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1、Questions and answers based on the introduction to English Grammar,Lecture 1 Sentence Structure ( p.p.1321),I. Clause elements Subject (p.13) Predication (p.13) Predicate verb Object (direct object, indirect object, complex object) Complement (subject complement, object complement) Predicative Adver
2、bial Attributive/ Attribute Appositive e.g. S1: Henry is the most studious in the class. S4: Jennies paintings were judged inferior to Wandas. The experts judged Jennies paintings inferior to Wandas.,Note 1: Single subject/predicate S V and Compound subject/predicate (p.14) S1: The boys and the girl
3、s are planning a dance. S V S S4： Leah jumped on her bike and rode around the block. V S V S7： Her brother and her sister were very shy and were really hard persons to get know. S V S V,Note 2: Double Predicate S9：He left home a mere child and returned quite a different man. S10: He was a mere child
4、 when he left home, and he became quite a different man when he returned. S2: A bird fell dead to the ground. S1: He died beloved, revered, and mourned by millions of the working people. S4: -Everyone stood listening intently. S3: -The doctor sat reading a newspaper in the shade.,II. Sentence analys
5、is Subject (p.13) Predication (p.13) Predicate verb Object (direct object, indirect object, complex object) Complement (subject complement, object complement） Predicative Adverbial Attributive Appositive Do Ex.1A 1.2,5,9, and 14 (p.15) Key to the rest of Ex. 1A,Do Ex.1 A: 1, 2, 5, 9, 14Key to Ex. 1
6、A1. A. his home work B. quickly, to play 2. A. The huge black horse B. the race3. A. have thought about B. going into space 4. A. warms up and crawls B. out of the bag5. A. one of the most beautiful planets to look at through a telescope B. because of the many rings that surround it6. A. 165 years B
7、. to complete its path, or orbit, around the sun 7. A. you and your brother B. How many pairs of shorts8. A. the most expensive meal listed on the menu B. What 9. A. an “Outdoor Code” B. their members 10. A. can blow B. as fast as 180 miles (290 kilometers) an hour11. A. The spiral of heated air and
8、 moist air B. to twist and grow and spin12. A. The direction a hurricanes spiral moves B. counterclockwise 13. A. does not shine B. At the north pole, for half of the year14. A. The cold winds that blow off of the Arctic Ocean B. a very cold place 15. A. might have been B. guilty of murder,III. Tran
9、sformation and expansion of basic clause types Basic clause types (p.17) 1 主动补（ SVC ）结构 2 主动（ SV ）结构 3 主动宾（ SVO ）结构 4 主动间接宾直接宾（ SvoO ）结构 5 主动宾补（ SVOC ）结构 6 存在句（There + VSA）结构 There are lots of people in the park. Is there a seat for me?, Transformation and expansion of basic clause types (p.18) A. T
10、ransformation 可以转换为疑问句、否定句和被动句 Do Ex. 1B (p.19) B. Expansion 变成千变万化的句子 （1） 分句的并列 S5, p.18 -He was a handicapped child, but he persevered in his studies, and later he became a well-known scholar. （2）增加修饰成分 S3, p.18 -The African people have long been our close friends in fighting against hegemonism an
11、d power politics.,（3）使用从属分句 S2, p.19 -When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously, but as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people w
12、ho claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar. Do Ex. 1C 1, 17, 18 and 20 (p.19) Key to the rest of Ex. 1C,1. Walden Pond, once praised by Thoreau for its natural beauty, is now the site of many tourist stands.2. Almost every summer night the cooling northeast wind swept through our
13、bedroom windows, marking air conditioning unnecessary and a light blanket welcome. / Sweeping through our bedroom windows almost every summer night, the cooling northeast wind made3. The steep surrounding slopes were capped with snow, which fed two streams plunging down to join in the valley below.4
14、. With the river on one side and a large tree providing shade, this is a good spot for a picnic, and we can spread our blanket on the grassy knoll.5. Panting for breath after running up the stairs, Mr wood stood at his neighbours door and knocked again and again till someone opened it.6. The town fo
