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1、2014-01-02,英汉翻译总复习（2013-2014）,1.1 Translation Standards,翻译的标准之争由来已久，“文质之争”、“直译意译之争”、“归化异化之争”，不一而足。释道安：案本严复：信、达、雅傅雷：神似钱钟书：化境鲁迅：宁信而不顺（直译）vs.赵景深：宁错而务顺,1.1Translation Standards,许渊冲：诗歌翻译的三原则“三美”（意美、音美、形美）（beautiful in sense,in sound and in form)，“三化”（等化、浅化、深化）(equalization,generalization and particulariz
2、ation),“三知”（知之、好之、乐之）（comprehension,appreciation and admiration),1.1Translation Standards,林语堂：音美、意美、神美、气美、形美 郭沫若：好的翻译等于创作 朱光潜：译者“须设身处地在作者的地位，透 入作者的心窍，和他同样感，同样想，同样地努力使所感所想凝定于语文”。傅雷：以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。钱钟书：文学翻译的最高理想可以说是“化”，把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入与“化境”。,严复的翻译原则,
3、信 达 雅,译事三难：信、达、雅。求其信，已大难矣！顾信矣，不达，虽译，犹不译也，则达尚焉此在译者将全文神理，融汇于心，则下笔抒词，自善互备。至原文辞理本深，难于共喻，则当前后引衬，以显其意。凡此经营，皆以为达；为达，即所以为信也。,“信”faithfulness，是指忠实原文的思想内容“达”（expressiveness）指译文通顺流畅“雅”（elegance）文字古雅。Ps：这里严复所说的“雅”是指“汉以前的字 法句法”。严复是在使用文言文的时代从事翻 译，其所译原著多为英国维多利亚时期的以文 风典雅著称的作品。,1.2 Foreignization and Domestication,矛
4、盾说：“我以为所谓直译也者，倒并非一定是字对字一个不多，一个也不少。直译的意义就是不要歪曲了原作的面目，要能表达原作的精神。”朱光潜却说：“所谓直译是指依原文的字面翻译，有一字一句就译一字一句，而且字句的次第也不更动。”巴金说：“我觉得翻译方法其实只有一种，并没有直译和意译的分别。好的翻译应该都是直译，也都是意译。”,1.2 Foreignization and Domestication,从历史上看，异化和归化可以视为直译和意译的延伸。直译和意译所关注的核心问题是如何在语言层面处理形式和意义，而异化和归化则突破了语言因素的局限，将视野扩展到语言、文化和美学等因素。归化法是“采取民族中心主义的
5、态度，使外语文本符合译入语的文化价值观，把原作者带入译入语文化”。异化法则是“对这些文化价值观的一种民族偏离主义的压力，接受外语文本的语言及文化差异，把读者带入外国情景。”,1.2 Foreignization and Domestication,异化法要求译者向作者靠拢，采取相应于作者使用的源语的表达方式，来传达原文的内容；而归化法则要求译者向译语读者靠拢，采取译语读者习惯的译语表达方式。异化法代表：鲁迅、董秋斯、卞之琳归化法代表：严复、林纾、朱生豪、张若谷、傅东华,1.3 Exercises,Distance from the event should make the memories
6、less painful.事件的久远自然会减少回忆的痛苦。【译文】时过境迁，痛苦的往事自然在记忆中淡化。,1.3,His irritation could not withstand the silent beauty of the night.他的烦恼经不起安静的良宵美景的感染力。【译文】更深夜静，美景宜人，他的烦恼不禁烟消云散。,1.3,She could not desert Tara;she belonged to the red acres far more than they could ever belong to her.(M.Mitchell:Gone with the Wi
7、nd,p.20)【译1】她不会放弃塔拉；她属于这些红土地，远比它们属于她更加真实。【译2】她不能放弃塔拉；这块红土地是属于她的，而她更是永远属于这块红土地。,She tries to calm her daughter with a faint smile and gentle caress of her hair.参考译文她淡淡地微笑着，温柔地爱抚着女儿的头发，让她平静下来。,Party officials worked long hour on meagre food,in old caves,by dim lamps.党的干部吃着粗茶淡饭，住着寒冷的窑洞，点着昏暗的油灯，长时间地工作。,
8、When John was two years old,he was impossible,a typical“Terrible Two”.He was destructive and stubborn.译文1 约翰两岁时变得异常调皮，是个不折不扣的“第二号可怕人物”。他固执，常常损坏东西。译文2 约翰两岁时变得异常调皮，是个不折不扣的“两岁魔王”。他固执，常常损坏东西。,More than 50 million acres of farmland have been submerged and grain store damaged.Thousands of peasants have be
9、en shown on television trying to save their grain by loading sacks into boats or trying to move them to higher ground.五千多万亩粮田被淹,很多粮仓被毁。电视屏幕上,成千上万的农民在设法抢救粮食。他们或把麻袋装的粮食运到船上,或者把它们转移到高处。,As the competition intensifies to excel in information technology,the division will likely widen.And as more individu
10、al Asians catch up with,or even surpass,Western counterparts in terms of IT skillssuch an e-commerce,computer development and Internet usemany more will be left behind.信息技术领域中的竞争正日益加剧，这种信息技术差距也将会不断扩大。随着越来越多的亚洲国家在信息技术方面诸如电子商务、计算机开发和互联网运用赶超西方时，也将会有更多的国家落在后面。,The parties may,through consultation,make a
