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1、.,大学英语翻译培训南华外国语学院,内 容1、新四六级翻译的介绍2、英汉语特点对比翻译3、汉译英转换技巧 4、翻译精选词汇 5、汉英段落翻译实例,新四六级的简介四六级翻译的改革备考建议翻译范本,1.新四六级翻译的介绍,测试题型分值比例,1.新四六级翻译的介绍,新四六级的简介,back,1.新四六级翻译的介绍,新题型说明(3),单词及词组听写,长篇阅读,翻 译,原复合式听写调整为单词及词组听写，短文长度及难度不变。要求考生在听懂短文的基础上，用所听到的原文填写空缺的单词或词组，共10题。短文播放三遍。,原快速阅读理解调整为长篇阅读理解，篇章长度和难度不变。篇章后附有10个句子，每句一题。每句所含
2、的信息出自篇章的某一段落，要求考生找出与每句所含信息相匹配的段落。有的段落可能对应两题，有的段落可能不对应任何一题。,原单句汉译英调整为段落汉译英。翻译内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等。四级长度为140-160个汉字；六级长度为180-200个汉字,四六级翻译的改革,back,1.新四六级翻译的介绍,备考建议,：词汇篇,段落翻译的重点是词汇，特别是较为特殊的翻译类词汇，通过样卷分析，建议考生多关注一下和中国节日、历史事件、经济文化、旅游活动、社会发展等相关的词汇。,back,备考建议,：词汇篇,关注特殊词汇，学习日常生活词语,1.新四六级翻译的介绍,关注以反映中国社会为主的一些英文杂
3、志和报纸，例如中国日报及其网站。每天看看网站中的头条新闻，配合中文新闻的背景，学习正确的表达。如中国日报网站下面的一个小栏目：language tips。,考生要购进一些难度不大的翻译书籍，注意中英文的切换规则。,back,：写长难句篇,备考建议,平时加大对长难句的分析,找到句子的切分点，切分点主要有两种，一个是直接看到的，即连接词that、which、who、when等等；另外一个是潜在的，即各种动词形式，包括doing、to do(单独使用的)、done等。,一定要坚持两点，即打草稿和“写”。，一定要坚持把语言写出来，这样才能提高语言组织能力。要练习如何打草稿，保证不会因直接誊写出现涂改问
4、题，通过平时的草稿练习，也锻炼下打草稿的清晰程度，避免在誊写时丢掉一些东西。,1.新四六级翻译的介绍,back,翻译范本,剪纸（paper cutting）是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一。中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期（the Ming and Qing Dynasties）特别流行。人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。特别是在春节和婚庆期间，剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间，以增加喜庆的气氛。剪纸最常用的颜色是红色，象征健康和兴旺。中国剪纸在世界各地很受欢迎，经常被用作馈赠外国友人的礼物,1.新四六级翻译的介绍,back,Paper cutting is one of Chinas mo
5、st popular traditional folk arts.Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years.It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings.During the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations,in particular,paper cuttings are u
6、sed to decorate doors,windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyous atmosphere.The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red,which symbolizes health and prosperity.Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world and it is often given as a present to foreign friends.,1.新四六级翻译的介绍,ba
7、ck,2.英汉语特点对比翻译,两个民族文化背景，传统习惯和思想方 法的差异,英汉两种语言的性质和特点。,2.英汉语特点对比翻译,两个民族文化背景，传统习惯和思想方 法的差异,在肯定与否定的表述方式上,英国人是针对对方提问的“事实”是否肯定来回答的。,中国人则是根据自己是否同意对方提出的问题来回答的,“You havent finished your home work，have you？”The student shook his head and said,“No,I have not.”,“你还没有完成作业吧，是吗？”学生点点头说，“是的，还没有。”,back,2.英汉语特点对比翻译,因为
8、中西方习惯的不同，有时对同一概念英语用肯定的说法，汉语用否定的说法，有时则相反。,请勿受潮油漆未干 反饥饿游行 反恐怖活动的战争,Keep dry！Wet paint！hunger march terror war,back,英汉两种文化传统和思维逻辑不同，说话内容重点的先后顺序也是不一样的。,中国:总喜欢先摆出事情的来龙去脉，然后再表明自己的态度和观点，这样来表示谦虚、含蓄和委婉,英美:习惯于开门见山，坦率而鲜明地说出自己的观点和态度，然后再陈述事情的原由。,2.英汉语特点对比翻译,Many thanks for the dinner yesterday，which my wife and
9、I enjoyed very much.,我和我妻子对昨天的晚宴感到极其愉快，深表感谢。,back,汉语是以分析型为主的语言，所以虚词常用来表示词与词之间的关系，或表示语气和感情（如：而，的，吗，了，呀，等）。,英语中虽然也有虚词，但同汉语中的虚词相比，其作用和使用范围是不完全相同的。,2.英汉语特点对比翻译,英汉两种语言的性质和特点,back,2.英汉语特点对比翻译,Chinese(隐性连贯)Paratactic意合语言(以意统形),English（显性联接）Hypotactic形合语言(以形驭意),back,3.汉译英转换技巧,翻译中视角转换的必要性,What we lose in hak
