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1、有一个人他的妻子死了，他的朋友惠子前往吊唁，他却一边敲打着瓦缶一边唱歌。惠子说：“你跟死去的妻子生活了一辈子，生儿育女直至衰老而死，人死了不伤心哭泣也就算了，又敲着瓦缶唱起歌来，不也太过分了吧！”,鼓盆而歌 庄子妻死，惠子吊之，庄子则方箕踞鼓盆而歌。惠子曰：“与人居，长子老身，死不哭亦足矣，又鼓盆而歌，不亦甚乎！”,你能理解庄子的做法吗？你知道庄子为什么这样吗？,庄子回答他的朋友惠子说：“不对哩。这个人她初死之时，我怎么能不感慨伤心呢！然而仔细考察她开始原本就不曾出生，不只是不曾出生而且本来就不曾具有形体，不只是不曾具有形体而且原本就不曾形成元气。夹杂在恍恍惚惚的境域之中，变化而有了元气，元气
2、变化而有了形体，形体变化而有了生命，如今变化又回到死亡，这就跟春夏秋冬四季运行一样。死去的那个人将安安稳稳地寝卧在天地之间，而我却呜呜地围着她啼哭，自认为这是不能通晓于天命，所以也就停止了哭泣。”,这体现了庄子达观的人生态度，在庄子中还有很多有趣的故事都蕴含着人生的哲理。,简言之，庄子认为人的生命是由于气之聚，人的死亡是由于气之散，他只把生死视为一种自然现象，认为生死的过程不过像四时的运行一样。（生老病死是自然的规律）,庄子故事二则,庄周梦蝶,前有一天，庄周梦见自己变成了蝴蝶，一只翩翩起舞的蝴蝶。自己非常快乐，悠然自得，不知道自己是庄周。突然梦醒了，却是僵卧在床的庄周。不知是庄周做梦变成了蝴蝶
3、呢，还是蝴蝶做梦变成了庄周？庄周与蝴蝶必定有区别，这就是所说的化为物（指大道时而化为庄周，时而化为蝴蝶）。庄周就是这样的浪漫，这样的富有想像力。,庄子（约前369前286）名周，宋国蒙（今河南商丘东北）人。战国时哲学家，道家学派主要代表人物。与老子并称为道学之祖。,了解作者,庄子具有很高的文学价值。其文汪洋恣肆，想象丰富，气势壮阔。庄子共33篇，分内篇、外篇、杂篇。内篇7篇为庄子所作外篇15篇和杂篇11篇一般认为是其门人和后学者的伪作。,作品介绍,作品介绍,庄子的想象力极为丰富，语言运用自如，灵活多变，能把一些微妙难言的哲理说得引人入胜。鲁迅先生称赞“其文则汪洋辟阖，仪态万方，晚周诸子之作，莫
4、能先也”（汉文学史纲）。郭沫若也评价说：“以思想家而兼文章家的人，在中国古代哲人中，实在是绝无仅有。”（庄子与鲁迅）因而他的作品被人称之为“文学的哲学，哲学的文学”。,庄子一生穷愁潦倒，他不是没有机会做官、过荣华富贵的生活，而是不愿做官。庄子才能闻名遐迩，楚王听说后，就派了两名使臣带着重金去聘请他当宰相，却被庄子以“宁愿在污浊的泥水之中游戏自乐，也不原为当权者所束缚”为理由拒绝了。庄子厌恶虚伪的封建制度，对当时的社会抱有强烈不满情绪。庄子后来当了隐士，以表明自己愤世嫉俗，蔑视名利、痛恨权贵的心志。,课文选的两则故事第一则选自内篇中的逍遥游第二则选自外篇中的秋水。标题是编者加的。,北冥有鱼,听读
5、朗读,北冥有鱼，其名为鲲。鲲之大，不知其几千里也；化而为鸟，其名为鹏。鹏之背，不知其几千里也；怒而飞，其翼若垂天之云。是鸟也，海运则将徙于南冥。南冥者，天池也。齐谐者，志怪者也。谐之言曰：“鹏之徙于南冥也，水击三千里，抟扶摇而上者九万里，去以六月息者也。”野马也，尘埃也，生物之以息相吹也。天之苍苍，其正色邪？其远而无所至极邪？其视下也，亦若是则已矣。,北冥有鱼,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才
6、路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才
7、路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,鲲（ ） 徙（ ） 抟（ ）南冥（ ）,kn,x,tun,mn,字词积累,北冥有鱼,北冥有鱼，其名为鲲。鲲之大，不知其几千里也；化而为鸟，其名为鹏。,北冥有鱼,北海有一条鱼，它的名字叫做鲲。鲲的巨大，不知道有几千里。变化成为鸟，它的名字
8、叫做鹏。,同“溟”，海。,大鱼名,的,它的,鲲,鹏,用力鼓动翅膀,鹏之背，不知其几千里也；怒而飞，其翼若垂天之云。,悬挂,的,鹏的背，不知道有几千里长；奋起而飞时，它的翅膀像悬挂在天空的云。,是鸟也，海运则将徙于南冥。南冥者，天池也。齐谐者，志怪者也。,这只鸟，当海动风起时就飞往南海。那南海，就是个天然的水池。齐谐这部书，是记载怪异之事的。,天然形成的水池,记载,到,迁徙,海水运动,这,怪异的事情,助词，不译，用于主谓间取消句子的独立性,旋风,拍打水面,离开,凭借,谐之言曰：“鹏之徙于南冥也，水击三千里，抟扶摇而上者九万里，去以六月息者也。”野马也，尘埃也，生物之以息相吹也。,齐谐的记载说：“
9、大鹏飞往南海时，拍打水面激起来的水花达三千里，乘着旋风盘旋飞至九万里的高空，凭借着六月的大风离开。山野中的雾气，空气中的尘埃，都是生物用气息吹拂的结果。,助词，不译，用于主谓间取消句子的独立性,盘旋飞翔,风,山野中的雾气，奔腾如野马,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成
