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1、Unit,7,Mind and Memory,Book 4,Think and Discuss,Viewing the World,Exploring the Theme,Analytical Listening,Sharing Your Ideas,Engaging,Further Listening,Content,Think and Discuss,Unit 7 Mind and Memory,Questions,In Thailand, an elephant uses a paint brush and his trunk to paint a picture.,1. How do
2、animals show intelligence? Give examples.2. What are some ways that humans show intelligence?3. Do you think you have a good memory? Why or why not?,Example Answers Animals show intelligence when they learn new behaviors such as opening jars or using sign language. Some apes use simple tools to achi
3、eve things, and animals learn and remember lessons based on positive or negative results.,Questions,1. How do animals show intelligence? Give examples.,Example Answers Humans show intelligence by not repeating mistakes, by learning languages, by using tools and inventing new things, and by making co
4、mplex calculations.,Questions,2. What are some ways that humans show intelligence?,Example Answer 1I do think I have a good memory because I can rememberthings from the past that my friends or family members mayhave forgotten. Im also good at remembering information fortests.,Questions,3. Do you thi
5、nk you have a good memory? Why or why not?,Example Answer 2I dont think I have a good memory because I often forget tobuy things at the store, and its hard for me to remember phonenumbers.,Questions,3. Do you think you have a good memory? Why or why not?,Exploring the Theme,Unit 7 Mind and Memory,A
6、| Look at the photos and read the captions. Then discuss the questions.,The human brain is able to hold incredible amounts of information. Scientists believe that most memories are stored in the hippocampus, shown here in orange.,Mind and Memory,There is no doubt that animals have brains, but are th
7、ey intelligent? Scientists are researching this subject and have discovered that some animals may be smarter than we think. For example, this giant octopus can use tools. These canaries can grow new brain cells to learn new songs.,Mind and Memory,Alexandra Pauly practices her violin for only 45 minu
8、tes a day, but she can play most of the music from her memory. “I feel good when I can play a challenging pieceby heart,” she says.,Mind and Memory,Discuss the questions.1. Which information on these pages is most interesting to you? Why? 2. What other animals may use tools? 3. How do humans use the
9、ir memories? Give some examples.,Mind and Memory,Example Answer 1Its interesting to me that memories are stored in thehippocampus, which is only a small part of the brain,because memories are so important to us for learning.,Mind and Memory,1. Which information on these pages is most interesting to
10、you? Why?,Example Answer 2Its interesting to me that animals such as the octopus or thecanary show signs of intelligence because some animalbehaviors do seem quite clever.,Mind and Memory,1. Which information on these pages is most interesting to you? Why?,Example Answer 3Its interesting to me that
11、the violin player can memorizeher music in such a short time because I play a musicalinstrument too, but it takes me much longer to memorize apiece of music.,Mind and Memory,1. Which information on these pages is most interesting to you? Why?,Example AnswersChimpanzees use stone hammers to open nuts
12、 and twigs toextract termites. Gorillas use walking poles to measurewater depth. Elephants use branches to scratch their backsor swat flies away. Dolphins use sponges to uncover preyon the ocean floor and also to protect their beaks fromgetting hurt.,Mind and Memory,2. What other animals may use too
13、ls?,Example Answers Humans use their memories in a number of ways. Some examples include learning skills, remembering people and places, and telling stories.,Mind and Memory,3. How do humans use their memories? Give some examples.,Analytical Listening,Unit 7 Mind and Memory,Listening 1,underestimate
14、 v. 低估；看轻Diane Willberg 黛安娜维尔贝格（ 人名）bird-brained a. 笨的；愚蠢的Samantha Bean 萨曼莎比恩（人名）adjacent a. 邻近的Matthew Leonard 马修伦纳德（人名）,Listening 1,Ren Descartes (15961650): a French mathematician, philosopher, and writer. He promoted the development of a new science grounded in observation and experiment. His wo
15、rks on both mathematics and philosophy persist to the present day. He is often called the “father of modern philosophy”. 勒内笛卡尔,Predicting Content. Discuss the questions with a partner.,Listening 1,1. You are going to hear about the two animals in the photos on page 101. In what ways do you think the
16、se animals demonstrate their intelligence?2. You are also going to hear about an intelligent animal that has a brain larger than a humans brain. What animal do you think it is?,Betsy, the Border Collie ( 边境柯利牧羊犬),Alex, the African Gray Parrot,Listening 1,Example AnswersThe parrot may have learned to
17、 talk, or it may recognize certain people. The dog may know how to herd sheep, or it may obey commands from its owner.,1. You are going to hear about the two animals in the photos on page 101. In what ways do you think these animals demonstrate their intelligence?,Listening 1,Example AnswersThe inte