10、e we shall have in herring.,失之东隅，收之桑榆。,“a heart as hard as flint”,“心如坚石”,“铁石心肠”的意思，形容冷酷无情,to expect ones son to be a dragon”,“to expect ones son to be somebody”。,“望子成龙”,英汉翻译中视角转换的方法,1.词序的调整,2肯定与否定的对译,3被动语态与主动语态的对译,.4有灵主语与无灵主语的对译,5动态与静态的对译,6抽象与具体的对译,7从句的转换,8揭示用语及谚语的翻译转换,3.汉译英转换技巧,3.汉译英转换技巧,1.词序的调整,an
11、 outstanding contemporary American writer,Marys pretty new black leather bag,一位美国现代优秀作家,玛丽漂亮的黑色新皮包,英语习惯把越能表示事物基本性质的定语越靠近中心词。汉语则相反，喜欢把表明事物本质的定语放在最前面，而把一些大小、新旧、颜色的形容词放在后面，最后是主观印象词。,back,3.汉译英转换技巧,2.肯定与否定的对译,由于民族观察和认知事物角度的差异，英语中有许多“用肯定形式表达否定意义”的肯定句（含蓄否定句）.在译成汉语时，通常要根据其含义，按照汉语习惯翻译成否定句。,Men only weep whe
12、n deeply hurt.,男儿有泪不轻弹，只是未到伤心处。,You may spare yourself the trouble.,你不必找这个麻烦。,back,3.汉译英转换技巧,3被动语态与主动语态的对译,被动语态在英语里是一项很重要的语法内容，在英语中频繁出现。而汉语中并没有相应的语法项目，只是用“被”“受”“遭”“挨”等词汇来表达被动的概念。,back,.4有灵主语与无灵主语的对译,3.汉译英转换技巧,英语常用非人称主语（无灵主语）而汉语多用人称主语（有灵主语），这也是一种视角的变化。,1980 found him working in a small factory,1980年时
13、他在一家小厂工作。,收到一份紧急电报，我赶去了纽约,An urgent message sent me hurrying to New York.,back,5动态与静态的对译,3.汉译英转换技巧,英语倾向于静态描述，而汉语则倾向于动态描述。从表达形式上来说，英语多用名词、动名词或动词的同源名词、同源形容词、同源副词以及介词、介词短语等;汉语表达则多用动词，因此在翻译过程中应适当地对一些词的词类加以改变，比如将名词译成动词，形容词译成副词等。,Arrogance and complacence turned out to be his ruin,骄傲自满最终毁了他。,Britain has n
14、o such natural protection from a flood of Hollywood products,英国没有这种天然的保护来阻挡好莱坞影片长驱直入。,back,3.汉译英转换技巧,6抽象与具体的对译,英语惯用抽象思维，善用抽象表达具体的事物。而汉语喜欢用形象思维。汉译英时，化实为虚，即将具体化为抽象；英译汉时，化虚为实，即将抽象化为具体。,All the wit and learning(全体学者)in this field are to be present at the symposium.,Wisdom prepares for the worst;but foll
15、y leaves the worst for the day it comes,聪明人防患于未然，愚蠢者临渴掘井。,back,3.汉译英转换技巧,7从句的转换,英语中的从句有很多种，大致有定语从句、状语从句、主语从句等，因此在翻译时懂得从句的转换是相当重要的。,If children are so well able to learn their mother tongue,it is precisely because they plunge themselves into the sea of language instead of reading a few textbooks only
16、.,孩子们之所以能把自己的母语学好，恰恰是因为他们投身于语言的海洋中，而不单单是读几本教科书而已。,back,8揭示用语及谚语的翻译转换,小菜一碟粗茶淡饭夹生饭抢别人饭碗,a piece of cake”bread and water”half baked”take the bread out of ones mouth”,3.汉译英转换技巧,back,4.翻译精选词汇,4.翻译精选词汇,历史词汇：人物篇,帝：emperor 皇后：empress 太后：empressdowager;dowager 慈禧太后 Empress Dowager Ci Xi末代皇帝：PuYi,thelastemper
17、oroftheQingDynasty 皇妃：imperialconcubine 皇太子：prince 公主：princess士大夫 scholar-officials太监 court eunuch,back,4.翻译精选词汇,皇帝 Yellow emperor(4000 B.C)大禹 Yu the Great 孔子 Confucius 老子 Lao Zi,毛泽东 Mao Tse-tong 孙中山 Sun Yat-sen 蒋介石 Chiang Kai-shek,back,4.翻译精选词汇,历史词汇：朝代篇,旧石器时代 the Paleolithic Age 新石器时代 the Neolithic
18、 Age;New Stone Age 母系氏族社会 matriarchal clan society奴隶社会-slave society 封建社会-feudal society半封建半殖民社会-Semi-feudal half colonial society资本主义社会-capitalist society初期社会主义社会-initial socialist society共产主义社会-communist society,back,五代时代 period of the Five Legendary Rulers 夏朝 Xa Dynasty 三国 Three Kingdoms南北朝 North
19、ern and Southern Dynasties五代 Five Dynasties中华民国 Republic of China中华人民共和国 the peoples Republic of China封建王朝：feudaldynasty,4.翻译精选词汇,back,4.翻译精选词汇,历史词汇：历史事件篇,鸦片战争：TheOpiumWar 太平天国：theTaipingHeavenlyKingdom 英法联军：theAnglo-FrenchAlliedForces 八国联军：theAlliedForcesoftheEightPowers 垂帘听政：toholdcourtinplaceofth
20、eyoungemperorfrombehindascreen 辛亥革命：the1911Revolution 西安事变：the1936XianIncident,back,4.翻译精选词汇,经济词汇,moderately prosperous society(小康社会)macroeconomic regulatory(宏观调控)new socialist countryside(社会主义新农村)rural migrant workers in cities(农民工)surplus production capacity(生产力过剩),back,经济词汇,opened to traffic(通车)e