15、lk envied Horace, who had come into a small fortune with which he bought a big house and obtained a partnership in the biggest grocery in town.7. Standing in front of the mirror, Jim looked at his image, wondering at the big change that had come over him in recent years.8. The idea that his only dau
16、ghter whom he had greatly wronged might never forgive him almost drove him mad.9. The story, written in plain language, consists of three parts with an interesting plot centering round an aristocratic family living in 17th century France.Mud-covered and shivering, John sat hunched over a bowl of hot
17、 broth prepared by his father to drive off the chill.,Far above the waters of a beautiful lake and over the tops of the tall pine trees growing on the steep of a hill stand five Chinese-style pavilions.Farther down the street, the old man stopped and leaned against a lamp-post, listening to a cheerf
18、ul song coming out of a restaurant on the opposite side of the street.Sarah sank in the nearest chair, completely exhausted, her limbs stiff with cold, her mind a piece of blank.Throughout the day Mrs Rymer behaved very properly, her pleasant, refined face wearing a grave look, her elegant figure wr
19、apped in deep mourning while occasionally she uttered a sigh or a sob.Tony thought it necessary to break the news to his family, that Mr Jacob, his former employer, had promised him a half-day job at 20 pounds a week.The thought that he might have wronged his friend who had rendered him good service
20、s on many occasions troubled his mind, already overburdened with worries and cares.The men of the disbanded royal bodyguard, suddenly turned loose onto the street of a capital seething with unrest, unemployed and perhaps disgruntled at their abrupt dismissal, were a potentially dangerous element.For
21、 many years London has been a business centre with hotel accommodation for visiting businessmen together with well-to-do travellers but completely inadequate for the swarms of shoot-stay tourists landing at Heathrow or disembarking at Dover.Nearing the top, he climbed recklessly faster and faster, h
22、is eyes already glowing with triumph, but suddenly he slipped and fell, tumbling to the ground and lying motionless there, a crumpled pile of arms and legs.Bertrand Russell was one of the very few persons who have received both the Order of Merit, which was conferred on him by the British government
23、 in 1949, and the Nobel Prize for literature, conferred in Norway in 1950.,The End,Lecture 2 Subject-verb Concord (I) ( p.p.2228 ),I. Grammatical meaning: Subject-verb concord is meant agreement between subject and predicate verb in person and number as well.II. Guiding principles (Refer to p.22 ) P
24、rinciple 1: Grammatical concord S1: Both boys have their own merits. S4: Either answer is correct. S8: Much effort is wasted. Principle 2: Notional S1: The government have asked the country to decide by a vote. S2: Fifteen miles seems like a long walk to me. Principle 3: Proximity S1: Either my brot
25、hers or my father is coming. S2: Only one out of five were present. S3: Neither Julia nor I am going.,III. Rules that are to be observed: 1. Problems of concord with nouns ending in s p.23 1) Disease and game names ending in s 19，29, 23 2) Subject names ending in ics p.24 24， 25 3) Geographical name
26、s ending in s p.24 20， 28 4) Other nouns ending in s p.24 (1) 2, 4；9 (2) 5 (3) 1 (4) (5) 7， 15 Do Ex. 2 A: 19, 23, 24，25，20，28, 4，9，5, 1, 7, 15 (p.26) Key to Ex. 2 A:,Key to Ex. 2 A:1. come 2. are 3. has / have 4. are 5. are 6. are 7. was / were 8. is 9. costs 10. were 11. are 12. are 13. was 14. ar
27、e 15. lie 16. were 17. are 18. is 19. is 20. was 21. Has 22. were 23. is 24. is 25. are 26. is 27. are 28. cover, are 29. is / are 30. was/were,2. Problems of concord with collective nouns as subject p.27 1) Collective nouns usually used as plural 1 2) Collective nouns usually used as singular 4，17
28、3) Collective nouns used either as plural or as singular 9, 6，7；10, 11 + 补加一句： Her family are all working hard for socialist construction. 4) A committee of, etc + plural noun 15, 20， Do Ex. 2 B: 1, 4, 17, 9 +10, 6+11, 7 补一题,15，20 (p.28) Key Ex. 2 B:1. were 2. have 3. is, is 4. was 5. were 6. is 7.