18、lligent animal with a brain larger than a humans might be an elephant or a whale.,2. You are also going to hear about an intelligent animal that has a brain larger than a humans brain. What animal do you think it is?,A | Listening for Main Ideas. Read the questions and answer choices. Then listen to
19、 a TV show about intelligent animals and choose the correct answers.,A TV Show,Listening 1,1. Which statement best describes recent ideas regarding animal intelligence?a. Scientists are comparing intelligent animals to machines. b. Scientists no longer want to study animal intelligence.c. Scientists
20、 are no longer underestimating animal intelligence.,c,A | Listening for Main Ideas.,Listening 1,2. According to Diane Willberg, how do parrots and crows demonstrate intelligence?a. Parrots can speak, and crows can understand abstract concepts.b. Crows can make tools, and parrots can understand abstr
21、act concepts.c. Parrots can see colors, and crows can recognize tools.,b,A | Listening for Main Ideas.,Listening 1,3. According to Samantha Bean, how does her dog Betsy demonstrate intelligence?a. Betsy is able to recognize objects in pictures.b. Betsy is able to recognize herself in pictures.c. Bet
22、sy is able to recognize objects adjacent to their pictures.,a,A | Listening for Main Ideas.,Listening 1,4. According to Matthew Leonard, what animals have self-awareness?a. Humans, elephants, apes, dolphins.b. Humans, apes, dolphins, dogs.c. Humans, elephants, birds, dogs.,a,B | Note-Taking. Listen
23、again and complete the notes with information from the TV show.,Beliefs about animal intelligence: Descartes: Animals are _ _ Scientists today believe _ _ Exs. of mental skills of animals: Good memory, _ _ _,Listening 1,beings without minds/ biological machines,humans have beenunderestimating animal
24、s,the ability to understand symbols, awareness of self, understanding others motives, imitating voices, and showing creativity,B | Note-Taking.,Diane Willberg: Parrots: _1. Shows parrot 2 green objects. Parrot says _2. Shows parrot 2 balls. Parrot says _ Crows lab experiment:1. D.W. puts a _ in a bo
25、ttle2. The crow _,Listening 1,understand abstract concepts,color,shape,piece of meat,makes a hook from metal wire to get meat,B | Note-Taking.,Samantha Bean: In one room _In another room _S.B. shows Betsy _Betsy _ S.B. believes this shows _,Listening 1,200 pictures,200 objects,a picture,gets the cor
26、responding object,abstract thinking,B | Note-Taking.,Matthew Leonard: Self-awareness is _ _ Exs. of self-awareness: humans, _ _,Listening 1,ability to recognize self inthe mirror,elephants,dolphins, apes,Listening 1,A | Critical Thinking. Form a group with another pair of students. Discuss the quest
27、ions.,1. Who do you think funds studies about animal intelligence? Do you think these studies are useful? Why or why not?2. Do you believe that the animals described in the TV show are truly intelligent? Why or why not?,Listening 1,Example Answer 1I think studies about animal intelligence are probab
28、ly funded by universities or perhaps by animal conservation groups.I do think these studies are useful because increasing ourknowledge about animals could have a positive effect onthe way theyre treated by humans.,1. Who do you think funds studies about animal intelligence? Do you think these studie
29、s are useful? Why or why not?,Listening 1,Example Answer 2I dont think these studies are useful because they donthelp people in any way.,1. Who do you think funds studies about animal intelligence? Do you think these studies are useful? Why or why not?,Listening 1,Example Answer 1I do believe that t
30、he animals described in the TV show are truly intelligent because they are using reasoning. Theyre not simply trained to do tricks.,2. Do you believe that the animals described in the TV show are truly intelligent? Why or why not?,Listening 1,Example Answer 2I dont believe that the animals described
31、 in the TV show are truly intelligent because they dont have nearly the amount of intelligence as humans, so they dont invent anything new and theyre not creative.,2. Do you believe that the animals described in the TV show are truly intelligent? Why or why not?,Listening 1,Critical Thinking Focus Q
32、uestioning ResultsAt times, we may hear information that we think is not believable or reliable. In these situations, we should question the results or conclusions of the speaker. We can ask ourselves these questions:Who completed this research?Could this person be biased?Are the researchers conclus
33、ions logical?Do the results make sense?Did the experiment follow proper scientific procedures?,Narrator: The French philosopher Ren Descartes, who lived in the first half of the 17th century, believed that animals were beings without minds. According to his philosophy, animals were simply biological