21、nergy conservation(节能)state-owned enterprises(国有企业)civil servant(公务员),basic cost of living allowances(最低生活保障),prudent fiscal policy。(稳健的财政政策),Income Tax(所得税),back,4.翻译精选词汇,collective economy 集体经济 planned economy 计划经济 controlled economy 管制经济 rural economics 农村经济 liberal economy 自由经济mixed economy 混合经济
22、political economy 政治经济学protectionism 保护主义autarchy 闭关自守,经济词汇,back,4.翻译精选词汇,文化词汇：节日篇,元宵节：Lantern Festival刺绣：embroidery重阳节：Double-Ninth Festival/Chung Yeung Festival清明节：Qingming Festival/Tomb Sweeping Day,红白喜事：weddings and funerals中秋节：Mid-Autumn Day,除夕：Chinese New Years Eve/Eve of the Spring Festival,b
23、ack,4.翻译精选词汇,文化词汇,剪纸：paper cutting书法：calligraphy对联：Chinese couplets/contrapuntal couplets象形文字：pictograms/pictographic characters四合院：siheyuan/quadrangle,文房四宝（笔墨纸砚）：The Four Treasure of the Study Brush,Inkstick,Paper,and Inkstone,京剧：Beijing Opera/Peking Opera秦腔：Crying of Qin People/Qin Opera,back,4.翻译
24、精选词汇,文化词汇,春卷：spring roll(s),太极拳：Tai Chi,敦煌莫高窟：Mogao Caves,亭/阁：Pavilion/Attic,针灸：Acupuncture,相声：Cross-talk/Comic Dialogue,文化大革命：Cultural Revolution,兵马俑：cotta Warriors/Terracotta Army,back,4.翻译精选词汇,社会发展词汇,back,4.翻译精选词汇,第三产业 tertiary industry农作物种植面积 the sown area of grain油菜籽 rapeseed规模以上工业企业 Industrial
25、 enterprises above the designated size,国有控股企业 state-holding enterprises中成药 traditional Chinese medicine 集体经济 collective economy牧 husbandry信息传输 information transmission竣工房屋面积 the floor space of completed buildings,合同利用外商直接投资contracted foreign direct investment公路运输 freight traffic of highways全部金融机构本外币
26、各项存款 the balance of deposits denominated in renminbi and foreign currencies of all financial institutions（保险）保费 premiums无人 unmanned,水文监测站Hydrology monitoring stations（电视人口综合）覆盖率coverage rates可支配收入 disposable income 生育保险 maternity insurance,亿元GDP生产安全事故死亡率the death toll from work accidents per 100 mil
27、lion yuan worth of GDP工矿商贸十万从业人员生产安全事故死亡率the death toll from work accidents per 100000 people in the industry,mining and commerce sectors,5.汉英段落翻译实例,长沙是一个有3000多年历史的美丽古城。城市的西边是秀美的岳麓山，山下有千年书院“岳麓书院”等众多古迹。市区中心的古城楼天心阁，距今有1000多年的历史。千百年来水质清纯，终年不断的白沙古井也坐落在长沙城中。今天的长沙市民还常常在这里打水饮用。湘江中的橘子洲头，是当年毛泽东先生经常漫步思考的地方，后来
28、还写了一首非常著名的诗来赞美她,实例一,Changsha is a beautiful ancient city with a history of over 3,000 years.West of the city is the beautiful Yuelu Hill,at the foot of the hill,are many historic sites such as Yuelu Academy.In the center of the city is the ancient city gate tower-Tianxin Tower,which was first built
29、1000 years ago.Also located in the city is the ancient Baisha Well,from which clear and pure water has been gushing out nonstop throughout the year for thousands of years.Inhabitants in Changsha today still come here to fetch water for drinking.Orange Island in the Xiang River was where Mr.Mao Zedon
30、g often rambled and meditated.Later he wrote a very famous poem in its praise.,实例一,5.汉英段落翻译实例,改革开放胆子要大一些，要敢于试验。冒一定的风险是必要的不冒点风险，办什么事情都有百分之百的把握，万无一失，谁敢说这样的话？一开始就自以为是，认为百分之百正确，没那回事。我就从来没那么认为。每年领导层都要总结经验，对的就坚持，不对的就丢掉或赶快改，新问题出来抓紧解决，无论是打仗还是搞改革，都经不起慢腾腾的决策。在很多情况下，都需要冒险试一试，然后一边前进一边改正自已的错误。恐怕再有三十年的时间，我们才会在各方面
