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1、大学英语四级讲座(阅读篇),大学英语四级考试讲座,新四级阅读应试技巧,选词填空(banked cloze),四、平时如何提高选词填空技能,一、 选词填空题型简介,二、 选词填空解题步骤和技巧,三、 真题分析,内容梗概,本讲内容梗概:,1 选词填空 (banked cloze)的形式,部分借鉴了雅思阅读中的摘要填空summary之外，这种题主要是脱胎于传统的完型填空(multiple-choice cloze)；,这种完型填空的测试学术语称作“集库型完型填空”（banked cloze）, 即一篇留出空白的短文，后面给出一堆提示词和干扰词 (gapped text with a box cont
2、aining prompts and distracters)。,一、 选词填空题型简介,2 完型填空和选词填空的比较,一、 选词填空题型简介,选词填空特点：1. 近义词辨析不多，2. 固定搭配不多3. 词性辨析比较容易4. 题目设计的原则是首句不设空，一句话中不设两空，设空比较均匀，基本覆盖全文 .,选词填空难点：1. 词性可能会变。2. 错一题，可能会错两题。,3 选词填空特点和难点,一、 选词填空题型简介,第一句话完整，常为句子大意.15选10，常考名词、动词、副词、形容词、连词2009年12月篇章选词：动词7个（含ING或ed形式），名词4个，副词2个，形容词2个。关键是从语法角度确定
3、选词处的词性，然后进行辨别。篇章选词=语法+词性,一、 选词填空题型简介,4 选词填空考点,2006.6 厄尔尼诺现象2006.12 女性融入职场推动经济发展2007.6 疼痛对人产生的影响2007.12 “和平学校”缔造和平教育2008.6 接受挑战，相信自己可以创造奇迹2008.12 读书的意义2009.6 其实写作并不难2009.12 父亲对孩子语言能力发展的影响比母亲要大,一、 选词填空题型简介,5 选词填空题材分析,通读全文是用较快速度，一行一行地读，目的是把握至少90% 的文章内容。这大概就用1分钟时间。 选词填空后面的选项词义互不关联，词性也不同，而且还有5个干扰项，一定要先了解
4、文章大意，带着文章脉络去找选项。所以，务必先沉着地把文章读一遍，尤其注意gap 前后的位置，为寻找正确选项打下铺垫。选词填空短文的第一句对全文的内容有概括提示作用，所以一定要认真看懂第一句，而且反复出现的词也是帮助考生掌握文章大致内容的重要线索。,选词填空的解题步骤,第一步：通读全文read through,提醒：通读就是根据首段原则以及首末句原则，迅速抓出文章的主题。判定文章主题对于篇章的整体把握具有很大的积极意义。,二、 选词填空解题步骤和技巧,第二步：整理选项classify the options,整理选项。大概花费1分钟，即辨别每个单词词性的时间为4秒/词。分别标出15个备选项的词性
5、，比如在名词旁标注n.，在动词旁写上v.，形容词旁标注adj.，副词旁写上adv.等。目前四级考试只考实词（notional words）中的四种：名词n、动词v、形容词adj、副词adv； （不考代词和数词；也不考虚词（冠词art, 介词prep, 连词conj, 感叹词interj） ）,特点：四种实词中，考的最少的是副词adv, 不超过两个空。剩下的三种平均每次有三道题。根据真题，动词一直是考三个。另外三种词性，有两个的，也有四个的。,二、 选词填空解题步骤和技巧,3. 动词归类要细分为v，v-ed, v-ing。因为一个空可以填动词，但填原形还是过去式还是-ing形式要自己根据语法判断
6、。,标注词性时注意的问题,此外,以-ing, -ed 结尾的词也可能是分词转变而来的形容词，如holding做动词：Shes holding her mothers hand. 做形容词：holding company (控股公司)；再如acquired做动词：academic skills he acquired. 做形容词：a newly acquired jacket (新买的夹克)。,1. 不认识的单词看词缀,2. 认识的单词要注意词性的单一性和多样性 比如：有的词display, concern, challenge做名词 和做动词都很常见.这时两个都要标出来，先标你脑子里第一个出现
7、的词性。,（见后面附表）,二、 选词填空解题步骤和技巧,这时怎么办？碰到这种情况，先一律看成是动词，包括非谓语动词，然后，根据是否存在缺-adj的具体情况来决定。,4.如果选项中出现一组近义词或反义词时，往往有一个是干扰选项，它注重考察的是词汇的精确理解，要求考生分析清楚其细微的区别。,1)Indeed, pain is now considered the fifth vital sign, as important as blood pressure, temperature, breathing rate and pulse in _49_ a persons well-being. 2
8、) Decades ago, there were only a _55_ number of drugs available, ,determining,limited,提醒：词性要标在选项的前面，也就是A, B, C的前面，齐刷刷的好看。也可标在两组选项的中间空白处，方便对照。,二、 选词填空解题步骤和技巧,我们在选择时，根据所掌握的英语语法规则来初步确定每个空应填词汇的词性，缩小选择范围。然后，根据上下文的内在逻辑结构选择合适的选项填空。,第三步：选词填空 fill in the gaps,二、 选词填空解题步骤和技巧,1)动词的确定：动词最容易确定，因为一个句子没有动词就等于没有谓语，
9、是很明显的缺陷。而且动词的关联性、可比性最差，选这个和选那个有天壤之别。,1 判断原文空缺处所需单词的词性，缩小正确选项范围,如何判断原文空缺处所需单词的词性：,1.In particular, when older patients _ of pain， they were told it was a natural part of aging and they would have to learn to live with it. (complain)2.The rainfall is increased across South America， _ floods to Peru. (
10、bring)3.Thats why a growing number of hospitals now depend upon physicians who _ in pain medicine、(specialize),a）前后都是名词短语，中间一般为动词（时态看前后文）; b) 一个句子有且只有一个谓语动词;c）一个完整的句子之后再跟逗号，后面一般是非谓语动词短语。,二、 选词填空解题步骤和技巧,2)名词的确定：,The hot, humid (潮湿的) air over the ocean causes severe a thunderstorms.（可能是形容词，也可能是名词修饰thu