29、is 8. are 9. is 10. are, are11. have 12. are, their, their 13. was, It, was 14, It / They, is / are 15. are, their, they, disapprove 16. were, they 17. was 18. are 19. were 20. were,The End,Lecture 3 Subject-verb Concord (II) ( p.p.2938 ),1. Grammatical meaning: Subject-verb concord is meant agreeme
30、nt between subject and predicate verb in person and number as well.II. Guiding principles Principle 1: Grammatical concord Principle 2: Notional Principle 3: Proximity III. Rules that are to be observed: 1. Problems of concord with nouns ending in s 2. Problems of concord with collective nouns as su
31、bject 3. Problems of concord with a coordinate subject,3. Problems of concord with a coordinate subject (p.29) 1) Coordination with “and” or “bothand” p.29 A. 主语的意义为复数时，谓语动词用复数。例如： S1: The fishing and the hunting in Arizona were good that year. S3: Rain, hail and wind have caused an estimated $22,00
32、0,000 damage to crops and livestock. S6: Good and bad taste are inculcated by example. 14 B. 主语的意义为单数（不是指两个或以上的人/物）时， 谓语动词用单数。例如： S4: Ham and eggs is a good breakfast. S5: The secretary and treasurer is absent. 6, 10, 12, 16,C. 当and 连接的并列主语带有 each, every 或者 many a 等 限定词语时，其后的谓语动词用单数。例如： S8: Every bo
33、y and every girl in this room is entitled to a copy. S1, p30 : Many a man and woman in this community finds himself of herself in need. 18, 30 注 当 and 连接的并列主语的单、复数意义不很明确时， 需根据上下文来判定。例如： S2: His younger brother and the subsequent editor of his collected papers was/ were with him at his death-bed. S3:
34、 Your fairness and impartiality has/ have been much appreciated.,2) Coordination with “or”/ “nor”/ “eitheror”/ “neithernor”/“not onlybut also” p.30 其后的谓语动词通常按“就近原则”处理。例如: S4: My sisters or my brother is likely to be at home. S6: Either my father or my brothers are coming. S7: Neither the Kansas play
35、ers nor the coach was overconfident. S8: Neither the Kansas coach nor the players were overconfident. 3) Subject + as much as/ rather than/ more than/ no less than, 其后的谓语动词形式依主语本身的单复数而定。例如： S7: Some of the workers as much as the manager were responsible for the loss. S6: His brother rather than his
36、parents is to blame. 28,4) Subject + as well as, in addition to, with, along with, together with, except 其后的谓语动词形式取决于主语本身的单复数而定。例如： S3: The manager with some workers was working during the holidays. S3, p.31: No one except two girls was late for dinner. Do Ex. 3A 14， 6， 10， 12， 18， 16， 28， 20 (p.31)
37、 Key to the rest of Ex. 2A1. is 2. was 3. is 4. has 5. were 6. means 7. is 8. is 9. is 10. is 11. were 12. sells 13. is 14. are 15. are 16. are 17. is 18. is 19. was 20.provides 21. are 22. was 23. stops 24. is 25. is 26. does 27. produces 28. is 29. is 30. was,4. Problems of concord with expression
38、s of quantity as subject p. 32 1) Concord with expression of definite quantity as subject A. 若数量概念被看着一个整体，谓语动词用单数；若强调 其中的个体，则用复数。例如： S1: The treasurer thought that sixty-five dollars was not too much to ask. S2: Six months is too short a time, General Westmoreland warned. S3: Three miles was too lon
39、g a distance for Freedman to run. S5: There were six silver dollars in each of the stockings. 1, 2, 21,B. 由“分数（或百分数）+ of- 词组” 构成时，谓语动词依 of- 词组中名词的类别而定。例如： S1: Two-thirds of the swampland has been reclaimed for farming. S3: Thirty-five per cent of the doctors were women. C. 两数相减或相除时，谓语动词用单数；两数相加或相乘 时
