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1、正反译法,英语和汉语中往往均可用肯定形式或否定形式表达同一概念。但由于讲英语国家的历史、地理、社会文化背景和生活习性与我国不同，因此这些国家人们的思维方式与我们有时存在很大差异。这种差别体现在语言习惯上，便产生了两种语言各自独特的表达形式。在表示否定意义时，这种差异显得尤为突出。英语的否定表达是一个常见而又比较复杂的问题。有的英语句子形式上是否定的而实质上肯定的，有的形式上是肯定的而实质上是否定的。,鉴于此，我们在翻译某些含有否定意义的英文句子时，应当特别注意两点：一是英语里有些从正面表达的词语或句子，汉译时可以从反面来表达，即正说反译法(negation)；二是英语里有些从反面表达的词语或句
2、子，汉译时可从正面来表达，即反说正译法(affirmation)。例如:。,第七节 正反译法,（1）Wet paint!Keep upright!油漆未干！切勿倒置！（2）I wrote three books in the first two years,a record never reached before.我头两年写了三本书，打破了以往的记录。原文从反面表达，译文从正面表达。如译成“这是他从前从未达到的记录”则显得很别扭。（3）I have read your articles,but I expect to meet an older man.我读过你的文章，但没料到你这样年轻。本
3、句如译成“我读过你文章，但我料想会见到一个年纪更大的人”则不符合汉语表达习惯。,第七节 正反译法,(4)A radar screen is not unlike a television.雷达荧光屏跟电视荧光屏一样。本句如果译成“雷达荧光屏不是不像电视荧光屏一样”则不够通顺。从以上四例中，我们可以看到，有些句子从正面译不顺，不妨从反面译；反面译不顺，则不妨从正面译，因为同一个概念，一个民族正着说，以为是合乎表达习惯的，而另一个民族则认为反着说才顺嘴。因此，在恰当的场合灵活运用正反译法不失为确保译文语义明晰、文从字顺的有效手段。正反译法适用的范围很广，不仅包括动词、名词、形容词、副词、介词、连词
4、等不同词类，而且还包括一些词组或短语以及从句等。下面分别予以举例说明。,一、正说反译法,英语中有些否定概念是通过含有否定意义或近似否定意义的词来表达的。这类词从词形上看是肯定式；从词义上看，它们大多数是某些词的反义词，通过长期的历史演变，这些曾完全作为反义词用的词义又引申出其他否定的词义。一些语言学家称之为“含蓄否定词”，另一些语言学家则称之为“暗指否定词”。英语中的含蓄否定词或含蓄否定短语一般都要译成汉语的否定词组。当然，必要时其中有些词语还需加以词类转换。,一、正说反译法,（一）动词或动词短语,English differs from French in having no gender
5、for nouns.,英语和法语不同，英语名词没有性的变化。,(2)Scientists reject authority as an ultimate basis for truth.,科学家不承认权威是真理的最后根据。,类似的动词还有refuse（不愿；不肯；无法），lack（缺乏；没有），defy（不服从；不遵守；不让），forbid（不许），stop（不准）和ignore（不理；不肯考虑）等。,(3)I regret to learn that you have failed in the examination.得知你未能通过考试，深表遗憾。(4)Water is a good lu
6、bricant,if you can devise a way to keep it from leaking out or evaporating.如果能设法使水不漏出来或不蒸发掉，那么水就是一种很好的润滑剂。(5)On Sunday Jim idles away his time.星期天吉姆无所事事。,（二）名词,There was complete absence of information on the oil deposit in this area.,关于该地区的石油储量情况，人们毫无所知。,(2)Shortness of time has required the omissi
7、on of some states.,由于时间不够，没能访问某些国家。,作为名词用的含蓄否定词还有：defiance（不顾；无视），denial（否认；否定），exclusion（排除），freedom（不；免除），refusal（不愿；不允许）和loss（失去）等。,一、正说反译法,(3)A lack of awareness of cultural differences or local customs can create problems.不注意文化差异或当地习俗可能会产生问题。(4)How can machines work in the absence of electricit
8、y?没有电时，机器如何运转？,（三）形容词或形容词短语,(1)We were watching the fluid situation with concern.,我们关切地注视着动荡不安的局面。,(2)He would be the last man to say such things.,他绝不可能说这种话。,类似的形容词及其短语absent（不在；不到），awkward（不熟练；不灵活；使用起来不方便），bad（令人不愉快的；不受欢迎的；不舒服的），blind（看不到；不注意），dead（无生命的；无感觉的；不毛的），difficult（不容易的），foreign to（不适合的；与无关