11、nderstorms）Education soon became a _ .(nightmare)As the trade winds lessen in (strength),如何判断原文空缺处所需单词的词性：,名词主要做主语、宾语;b. 形容词或名词都可以修饰名词;c. 限定词（the, this, that, a, my之类）后必有名词;d. 谓语动词前必有名词或名词性质的主语e. 介词后面必有名词或相当与名词的词.f.定语从句前面是名词,二、 选词填空解题步骤和技巧,4)副词的确定：,3)形容词的确定：,1名词的前面。 women are customers.,2副词的后面。 El N
12、ino brought the most weather in modern history.,3句子的前面。Not , the jury found them both guilty.,2形容词的前面。but they are still not sure what leads to it,1动词的附近（指前面或后面）。students outperform their peers jobs that used to be done by women,如何判断原文空缺处所需单词的词性：,二、 选词填空解题步骤和技巧,(1)根据固定搭配或语感主动发现缺失信息，然后正确匹配,2 运用逻辑和语言知
13、识储备解题,所谓语感，就是对语言的感觉，它是在平时学习和阅读中形成的一种潜在的语言能力。有时候是你无法解释理由，但你的选项是正确的。,固定搭配：在选词填空中，约定俗成的固定搭配不是很多，诸如，我们所说的idoms等。但是，对固定搭配的另外一种理解是这种搭配很常见，比如：汉语说“学知识”，而英语不说“learn knowledge”, 而是“acquire knowledge”; 还有，要描述 rain 很大，我们用heavy修饰；当我们说heavy traffic是表示交通拥堵。此外，非常重要的一点是注意小品词，即我们通常所说的to, in , on , at ,from等等,因为在某种程度上
14、，它们能给我们关于选择项的提示。如：my for her moved her . (attitude ; love),二、 选词填空解题步骤和技巧,the income gives them new independence and buying power. For example, women now _ about half of all cars. 正向并列：buying 同义词暗示 purchase.,(2)理清复杂句式或上下文的逻辑结构，进行解题,对复杂句的结构分析能帮助我们对句子的成分更加清晰，能清楚地确定空格处所需填入词汇的词性，甚至可能的意思。,上下文逻辑关系也对选项产生影响
15、。大家需要关注形式上的逻辑关系和意义上逻辑关系。所谓形式上的逻辑关系就是我们通常讲的因果，让步，递进等；而意义上的逻辑关系就是以语篇表达的意思为线索，前后文中，意义上存在那些关系。比如说，描述一个人的心情的变化，心情好时，应该使用的是积极词汇，而心情不好时则使用消极词汇。当然，形式和意思之间存在紧密联系，不能割裂开来。,二、 选词填空解题步骤和技巧,填空完成后，再次复读全文，自我感觉上下文是否通顺、内在逻辑关系是否连贯。如有问题，也需要谨慎的微作调整。,第四步：复读全文，谨慎调整,二、 选词填空解题步骤和技巧,2006年12月份真题选词填空分析,三、 真题分析,The flood of wom
16、en into the job market boosted economic growth and changed U.S. society in many ways. Many in-home jobs that used to be done_47_ by women-ranging from family shopping to preparing meals to doing _48_ work-still need to be done by someone .Husbands and children now do some of these jobs, a _49_ that
17、has changed the target market for many products. Or a working woman may face a crushing “poverty of time “ and look for help elsewhenre , creating opportunities for producers of frozen meals, child care centers, dry cleaers, financial services, and the like. Although there is still a big wage _50_ b
18、etween men and women, the income working women _51_ gives them new independence and buying power. For example, women now _52_ about half of all cars. Not long ago, many cars dealers _53_ women shoppers by ignoring them or suggesting that they come back with their husbands. Now car companies have rea
19、lized that women are _54_ customers. Its interesting that some leading Japanese car dealers were the first to _55_ pay attention to women customers. In Japan, fewer women have jobs or buy cars - the Japanese society is still very much maleoriented. Perhaps it was the _56_ contrast with Japanese soci
20、ety that prompted American firms to pay more attention to women buyers.,adv,adj,n,n,v,v,v,adj,adv,adv,n,v,adj,adj,n,adj,v,adv,v,Adj n,v,n/v,adv,n,adv,对于这种新题型，我们怎么应对呢？,时间分配：7分钟 = 25 18 （18 分钟留给Section B的两篇常规阅读，选词填空题要给出7分钟）,参考答案：47.O 48.K 49. G 50. J 51. C 52. N 53. M 54. I 55. H 56.D,第一步：通读全文 (1分钟) 第