31、形成一整套更加成熟，更加定型的制度，在这个的方针，政策，也将更加定型化。,实例二,5.汉英段落翻译实例,We must be courageous enough to venture on experiments as far as reforms are concerned.A certain amount of risk-taking is necessary.Who dares to claim that he is 100 percent sure of success right from the beginning and without taking any risk?There
32、 is no such thing as certainty.I have never had such notions as thinking Im 100 percent correct.Every year leaders should review what they have done so as to hold to what works and discard what does not or take immediate corrective steps.We should lose no time in tackling them whenever new problems
33、arise.No one can afford the luxury of slow decision-making whether it involves fighting a battle or making a reform.In many cases you have to take a chance and correct your mistakes as you go along.Im afraid that it may take another 30 years to establish a set of more mature and more consistent syst
34、em in all fields of endeavor under which all policies will be more consistent too,实例二,5.汉英段落翻译实例,豫园原是明代四川布政史潘允端的私人花园。始建于一五五九年，至一五七七年落成。距今已有四百余年历史。园地面积为二万多平方米。全国共分三十余景，均有回廊曲径可通；亭台楼阁，假山池塘的布局，独具匠心，有“以小见大”的特色。园内屋宇还缀有精致的砖刻木雕，具有明清两代南方建筑艺术的风格。园内一景，点春堂是一八五三年上海“小刀会”起义军的城北指挥所。豫园自十六世纪后，曾几度变迁，屡遭摧残。至解放前夕，园内景物荒芜殆
35、尽。解放后重新进行了修缮，至一九六一年开放，成为上海人民参观浏览的场所。,实例三,5.汉英段落翻译实例,Yuyuan was originally the private garden of Pan Yunduan the governor of Sichuan Province during the Ming Dynasty.The garden whose construction began in 1559 and was completed in 1577 boasts a long history of more than four centuries.It covers an ar
36、ea of over 20000 square meters and is divided in some thirty different scenes connected by twisting corridors and passages.The layout of the pavilions terraces towers rockeries and ponds shows much originality in affording a wide view in a small confined space.,实例三,5.汉英段落翻译实例,Buildings in the garden
37、 ornamented with fine brick designs and wood carvings are characteristic of the Southern architectural style of the Ming and Qing Dynasties.One scene is the Hall for Summoning Spring used by the uprising army of the“Small Sword Society”in 1853 as their headquarters in the northern part of the old ci
38、ty.Since the 16th century the garden has undergone many changes and suffered repeated devastation.On the eve of the liberation of old China the garden was reduced to a desolate waste.When new China was founded it was restored and opened to the public in 1961.Since then it remains a place of popular
39、resort in Shanghai.,实例三,5.汉英段落翻译实例,徐霞客一生周游考察了十六个省，足迹几乎遍及全国。他在考察的过程中，从不盲目迷信书本上的结论，从不把权威看作是真理的唯一基础。他发现人研究的地理记载中有许多不很可靠的地方。为了进行真实细致的考察，他很少乘车坐船，几乎全靠双脚翻山越岭，长途跋涉；为了弄清大自然的真相，他总是挑选道路艰险的山区、人迹稀 少的森林进行考察，发现了许多奇山秀景；他常常选择不同的时间和季节，多次重游各地名山，反复观察变换的奇景。他不仅善于观察，观察的精确、耐心、客观、而且对观察的结果锲而不舍地进行思考。,实例四,5.汉英段落翻译实例,Xu Xiake t
40、oured and investigated 16 provinces in his lifetime,covering almost the whole of China/the whole country.When he was carrying out his investigations,he never took blind belief in the conclusions in the books.Instead he found a lot of unreliable points in the geographic records taken by his predecess