9、），short of（不够），和poor（不好的；不幸的）等。,一、正说反译法,(3)The explanation is pretty thin.这种解释理由很不充分。(4)It would be the most disastrous if even a rumor of it were given out.甚至只要有一点风声泄露出去，其结果就不堪设想。(5)Worm gear(涡轮)drives are quiet and vibration free.涡轮传动没有噪音，没有震动。(6)“It was the most influential private group,”says on
10、e of the founder members.该组织的创始人之一说：“这个组织曾是影响最大的非官方集团。,（四）介词或介词词组,(1)It was beyond his power to sign such a contract.,他无权签订这种合同。,(2)But that is very extraordinary.It seems against nature.,不过那件事很不寻常，似乎不符合自然规律。,一、正说反译法,(3)She modelled between roles.她不演戏时当模特儿。(4)Only one of them has ever gone to live i
11、n the country and he was back in town within six months.他们中只有一个真正在乡下生活过，不过这个人不到半年就返回了城里。,（五）副词,(1)The subversion attempts proved predictably futile.,不出所料，颠覆活动证明毫无效果。,(2)Slowly he pulled the letter out of the envelope,and unfolded it.,他不慌不忙地从信封里抽出信纸，把它打开。,一、正说反译法,(3)Time is what we want most,but what
12、 many use worst.,时间是我们最缺少的，但偏偏许多人最不善于利用时间。,(4)You can safely say so.你这样说不错。(5)The relay(继电器)acted vainly due to negligible current.电流太小，继电器不能启动。,（六）连接词及其短语,He would rather be buried with his money under a mountain of rock than trust another bank.,他宁可和他的钱一起被埋入石山下，也不愿再去相信任何一家银行了。,(2)She is too careful
13、 not to have noticed it.,她那么小心，不会不注意到这一点的。,一、正说反译法,(3)Until she spoke I had not realized she was foreign.,她要是不说话，我还一直不知道她是外国人。,(4)Wear your coat or youll catch cold.穿上大衣，不然你会着凉的。(5)Unless England improve their game,theyre going to lose the match.英格兰队如果不改进打法，就会输掉这场比赛。,（七）某些固定短语,(1)The escaped crimina
14、l is still at large.,逃犯仍未捉拿归案。,(2)There are many energy sources in store.The problem has been to use the energy at a reasonable cost.,有许多能源尚未开发。问题始终是要以一个合理的代价利用这些能源。,一、正说反译法,(3)I was at a loss to understand what he alluded to.,我无法领会到他谈话中所指的是什么。,(4)The hotel was anything but satisfactory.,这家旅馆太不让人满意了
15、。,(5)The islanders found themselves far from ready to fight the war.,岛民们发现自己远远没有做好作战准备。,一、正说反译法,（八）句子,(1)His grandmother is already 80,but she carries her years lightly.,他祖母已80岁了，可是并不显老。,(2)I am wiser than to believe such stories.,我还不至于蠢到竟然相信这种谎言。,（九）某些含有否定意义的谚语和警句,(1)Better to reign in hell than se
16、rve in heaven.,宁为鸡头，不为牛后。,(2)Seeing is believing.,百闻不如一见。,一、正说反译法,(3)Bite off more than one can chew.,贪多嚼不烂。,（九）某些含有否定意义的谚语和警句,(4)Let sleeping dog lie.,莫惹是生非。,(5)A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.,双鸟在林不如一鸟在手。,一、正说反译法,(6)Call a spade a spade.,直言不讳。,二、反说正译法,英语中有些与not等否定词连用的词语或带有否定词缀的词语，有时可以译
17、成汉语的肯定形式。这样做有时是为了将原文中某些否定形式所具有的肯定含义清楚地表达出来；有时也许是为了将译文组织得更加自然流畅。当然，这两种目的也常常兼而有之。,二、反说正译法,（一）动词,英语中有些作反面表达的动词在译文中往往可以从正面表达。,I rode around with him one day seeing how the ships unloaded.,一天，我和他乘车转了转，看看船如何卸货。,(2)The man jumped over a neighboring garden wall and disappeared among the crowds.,这个家伙从邻居的花园墙头