40、，谓语动词用单数，也可以用复数。例如： S1: Forty minus fifteen (40 - 15) leaves twenty-five. S3: Seven plus/ and five (7 + 5) makes/ make twelve. D. 若主语由 “one in/ one out of + 复数名词”构成，在正式语 体中， 谓语动词用单数；在非正式语体中，也可以按“就近原则”用复 数。 例如： S1: One in ten students has failed the exam. S2: One out of twenty was badly damaged. S3:
41、One in ten students have failed the exam. S4: One out of twenty were badly damaged.,2) Concord with expression of indefinite quantity as subject p.32A. 若主语是 all of, some of, none of half of, most of 等表示非确定数量的名词词组，其后的谓语动词形式依 of- 词组中的名词类别而定。例如：a) 中的 S1: Most of the money was recovered by Deputy Player
42、. S2: Most of the members were there. S7: None but the best coffee is good enough. S8: None of my friends ever come(s) to see me. 42B. 若主语由“lots of, heaps of, loads of, scads of, plenty of + 名词” 构成，表示“许许多多”等概念时，其后的谓语动词的单、复数形式也依 of- 词组中名词类别而定。例如： b) 中的 S1: Lots of food is going to waste. S2: Lots of
43、people are waiting outside. 28,C. 若主语由“a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of + 名词”构成，无论名词的类别如何，谓语动词通常用单数。例如：c) 中的 S1: A substantial portion of the reports is missing. S2: A series of accidents has been reported. S3: A pile of logs was set beside the hearth. D. 若主语由“限定词 + kind/ type/ sort
44、of + 名词” 构成，其后的谓语动词形式按以下规则： a) 在 a kind/ sort/ type of, this kind/ sort/ type of 之后跟单数或不可数 名词，谓语动词用单数。例如： -There is a kind of rose, which fills the air with fragrance when May comes. -This kind of man annoys me. 注 在这样的结构中，通常不用复数名词，如 *this kind of roses, *that type of cars。若要用复数名词，就得说： -Roses of this
45、 kind are very sweet. -Cars of that type are old-fashioned. 3,E. 若主语由 “many a + 名词” 或“more than one + 名词” 构成， 其意义虽属复数，但其后的谓语动词要遵循“语法一致”的原则，用单 数。例如： S1: Many a man has done his duty. S2: More than one game was lost. 7 F. 若主语由 “a average of 或 a majority of + 复数名词”构成，表示多数 个体概念时，其后的谓语动词用复数；不表示多数个体概念时， 则
46、 用单数。例如： S1: An average of 25 persons apply each month. S2: A majority of the towns younger men are moving to the city. 16, 17 Do Ex. 3B 1, 2, 21, 12, 13, 33, 42, 28, 3, 7, 16, 17 (p.34) Key to the rest of Ex. 2B,1. s 2. are 3. is 4. are 5. is 6. was 7. is 8. were 9. is 10. s 11. is 12. is, is, is 1
47、3. are 14. is 15. have 16. is 17. are 18. looks 19. are 20. are 21. understand 22. has 23. was 24. have 25. was 26. was 27. are 28. is 29. is 30. was 31. is 32. is / are 33. leaves 34. is / are 35. are 36. are 37. is 38. comes 39. is 40. live 41. are 42. points / point 43. are 44. is 45. are 46. was
48、 47. is / are 48. is 49. has 50. was,5. Other problems of subject-verb concord p. 35 1) Problems of concord with a nominal clause as subject 以名词性分句作主语, 其后的谓语动词常用单数；由 and 连接并列主语时，用复数; 在 SVC 结构中，若主语 补足语是复数，主句的谓语动词可用复数。例如： S1: What caused the accident is a complete mystery. S2: What caused the accident
49、 and who was responsible for it remain a mystery to us. S1, p.36: What was real to him was/ were the details of his life. 1, 3, 6,2) Subject-verb concord with a non-finite clause as subject p. 36 以非限定分句作主语, 其后的谓语动词常用单数；由and 连接并列主语时，用复数；若指的是一件事，则用单数。例如： S2: To climb mountains requires courage. S5: Re
50、ading Ibsen and solving a equation are entirely different assignments. 7，8,3) Subject-verb concord in relative clauses p.36 关系分句中谓语动词的形式，依关系代词先行项的单、复数而定；在 “one of + 复数名词 + 关系分句” 的结构中，关系分句中的动词依语法一致原则，用复数形式；在 “ the/ the only one of + 复数名词 + 关系分句” 的结构中，关系分句中的动词用单数形式。例如： （补充例）1：A machine is a kind of de
