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1、六招教你应对托福阅读中的生词 在托福阅读中我们经常会遇到一些生僻或专业词汇,很多童鞋可能会觉得束手无策。下面就和大家分享六招教你应对托福阅读中的生词,希望能够帮助到你们,快来一起学习吧。六招教你应对托福阅读中的生词1. 下定义法这个方法在托福阅读考试中的运用还是很普遍的,多用于描述一个新专业、新领域、新单词等。而且在*首段出现的频率最高,因为*首段通常都是为*话题或标题下定义。例1:Archaeology is partly the discovery of the treasures of the past, partly the careful work of the scientific
2、 analyst, partly the exercise of the creative imagination.从“is”这个词不难发现后面的部分都是为archaeology下定义:对过去财物的发掘,细致的科学分析,创造力的想象考古学(以-ology为后缀都是表示某门学科)。例2:The seasonal impact of day length on physiological responses is called photoperiodism.“is called”的前半句也起了解释说明的作用:日长的生理反应称为光周期的季节性影响。2. 符号法无论是考试中还是剑桥系列,我们常发现某个
3、单词或词组,乃至句子的前后常会出现一些特殊符号,比如:破折号(),冒号(:),小括号(),引号(“ ”)。这些符号都是帮助大家猜测生词的clue, 它们的前后通常都是对托福阅读词汇的解释和说明。例1:Generally,the rates have been modest (lower than bank rates).括号里的部分是对其前面的modest做说明,即比银行的利息低一些。例2:Inall cases, someone has to act as a source of language data informant.Informant指的是充当语言资料*的人。需要提示的是,经常会
4、在小括号里出现i.e, 意思是that is to say.3. 举例子托福阅读试题经常会在某个潜在生词的后面,举出一系列的例子。此时,大家可以根据例子总结它们的共性。举例子的一些标志词:for example, for instance, such as, just like, e.g.例:The market for tourism in remote areas is booming as never before. Countries all across such as mountains, Arctic lands, deserts, small islands and wetla
5、nds第一句的remote可以通过后面的例子,高山、北极地区、荒漠、小岛、湿地,得出指的是偏远地区。4. 句子关联词句子之间的关联词主要分为转折和并列,透露了两句之间表达意思的方向性是否一致。我们完全可以通过已知的半句所表述的涵义,借助关联词,来推测另外半句的意思。并列关系:and, similarly,equally, also, both and转折关系:but, however,yet, instead, nevertheless, by contrast, on the other hand例1:International commerce was therefore dominate
6、d by raw materials, such as wheat, wood and ironore, or processed commodities, such as meat and steel.“or”表示或者,虽然是并列关系,但在意思上是相反的。Processed commodities不难理解是加工过的产品,那“or”前面的句子指的就该是没有加工过的产品,即raw materials, 原材料。例2:For example, desert annual germinate, flower, and seed whenever suitable rainfall occurs从“a
7、nd”可以判断其前后三个词的词性相同,意思上也应该是同一个方向。flower表示开花,seed是结种,那germinate自然也是动词,是在开花之前的阶段,可粗略理解为生长或发芽。5. 常识上下文常识和上下文也是作为揣测词义的一个有效途径。这里所言的常识是涉及各领域、学科,以及平时累积的,众所周知的知识、常理。例:The earliest method of making fire was through friction. European peasants would insert a wooden drill in a round hole and rotate it briskly b
8、etween their palms.最早的取火方式是钻木取火,其原理是摩擦生热。通过下文的例子也可看出这一点。欧洲的农民会把一个木制的钻头插入一个圆形的洞,然后在手掌间迅速的旋转它。Friction就是摩擦的意思。6. 同位语同位语是指一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰、限定或说明,然后这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致,并常常紧挨在一起,常出现在句子中间或者后面的位置。例:One of the most important new methodologies is biomechanics, the study of the body in mo
9、tion.有时候同位语的解释更让人容易理解和接受,biomechanics专业说法是生物力学,而同位语的表达更平易近人:对身体运动的研究。托福阅读:猜生词的方法1、根据同义、反义关系猜词Today s teenagers seem to be more liberal in their ideas than their _ grandparents.A. freethinking B. traditional C. old D. happytraditional与liberal意思相反,故选B。2、根据句意或段落*的上、下文猜测词义Klebold and Harris felt _ and w
10、anted to revenge against those who disliked playingtogether with them or laughed at them.A. discouraged B. ashamed C. tired D. separated根据下文的disliked playing together with them判断此处应为“感到孤立”,故选D。专家解读托福阅读揣摩生词法二:利用构词法猜测词义(利用前、后缀及合成词猜词义)1、用前、后缀猜测词义英语中的前缀、后缀构词颇多,且特定的缀往往表示特定的含义,把握住这一点,可起到以不变应万变的效果。1)He had
11、 been overworking and fell ill at last.overwork是由前缀over-加动词构成,over有“超过、过于”之意,overwork意思是“工作过多,劳累过度”。再如,overburden负担过重,overcharge要价过高,overdo做得过分。英语中常用的前缀还有:mis-错,误:misfortune不幸;mislead误导;mismanage处理不当mid-中央:midnight半夜;midway半路under-低于:underdone半生不熟的;underestimate低估anti-反对:antibody抗体;anticyclone反气旋;an
12、tifreeze防冻剂下面划线单词为常见后缀派生词:1)You must stop dreaming and face reality.(-ty为名词的标志)2)The country is trying to popularize education. (-ize为及物动词的标志,再如realize, modernize)2、利用合成词猜测词义。Family members take turns choosing a special activity for the evening, and everyone partakes in for fun.根据短语构成及上下文意思看,此处parta
13、kes in相当于takes part in。再如break out-outbreak(名词爆发),set out-outset(名词起始),come in-income(名词收入) 。托福阅读:怎么猜测段落意思Cancer RecoveryA 32-year-old woman in Belgium has become the first woman ever to give birth after having ovarian tissue removed, frozen and then implanted back in her body. The patient had the t
14、issue removed in 1997 in hopes of preserving her fertility because she had Hodgkins lymphoma, a type of cancer, and was about to undergo chemotherapy with drugs likely to damage her ovaries and cause infertility. She and her doctors hoped that once she was cured, the ovarian tissue could be thawed a
15、nd returned to her abdomen to produce eggs.文中的一些生词,如:ovarian tissue, fertility, Hodgkins lymphoma, chemotherapy, thawed, abdomen(如果它们是生词的话)会妨碍我们对段落大义的理解,但我们熟悉的“give birth, produce eggs”告诉我们本段落所叙述的内容与妇女生育有关,而且我们还可以判断出这是一例不同寻常的生育,因为removed(摘除)、frozen(冷冻)、implanted(移植)、returned(放回)等这些关键词向我们显示了这样一个关键信息。
16、从第二句得知,这位病人摘除的ovarian tissue是希望能保护她的fertility.最后一句又说,先前摘除的ovarian tissue 移植回去后可以produce eggs; 再从生活常识中得知,能使妇女产卵生育的器官是卵巢。这样,综合起来我们就推测出了ovarian的意义是“卵巢”、fertility的意义是“生育能力”。而至于这位妇女得的什么癌症(Hodgkins lymphoma)我们可以忽略不计,只要抓住“治疗这种疾病的药物会导致不育”这一主要信息即可(第二句后半句)。至此,我们可以大胆地推测本段的核心大意:文中提到的比利时妇女患有癌症(lymphoma淋巴),而化疗这种癌症的药物会引起不育(infertility);为保护她的生育能力(fertility),治疗前,医生摘除了她的卵巢(ovarian)冷冻起来,待疾病治