18、上翻了出去，在人群中消失了。,二、反说正译法,（二）名词,(1)The machine has two serious disadvantages.,那台机器有两个严重缺陷。,(2)The dishonesty of the city officials was exposed by the newspaper.,市政府官员们的欺诈行为在报纸上披露出来。,二、反说正译法,（三）形容词,Bill is too indecisive to make a good leader.,比尔优柔寡断，当不了好领导。,(2)This kind of birds is unusual winter visit
19、ors to China.,这种鸟冬季很少到中国来。,二、反说正译法,（四）副词,(1)It is invariably wet when I take my holidays.,我休假时总是下雨。,(2)The sea was,unfortunately,very rough that day.,可惜，那天的海浪很大。,二、反说正译法,（五）短语,(1)To be or not to be,that is the question.,生存还是毁灭，这是需要考虑的。,(2)There is nothing like mineral water to quench ones thirst.,矿泉
20、水是解渴的最好饮料。,二、反说正译法,(3)Her escape was nothing short of being miraculous.,她的脱险可以说是个奇迹。,（六）句子,(1)For many years there was no closeness between the two countries.,两国关系曾疏远了许多年。,二、反说正译法,(2)The significance of these incidents wasnt lost on us.,这些事件引起了我们的注意。,三、英语中的双重否定句,还有英语中的双重否定句，除了有时可以译成汉语的双重否定句外，一般说来应译成
21、肯定句，其道理如两个负数相乘为正数一样。不过，它是一种特殊的强调句式。以have to（不得不）为例，两个“不”字去掉以后意思不变，但语气强度就差多了。下面是一些较为典型的双重否定译例。,三、英语中的双重否定句,(1)The charging of a condenser（电容器)from a battery is not unlike the filling of a tank from an oil reservoir.,电池给电容器充电就像油罐给油箱加油一样。,.,三、英语中的双重否定句,(2)There is no evil without compensation.,恶有恶报。,(3
22、)We cant be too careful in doing this kind of experiments.,我们在做这类实验时应尽可能小心。（也可译为“我们在做这类试验时无论怎样小心也不过分”。）,(4)There is not any advantage without disadvantage.,有一利必有一弊。,三、英语中的双重否定句,(5)It never rains but pours.,不雨则已，雨必倾盆。,当然，有的英语双重否定句译为汉语的双重否定句更为通顺。,There is no story without coincidence.,三、英语中的双重否定句,无巧不成
23、书。,四、委婉式肯定,这是一种迂回的表示肯定的方式，字面看似否定，实为委婉的肯定。,(1)He didnt half like the girl.,他非常喜欢那姑娘。,(2)I couldnt feel better.,四、委婉式肯定,我感觉好极了。,(3)If that isnt what I want!,我所要的就是这个呀！,五、否定的陷阱,英语中的一些否定结构如果按字面意义理解很容易出错，这些结构我们称之为“否定的陷阱”。下面就是一些有代表性的结构。,（一）not.because（并非因为而）,(1)The engine didnt stop because the fuel was f
24、inished.,引擎并不是因为燃料耗尽而停止运转的。,五、否定的陷阱,(2)This version is not placed first because it is simple.,此方案并非因为其简易而被放在首位的。,（二）cannot.too（怎么也不）,(2)The importance of this campaign cannot be overestimated.,这次战役的重要性无论怎么强调也不过分。,五、否定的陷阱,(3)I shall never be able to stress too much for his kindness.,不管我怎么感谢他，都不足以报恩。,
25、You cannot be too careful in proofreading.,校对时，越仔细越好。,（三）all/every.not（并非都）,(1)All that glitters is not gold.,发光的并不一定都是金子。,五、否定的陷阱,(2)All towns did not look like as they do today.,在过去，城镇并不都像今天这样个个千篇一律。,（四）both.not（并非两者都）,(1)But you see,we both cannot go together.,但是我告诉你，我们俩不能同时都走。,五、否定的陷阱,(2)Both th