11、mendments to and revisions of this Contract as and when the need arises.双方可在必要时通过协商，修改本合同。This Agreement and any rights or obligations hereunder are not transferable or assignable by one party to this Agreement without the consent of the other party hereto.本协议以及本协议规定的权利或义务，没有另一方的同意就不得擅自转让。,Article 2
12、3*Under either of the following circumstance,an interested person may apply to the peoples court for a declaration of a citizens death:(1)if the citizens whereabouts have been unknown for four years or,*(2)if the citizens whereabouts have been unknown for two years after the date of an accident in w
13、hich he was involved.If a persons whereabouts become unknown during a war,the calculation of the time period in which his whereabouts are unknown shall begin on the final day of the war.*article 23*the subparagraph(1)of article 23*the second paragraph of article 23,译文：第23条*公民有下列情形之一的，利害关系人可以向人民法院申请宣
14、告他死亡：(一)下落不明满四年的；*（二）因意外事故下落不明，从事故发生之日起满两年的。战争期间下落不明的，下落不明的时间从战争结束之日起计算。*第23条*第23条第1款第1项*第23条第2款,It is animals and plants which lived in or near water whose remains are most likely to be preserved,for one of the necessary conditions of preservation is quick burial,and it is only in the seas and rive
15、rs,and sometimes lakes,where mud and silt has been continuously deposited,that bodies and the like can be rapidly covered over and preserved.,只有水中或水边生活的动物，才能把遗骸保留下来，因为这样做的条件之一，就是迅速地埋葬。而只有在泥浆和淤泥能够接连不断地沉淀的地方如海洋、河川，往往在湖泊里，动植物的遗骸和类似的东西，才能被很快地覆盖而保存下来。,This simple fact shows that the more of the force of
16、friction is got rid of,the farther will the ball travel,and we are led to infer that,if all the impeding forces of gravitation and resistance could be removed,there is no reason why the ball,once in motion,should ever stop.这个简单事实证明，摩擦力去除的越多，球会滚的越远；由此我们可以推论出，如果一切起阻碍作用的引力和阻力能够去除的话，就没有理由认为处于运动中的球还会停下来。
17、,Green plants live and grow by taking in from their surroundings a few simple substances,each composed of a small number of atoms,and by building up from them complex substances consisting of very large numbers of atoms linked together.,绿色植物在生存和生长过程中,从周围吸收有少量原子组成的简单物质合成为含有相互连结原子的复杂物质来构成它的机体组织。,More
18、sun and air for your son and heir.译文：这里有充足的阳光，清新的空气，一切为了您的子孙后代。Trust us.Over 5000 ears of experience.译文：相信我们吧。历经5000多只耳朵的检验，有着5000多年的经验。The driver is safer when the road is dry;The road is safer when the driver is dry.路面干燥，司机安全；司机清醒，道路安全。,An individual human existence should be like a riversmall at
19、first,narrowly contained within its banks,and rushing passionately past rocks and over waterfalls.,人生应当像条河，开始河身狭小，夹在两岸之间，河水奔腾咆哮，流过巨石，飞下悬崖。,Gradually the river grows wider,the banks recede,the waters flow more quietly,and in the end,without any visible break,they become merged in the sea,and painless
20、ly lose their individual being.,后来河面逐渐展宽，两岸离得越来越远，河水也流得较为平缓，最后流进大海，与海水浑然一体，看不出任何界限，从而结束其单独存在的那一段历程，但毫无痛苦之感。,The man who,in old age,can see his life in this way,will not suffer from the fear of death,since the things he cares for will continue.,一个人在其暮年时能这样看待自己的一生，就不会因惧怕死亡而苦恼，因为他所关心的一切将会继续下去。,And if,w
21、ith the decay of vitality,weariness increases,the thought of rest will not be unwelcome.,如果随着精力的衰退，日见倦怠，就会觉得长眠未尝不是一件好事。,I should wish to die while still at work,knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.,我就希望在工作时死去，知道自己不再能做的事有人会继续做下去，并且怀着满意的心情想到，自己能做的事都已做到了，也就死而无憾了。,Good Luck!,