21、二步：整理选项 (1分钟)第三步：选词填空 (4分钟)第四步：回顾检查 review (1分钟),做选词填空时，我们先通读文章，了解大意。然后对选项中的单词进行词性辨别。当我们再次回到文章中去时，在文章大意的指引下，根据文章前后的语法关系判断应填入的词性，大大缩小选择范围。当一个空可以填入好几个相同词性的词时，则根据上下文逻辑意义；如果均能说得通时，要注意近义辨析。或留到最后，等范围缩小到最小时再轻松收尾。即传统阅读所说的，首遍不行无所谓，文章看完再收尾。当然，语感在一定程度上会给我们帮助，如果必要的话。,真题分析后的总结,1 掌握词汇的词性多样性特征。2 了解词缀知识，扩充词汇量；关注词汇之
22、间的常用搭配；分析语篇内的逻辑关系；提高自己分析复合句的语法技能；6 多阅读，注意语言细节；,四、平时如何提高选词填空技能,Thank You for Your Attendance!,大学英语四级讲座(阅读篇),词缀附表：,1. 名词后缀 1)-or/er/ess/crat/cis:做某件事情或职业的人或物：worker, debtor ,actress, democrat,2)-acy, 表示性质，状态，境遇 democracy, accuracy, diplomacy3)-ance, -ence表示性质，状况，行为，过程，总量，程度” importance, diligence, dif
23、ference, obedience4)-ancy, -ency, 表示性质，状态，行为，过程 frequency, urgency, efficiency,5)-bility, 表示动作，性质，状态 possibility, flexibility, feasibility,6)-dom, 表示等级，领域，状态 freedom, kingdom, wisdom7)-hood, 表示资格，身份, 年纪，状态 childhood, manhood, falsehood8)-ion, -sion, -tion, -ation, -ition, 表示行为的过程，结果，状况 action, solut
24、ion, conclusion, destruction, expression, correction9)-ism, 表示制度，主义，学说，信仰，行为 socialism, criticism, colloquialism, heroism10)-ity, 表示性质，状态，程度” purity, reality, ability, calamity11)-ment, 表示行为，状态，过程，手段及其结果 treatment, movement, judgment, punishment, argument12)-ness, 表示性质，状态，程度 goodness, kindness, tire
25、dness, friendliness13)-ship, 表示情况，性质，技巧，技能及身份，职业” hardship, membership, friendship14)-th, 表示动作，性质，过程，状态 depth, wealth, truth, length, growth15)-tude, 表示性质，状态，程度 latitude, altitude(海拔)16)-ure, 表示行为，结果 exposure, pressure, failure, procedure(手续)，17-grapy, 表示学，写法” biography, calligraphy, geography18)-ic
26、, ics, 表示学法 logic, mechanics, electronics, linguistics 19)-ology, 表示学论”biology, zoology, technology(工艺学)20)-nomy, 表示学术 astronomy, economy, bionomy(生态学),2. 形容词后缀(1)带有“属性，倾向，相关”的含义1)-able, -ible, visible, flexible2)名词-ish, foolish, bookish, selfish(注意accomplish, vanish)3)-ive, active, sensitive, produ
27、ctive4)-like, manlike, childlike5)名词-ly, manly, fatherly, scholarly, motherly6)-some, troublesome, handsome7)-ful, beautiful, wonderful, helpful, truthful8)-ous, dangerous, generous, courageous, various9)-ent, violent10)-most, foremost, topmost(11)less, 表示否定，countless, stainless, wireless,3. 动词后缀1)-
28、ize, ise, 表示做成，变成，化“modernize, mechanize, democratize, organize2)-en, 表示使成为，引起，使有” quicken, weaken, soften, harden3)-fy, 表示使化, 使成”beautify, purify, intensify, signify, simplify4)-ish, 表示使，令” finish, abolish, diminish, establish5)-ate, 表示“成为，处理，作用” separate, operate, indicate,4. 副词后缀 (形容词)-ly：badbadl
29、y坏地/恶劣地，carefulcarefully小心地 -wise(OE)：clockclockwise(a./adv.)顺时针方向的(地)；likelikewise同样地 -wards：outoutwards向外面地，northnorthwards向北方地 来源四级常用后缀,2013年12月英语四级选词填空专项训练,Years ago, doctors often said that pain was anormal part of life. In particular, when older patients _47_ of pain, they were told it was a n
30、atural part of aging and they would have to learn to live with it. Times have changed. Today, we take pain _48_. Indeed, pain is now considered the fifth vital sign, as important as blood pressure, temperature, breathing rate and pulse in _49_a persons well-being. We know that chronic (慢性的) pain can
