是儒家学派的创始人，被尊称为古代的“圣人”。根据其学说发展起来的儒家思想是中国历史上影响最大的思想流派，被汉代及以后的历代封建统治者所推崇利用，成为影响整个封建社会的意识形态。孔子的言论和生平活动被其弟子收录在论语中。在
36、21世纪，孔子的学说不仅受到中国人的重视，而且也越来越受到整个国际社会的重视。,Confucius was a great thinker and educator of the State of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period. He was a founde of Confucianism and respectfully referred to as an ancient Sage. Confucianism, developed from the teachings of Confucius, is the most influencial sch
37、ool of thought in Chinese history. It was held in high esteem and used by the feudal rulers since the Han Dynasty, becoming the ideology influencing the whole feudal sociey. The words and life story of Confucius were recorded by his disciples in The Analects of Confucius. In the 21st century, Confuc
38、ius doctrine not only receives attention of the Chinese, but also increasingly gains ground in the international community.,“和”是中国传统文化的一个重要思想。中国人为人处事强调“和”。在处理人与人的关系上，中国传统思想主张“和为贵”以及“家和万事兴”，从而创造一个和谐的社会环境。在人与自然的关系上，人类应当学会认识自然，尊重自然，保护自然。人与人、人与社会、人与自然都需要“和谐”。如今，和谐发展依然是我们的治国之本和管理人才之道。,Harmony is an impor
39、tant idea in traditional Chinese culture. Chinese people emphasize harmony when dealing with people and things. In dealing with interpersonal relationships, traditional Chinese ideas advocate “Peace is above everything” and “A harmonious family will prosper” so that a harmonious social environment c
40、an be created. When dealing with relationships between man and nature, human beings should learn to understand, respect, and protect nature. Harmony is needed between people, between people and society, and between people and nature. Today, harmony is still a key to governing the country and managin
41、g talent.,丝绸之路是公元前2世纪开始出现的一条联系中国和欧亚大陆的贸易通道。由于这条古老的商路最开始以丝绸贸易为主，故称为丝绸之路。这条商路也是连接古代中华文明和其他欧亚国家文明的重要纽带。正是通过丝绸之路，中国古代的四大发明造纸术、火药、指南针、印刷术才得以传遍各地。中国的丝绸、茶叶和瓷器由此走向世界，欧洲也通过丝绸之路向中国出口各种商品，满足中国市场的需要。作为国际贸易的通道和文化交流的桥梁，丝绸之路有效地促进了东西方经济文化的交流，并对中西方贸易、社会经济的发展乃至文明的进程都有着深远的影响。,The Silk Road was a trade route connecting
42、 China and Eurasia, which began to emerge in the 2nd century BC. This ancient route started mainly with the trade of silk, hence the name the Silk Road. This trade route was also an important link connecting ancient Chinese civilization with that of other countries across Asia and Europe. It was thr
43、ough the Silk Road that ancient Chinas Four Great Inventions, namely papermaking, gunpowder, compass, and printing, were spread to the rest of the world. Chinas silk, tea, and porcelain were spread across the world through the Silk Road, and also exported its commodities to China by means of the Roa
44、d toEurope meet the need of the Chinese market. As an international trade channel and a cultural bridge, the Silk Road effectively promoted the Eastern and Western economic and cultural exchanges, and it had a profound impact on Chinese and Western trade, social and economic development, and even th
45、e process of civilization.,茶马古道是位于中国西南地区、以马为主要交通工具的一条商贸通道。它是目前世界上已知的地势最高、最险的文明传播古道，从唐代开始至20世纪，历经一千余年。茶马古道就像一条大走廊，连接着沿途多个民族。它发展了当地的经济，激活了商品市场，促进了农业、畜牧业的发展。与此同时，沿途地区的艺术、宗教、风俗文化也得到了广泛的传播。如今，茶马古道已成为一条重要的旅游线路。,The Ancient Tea-Horse Road is a trade route in the southwestern region of China, with horses as
46、 its main means of transportation. It is the highest and most dangerous ancient road for civilization transmission known to the world today. It existed as a trade route for over 1000 years, starting from the Tang Dynasty until the 20th century. Like a large corridor, the Ancient Tea-Horse Road conne
47、cted all nations along its way. It developed the local economy, stimulated the commodity markets, and boosted agriculture and animal husbandry. Meanwhile, the art, religions, customs, and culture along the region were also spread widely. Today, the Ancient Tea-Horse Road has become an important tour
48、ist route.,说到中国古代的科技文明，人们自然就会想到“四大发明”，即指南针、火药、造纸术和印刷术。这四种发明是古代中国先进科技的象征，具有重大的历史意义。它们对中国古代的政治、经济、文化的发展产生了巨大的推动作用，也对世界的文明进程产生了巨大的影响。“四大发明”给人类的社会生活带来了革命性的变革，是中国人对世界闻名的伟大贡献。值得一提的是，在2008年北京奥运会的开幕式上，“四大发明”成为开幕式的主题之一。后来的一项调查显示，很多人认为“四大发明”这个片段是这届奥运会开幕式最精彩的部分。,Speaking of ancient Chinese civilization in scie
49、nce and technology, people will naturally think of the Four Great Inventions, namely the compass, gunpowder, papermaking, and printing. These four inventions are symbols of ancient Chinas advanced science and technology and are of great historical significance. They greatly promoted the development
50、of politics, economy, and culture in ancient China and had a tremendous influence on the process of world civilization. The Four Great Inventions brought about revolutionary changes to human social life. They are great contributions made by Chinese people to world civilization. What is worth mention