34、 machines, that ismachines that could live and breathe, but not think on their own. In recent years, however, weve seen a move away from this idea. Today many scientists believe humans have been underestimating animals. New studies show that animals have a variety of mental skills, such as a good me
35、mory, the ability to understand symbols, and an awareness of self. Some animals can even understand others motives, imitate voices, and show creativity. How do scientists prove whether animals have the capacity to think intelligently?,To be continued ,Listening 1,Narrator: On todays program, Amazing
36、 Science interviewed three people who work with some of the worlds most intelligent animals. Diane Willberg is a scientist who has done important research involving birds and thinking. Most people think that birds are, well, bird-brained, which is to say not very smart. But do birds have higher ment
37、al skills?Diane: Well, for one thing, Ive found that crows are able to use tools, and they can actually make the tools themselves. For another, my research shows that parrots understand abstract concepts such as shapes and colors. Each of my parrots is very special. Perhaps the most intelligent one
38、is named Alex. When I show him two green objects and say the two words “What same?”, he answers “color”.,To be continued ,Listening 1,Diane: If I show him a basketball and a baseball and ask “What same?”, he says “shape”. I think this illustrates the ability to use the abstract concepts of shape and
39、 color. Crows are also very intelligent animals, too. In my laboratory, we conduct an interesting experiment. In a bottle, just out of reach of the crow, we put a piece of meat. Beside the bottle we put a thin piece of metal about the length of a pen. The metal is flexible, and the crows first bend
40、it to shape it into a kind of hook, which they then use to pull the meat from the bottle. Its really clear from research that these birds are learningtheyre showing clear signs of intelligence, and they know how to figure things out.,To be continued ,Listening 1,Narrator: A wide range of animal stud
41、ies confirms that animals can learn and change. This skill is best illustrated by dogs. Samantha Bean owns a Border Collie named Betsy. Betsy can remember and recognize over 200 objects, and frequently performs on television. But how did the dog learn to do this?Samantha: Well, in one room we have p
42、ictures of 200 objects, and in an adjacent room we have the 200 objects themselves. First, I show Betsy a picture, then she goes into the next room, chooses the corresponding object, and then brings it back to me. She can do this for all 200 objects. Recognizing an object in a picture is clearly a t
43、ype of abstract thinking.,To be continued ,Listening 1,Narrator: Theres one animalthe dolphinwho has a brain thats even larger than a human brain. But does that mean that they are more intelligent than humans? Researcher Matthew Leonard explains.Matthew: I dont think theyre smarter than humans, but
44、all of our dolphins are very intelligent. Along with humans, elephants, and apes, dolphins exhibit self-awareness. That is to say, when they look at themselves in a mirror, they see the image and can interpret that they are looking at themselves.,To be continued ,Listening 1,Narrator: Whether or not
45、 animals are intelligent is a question that scientists will study for years to come. But after hearing about the amazing things that animals can do, its clear that were only just beginning to learn about the animals on our planet. Coming up next on Amazing Science ,Listening 1,Listening 2,aptitude n
46、.（ 尤指学习方面的）天资，资质virtually ad. 几乎；差不多unprecedented a. 空前的，前所未有的Connecticut 康涅狄格州（美国东北部州）epilepsy n. 癫痫ethical a. 合乎道德的loci n. （locus 的复数形式） （某事存在或发生的）地点，场所,Listening 2,William Scoville (19061984): a brain surgeon in the U.S. state of Connecticut. In 1953, he attempted to relieve Henry Gustav Molaison
47、s epilepsy with brain surgery, but instead caused damage to Molaisons brain which resulted in a memory disorder. 威廉斯科维尔,Listening 2,Sherlock Holmes: a character in a series of crime stories. He was created in 1887 by Arthur Conan Doyle, a Scottish doctor and author. The character is famous for his w
48、ork as a “consulting detective”, a private citizen who could solve crimes and other problems with his brilliant observation and reasoning skills. The character has featured in many books, movies, and television shows. 夏洛克福尔摩斯,Listening 2,This artist helps solve crimes by drawing pictures of criminal
49、s. She bases her drawings on memories of people who saw the crime happen.,Self-Reflection. Form a group with two or three other students and discuss the questions.,Listening 2,1. What are some of your earliest childhood memories? Do the memories seem clear to you or not?2. When was the last time you
50、 had something to eat? What did you eat? What about the time before that? Continue and see how far back you can remember.3. Do you have any tricks to help you remember things? What are they?,Example Answer 1Some of my earliest childhood memories took place in the apartment where my family lived. I c