31、 disrupt (扰乱) a persons life,causing problems that _50_ from missed work to depression. Thats why a growing number of hospitals now depend upon physicians who _51_ in pain medicine. Not only do we evaluate the cause of the pain, which can help us treat the pain better, but we also help provide compr
32、ehensive therapy for depression and other psychological and social _52_ related to chronic pain. Such comprehensive therapy often _53_ the work of social workers, psychiatrists (心理医生) and psychologists, as well as specialists in pain medicine. This modern _54_ for pain management has led to a wealth
33、 of innovative treatments which are more effective and with fewer side effects than ever before. Decades ago, there were only a _55_ number of drugs available, and many of them caused _56_ side effects in older people, including dizziness and fatigue. This created a double-edged sword: the medicatio
34、ns helped relieve the pain but caused other problems that could be worse than the pain itself. A) result B) involves C) significant D) range E) relieved F) issues G) seriously H) magnificent I) determining J) limited K) gravely L) complained M) respect N) prompting O) specialize,答案解析： 47. L 48. G 49
35、. I 50. D 51. O 52. F 53. B 54. M 55. J 56. C,2013年12月大学英语四级段落信息匹配题,2013年12月大学英语四级改革后，题型将有局部变化。其中，在今年改革的四六级题型中，阅读题里出现了一种新的题型段落信息匹配题，占去了10%的分值。整个阅读部分占总分值的35%，而我们的考试时间只有forty minnutes，建议大家在段落信息匹配题当中花去的时间千万不要超过15分钟，所以整体上看做阅读时需要注意一个很重要的问题：严控时间。,对于段落信息匹配题，建议大家按照以下方法练习：第一：先题后文先看题再看文章能够将更多简单的题先做出来，当你发现简单题全
36、部处理完毕之后，剩下的难题可以再重新回到文章当中再去找那些已经被挑剩下的段落。所以不管怎么样一定是先题后文，稍后再文题同步或先文后题。第二：关键词定位（key words positioning）和同义替换（paraphrasing）。其实阅读只考两件事，一件事情是简单的：看到什么，定位什么，选择什么；而另外一个则是通过定位确定这个位置，然后再进行一个切换之后发现原来这个东西就是另外一个东西。,今年四六级组委会发布的样题中，关于段落信息匹配题是这样表述的：You have to identify the paragraph from which the information is deriv
37、ed“你需要去确认信息是来自于哪一个段落的”。换一个表达方式叫做 which paragraph contains the following information（哪一段包含了以下的信息）。接下来我们用样题来分析一下关键词定位（key words positioning） 和同义替换（paraphrasing）在段落信息匹配题中如何实践。,1、关键词定位（key words positioning）Since the mid-1970s， the enrollment of overseas students has increased at an annual rate of 3.9 p
38、ercent.像这道题就属于比较简单的题目。这道题是来自于四级样卷的Q47，当这道题出现的时候，同学们应该关注的是划线的两个数据，而20世纪70年代中期这个数据其实它的意义绝对没有3.9%大，因为前方是一个时间段，有可能经常出现，而后方是一个具体数值，具体数值的高频可能性不大，因为对于很多人来说他们都明白越高频的单词或短语的形式越不能成为我们的核心钩划点，3.9%一旦出现就让我们在全文当中展开3.9%的寻找之旅吧！Over the past three decades the number of students leaving home each year to study abroad h
39、as grown at an annual rate of 3.9 percent， from 800，000 in 1975 to 2.5million in 2004.这时我们会发现顺序再读的时候四级样卷的C段出现了一个3.9%，这样一个点一旦出现，这一道四级简单的匹配题就结束了。,2、同义替换（paraphrasing）接下来，我们再来看另外一个匹配的情况，现在是一个稍难的版本，来自于六级样卷第52道题。A series of books， mostly authored by Americans， warned这句话的含义是一个系列的书籍都是由美国作者来完成的，警告说A success
40、ion of books， mainly by Americans Sounded the alarm这是原文的B段开头，跟它几乎是一模一样，但是很明显六级和四级相比，它的难度就有一点大了。首先，可别看错，在原文中出现一个单词叫succession，它意思是一个序列的，或者是一个系列的一拨儿的，千万不要看成了成功，整句翻译为一个序列的书主要是由美国人来做。大家仔细看一下mainly换成了mostly，而warned，警告，被换成了sounded the alarm，“拉响警笛”或“拉响警报”。由此我们发现，同义替换对于解题是非常重要的。,从这道题中给大家一个提醒：在平时一定要多做同义替换的积累