10、才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成
11、才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,天之苍苍，其正色邪？其远而无所至极邪？其视下也，亦若是则已矣。,天空湛蓝，是它真正的颜色吗？还是因为天空高远而看不到尽头呢？大鹏从天空往下看的时候，也不过像人在地面上看天一样罢了。,想象高空俯视情景,真正的,同“耶”，疑问语气词，吗,代指大鹏,向下,这样,尽,湛蓝,表示选择,合作探究,1、说说文中讲了哪几层意思，作者笔下的“鹏”是个什么样的形象。2、在庄子的作品中
12、，往往借用寓言故事说理，使文章生动活泼，寓意隽永，感染力强。文章借鲲鹏的寓言说明什么道理？,1、说说文中讲了哪几层意思，作者笔下的“鹏”是个什么样的形象。,参考答案： 第一层：描述鲲鹏形象。 第二层：鹏鸟南飞有所待 (以“野马”“尘埃”作比，表明万物皆有所待) 。,大鹏的形象如何呢？作者又是怎样描写这一形象的呢？,形体硕大无比，变化神奇莫测， 奋飞时气势壮美。 从体大、背大、翼大以及活动范围大（长度：从北海到南海；高度：九万里）四个方面极写鲲鹏形象磅礴壮观。,鲲鹏,用夸张的手法描述鲲鹏，“不知其几千里也”言其形，“若垂天之云”言其翼，“北冥”“南冥”“九万里”言其活动天地，极言鲲鹏形体之大、变
13、化之神奇、飞腾时气势之壮观，一开头就向我们展示了一幅雄奇壮丽的画卷。,2.在庄子的作品中，往往借用寓言故事说理，使文章生动活泼，寓意隽永，感染力强。文章借鲲鹏的寓言说明什么道理？,说明任何事物的存在都是依附于一定的条件，它们的活动都是有所凭借。,北冥有鱼,介绍鲲鹏形体,有所待,仰视鲲鹏飞南冥,想象高空俯视情景,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,
14、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,
15、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,这则故事以大鹏南飞作比喻，说明世上的万物无论大小，都受到不同的限制，处在不同的束缚之中，因此，大鹏状似逍遥，其实还没有达到真正的逍遥。,主旨归纳,1.巧借寓言，富有哲理。,庄子运用大鹏南飞凭借风的力量的故事，讲述了大鹏飞翔受到了风的限制，还是有所依赖的，所以大鹏还是有所待，并没有达到真正
16、的逍遥，说理形象，寓意深远。,艺术特色归纳,2.对比鲜明，道理明确。,那些山野中的游气(“野马”)、飞尘(“尘埃”)，空中的活动之物(“生物”)，皆由风相吹而动。与鲲、鹏相比，它们实在是太渺小了，但它们要能够动起来，依然要有所凭借，即有所“待”。显然，它们也没有达到逍遥。,3.想象丰富，意境开阔。,“大鹏”“野马”“尘埃”都展现了庄子丰富的想象力，想象雄奇瑰丽，汪洋恣肆，跌宕多姿，用形象、生动的故事来说明一个它们都有所待，没有达到真正的逍遥的道理。,小结归纳：,北冥有鱼大鹏向南飞行，需要乘着六月的风而去。也就是说，大鹏的飞行是有所“待”的。它虽然能够在天空翱翔，看似自由自在，但其实还要借助风的
17、力量，也就是说，它受到了风的制约。如果没有大风，大鹏是不可能飞翔的。因此，在天空翱翔的大鹏其实并没有达到真正的逍遥。,文中，作者极尽想象，描写了一个体积庞大、气势惊人的大鹏鸟。当鹏鸟振翅而飞，由北向南壮游南海时，其气势极大：“水击三千里，抟扶摇而上者九万里。”然而，虽然大鹏神奇不凡，也依然要凭借“海运”所带来的大风才可以飞到九万里的高空。它正如当时处于乱世的庄子，想要施展抱负却受到外力束缚，不得自由。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状
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19、元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,李白一生常以大鹏自比，下面这首上李邕，是他写给当时德高望重的名士、北海太守李邕的。结合注释，说说诗人借助大鹏的形象表达了怎样的情感。,拓展延伸,大鹏一日同风起，扶摇直上九万里。假令风歇时下来，犹
20、能簸却沧溟水。世人见我恒殊调，见余大言皆冷笑。宣父犹能畏后生，丈夫未可轻年少。,宣父：指孔子。唐太宗贞观十一年（637）下诏尊称孔子为“宣父”。畏后生：语出论语子罕：“后生可畏，焉知来者之不如今也？”,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状
21、元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,上李邕是唐代伟大诗人李白青年时期的作品。此诗通过对大鹏形象的刻画与颂扬，表达了李白的凌云壮志和强烈的入世之心，对李邕瞧不起年轻人的态度非常不满，表现了李白勇于追求而且自信、自负、不畏流俗的精神。年轻的李白敢于向大人物挑战，充满了初生牛犊不怕虎的锐气。,1.搜集有关庄子的小故事；2.课下自由阅读庄子。,课后作业,