41、ors.In order to make his investigations reliable and thorough,he seldom traveled by carriage or boat.Instead,he took long,arduous trips on foot almost all the time,climbing mountains and hills.In order to learn about the truth of nature,he always chose to conduct investigations in mountainous areas
42、with dangerous roads and in lonely/untraveled woods,where he discovered a lot of magnificent peaks and beautiful sights.,实例四,5.汉英段落翻译实例,家庭是社会的基本单位，它的结构随着社会的发展而变化。在中国几千年的封建社会里，自给自足的小农经济占主导地位，家庭不仅是日常生活的基本单位，也是生产单位。理想的、令人羡慕的家庭是五世同堂，家里的大事由男人做主。近百年来，中国发生了巨大变化，中国社会经过漫长的封建时期，半封建、半殖民地时期进入了社会主义社会。这具有历史意义的变化使
43、中国家庭的结构也改变了。人口众多的大家庭开始分成较小的家庭和直系家庭，总的趋势是出现了越来越多的核心家庭。,实例五,5.汉英段落翻译实例,The structure of the family,which is a basic unit of the society,changes along with the development of the society.In Chinas feudal society which lasted several thousand years,a self-sufficient small peasant economy predominated.Th
44、e family was not only the basic unit in everyday life,but also a basic unit of production.An ideal family admired by all consisted of 5 generations,with the male members making all the important decisions.During the last hundred years,great changes have taken place in China.The Chinese society,which
45、 had gone through the long feudal period,and later the semi-colonial,semi-feudal period,had turned into a socialist society.This historic change has led to changes in the Chinese family structure.Large families began to divide into smaller extended families and stem families,with the trend pointing
46、toward the emergence of more and more nuclear families.,实例五,5.汉英段落翻译实例,污染已成为问题，因为在当今人口越来越多，社会越来越工业化的世界上，人类正在污染他们居住的环境。许多科学家认为人类最大的错误是把发展和进步等同起来。现在人们以怀疑的态度看待“发展性”的产业，因为它们的副作用会破坏环境，破坏各种生命之间的关系。人口的增长导致对世界上有限的空气、水和土地的需求不断增长。伴随着人口增长的是越来越多的人渴望更高的生活水平。于是对电、水和商品的更大需求必然造成有更多的废物要处理。这个问题已经引起人们对生物及其环境的日益关注。许多人认
47、为，人类没有尽快地解决这一问题，却只顾谋求私利，以致于到了无可挽救的地步以后才充分认识到这种兵贵神速。,实例六,5.汉英段落翻译实例,Pollution is a problem because man in an increasingly populated and industrialized world is upsetting the environment in which he lives.2)Many scientists maintain that one of mans greatest errors has been to equate growth with advanc
48、ement.3)Now“growth”industries are being looked on with suspicion in case their side effects damage the environment and disrupt the relationship of different forms of life.4)The growing population makes increasing demands on the worlds fixed supply of air water and land.5)This rise in population is a
49、ccompanied by the desire of more and more people for a better standard of living,in an ever increasing amount of waste material to be disposed of.6)The problem has been causing increasing concern to living things and their environment.7)Many believe that man is not solving these problems quickly eno
50、ugh and that his selfish pursuit of possessions takes him past the point of no return before he fully appreciates the damage.,实例六,5.汉英段落翻译实例,昨天的中国，是一个古老并且床创造了灿烂文明的大国。中华民族的传统文化博大精深、源远流长。早在2000多年前，就产生了以孔孟为代表的儒家学说和以老庄为代表的道家学说，以及其他许多也在中国思想史上有地位的学说流派，这就是有名的“诸子百家”。从孔子到孙中山，中华民族传统文化有它的许多珍贵品，许多人民性和民主性的好东西。,实