41、，比如more and more people我们就认为这不是一个好的表达，我们可以把他升级为an increasing number of people.这个版本就要比more and more people好一些，平时多注意同义词替换方面的积累，能帮助你的阅读，也能帮助你的写作。,2013年12月英语四级改革后，长篇阅读部分采用1篇较长篇幅的文章，总长度四级约1000词。阅读速度四级约每分钟100词。篇章后附有10个句子，每句一题。每句所含的信息出自篇章的某一段落，要求考生找出与每句所含信息相匹配的段落。有的段落可能对应两题，有的段落可能不对应任何一题。对于大学英语四级改革后的新题型-长篇
42、阅读，很多考生不知该如何复习，下面整理了经典的英语四级长篇阅读练习，并附有答案解析，希望对大家有所帮助。,Hate Your Job? Heres How to Reshape ItA) Once upon a time, if you hated your job, you either quit or bit your lip. These days, a group of researchers is trumpeting a third option: shape your job so its more fruitful than futile.B) We often get tra
43、pped into thinking about our job as a list of things to do and a list of responsibilities,says Amy Wrzesniewski, an associate professor at the Yale School of Management. But what if you set aside that mind-set? If you could adjust what you do, she says, who would you start talking to, what other tas
44、ks would you take on, and who would you work with?C) To make livelihoods more lively, Wrzesniewski and her colleagues Jane Dutton and JustinBerg have developed a methodology they call job-crafting. Theyre working with Fortune 500 companies, smaller firms and business schools to change the way Americ
45、ans think about work.The idea is to make all jobs-even mundane (平凡的) ones-more meaningful by empowering employees to brainstorm and implement subtle but significant workplace adjustments.Step 1: Rethink Your Job-CreativelyD) The default some people wake up to is dragging themselves to work and facin
46、g a list of things they have to do, says Wrzesniewski. So in the job-crafting process, the first step is to think about your job holistically. You first analyze how much time, energy and attention you devote to your various tasks. Then you reflect on that allocation( 分配). See I0 perfect jobs for the
47、 recession-and after.E) Take, for example, a maintenance technician at Burts Bees, which makes personal-careproducts. He was interested in process engineering, though that wasnt part of his job description. To alter the scope of his day-to-day activities, the technician asked a supervisor if he coul
48、d spend some time studying an idea he had for making the firms manufacturing procedures more energy-efficient. His ideas proved helpful, and now process engineering is part of the scope of his work.,F) Barbara Fredrickson, author of Positivity and a professor of psychology at the University of North
49、 Carolina at Chapel Hill, says its crucial for people to pay attention to their workday emotions. Doing so, she says, will help you discover which aspects of your work are most life-giving-and most life-draining.G) Many of us get stuck in ruts (惯例 ). Berg, a Ph.D. student at the Wharton School at th
50、eUniversity of Pennsylvania who helped develop the job-crafting methodology, says we all benefit from periodically rethinking what we do. Even in the most constraining jobs, people have a certain amount of wiggle room, he says. Small changes can have a real impact on life at work.Step 2: Diagram You