26、e instruments are not precision ones.,这两件东西不都是精密仪器。,（五）for all.（尽管；不；说不定）,She seemed as fresh as ever,for all that I never saw her drink or eat.,尽管我从未见到她喝点什么或吃点什么，她似乎仍然精神饱满。,五、否定的陷阱,（六）It be+adj.+noun+that.（再也难免）,(1)It is a good workman that never blunders.,智者千虑，必有一失。（也可译为“再聪明的工匠也难免出错”。）,五、否定的陷阱,(2)
27、It is a long lane that has no end.,路必有弯。（也可译为“再长的胡同也有尽头”。）,(3)It is an ill wind that blows nobody good.,坏事未必对人人都有害处。（也可译为“再坏的事也不是对人人都有害处”。）,有些英语词语或句子正译、反译皆可，两者并无实质性差别，究竟采用何种译法主要依据个人行文习惯或视具体的上下文而定。,They have found your terms and conditions agreeable.,A：他们同意你方条款。,五、否定的陷阱,B：他们对你方条款没有异议。,(2)He realized
28、that he was in trouble.,A：他意识到自己遇到麻烦了。,B：他感到自己的处境不妙。,(3)The works of art were left intact,the money gone.,A：艺术品还在，钱却不翼而飞。,五、否定的陷阱,B：艺术品原封未动，钱却不翼而飞。,正说与反说（汉译英）,（1）她是外乡人。She is a stranger here.She is not a native.（2）黄鼠狼给鸡拜年，不怀好心。The weasel goes to pay respects to the hen not with the best of intention
29、s.The weasel pays a courtesy visit to the hen with evil intent.,（3）我们决不辜负全国人民对我们的希望。We will live up to the expectations of our people.,（4）他的解释不能让人满意。His explanation is far from satisfactory.,一、汉英两种语言的习惯用法不同（1）油漆未干 Wet paint.（2）在他还没有来得及阻挡我之前，我已经跑出教室。Before he could stop me,I had rushed out of the cla
30、ssroom.,（3）在收据尚未签字以前不得付款。Before the receipt has been signed,the money must not be paid.（4）如果没有他的帮助，我早就失败了。But for his help,I should have failed.,（5）俗话说，男儿有泪不轻弹，皆因未到伤心处嘛。As the saying goes,“Men only weep when deeply hurt”.As the saying goes,“Men never weep unless and until deeply hurt.”,二、为了加强语气以便获得较
31、好的修辞效果（1）我们讨论问题时，不能忘记这些基本观点。These basic concepts must be kept in mind in our discussion.,三 为了更加确切表达原文含义（1）王同志这几年一直是全勤。Comrade Wang has never missed a days work for years.,（2）正如没经历过大事的人一样，她是经不起成功也经不起失败的。Like those of little experience,she was easily elated by success and deflated by failure.,（一）英语中含有
32、否定语气的词语有：1动词：failmisslackignorerefuse,withholdrefrain(from)neglectdenyoverlookexclude,(1)使我们失望的是他不顾大局。To our disappointment,he failed to take the overall situation into account.(2)他不愿接受那笔款子。He refused to take the money.,(3)他上火车站去接他的朋友,可是未能在人群中见到他。He went to the station to meet his friend,but he miss
33、ed him in the crowd.,(4)她看了看桌子上的点心，摇了摇头，一点也不吃。She ran her eyes over the refreshments on the table but shook her head and refused to touch anything.,2名词absencefailurerefusalignoranceneglectexclusion,(1)他开车时心不在焉，几乎闯祸。His absence of mind during the driving nearly caused an accident.(2)我们完全不知道他的计划。We ar
34、e in complete ignorance of his plan.,(3)他未能履行诺言，我们大家都很失望。His failure to carry out his promise has disappointed everyone of us.,3形容词和形容词短语fewlittlefree fromfar fromsafe fromshort of,（1）这次演出根本没有失败，而是十分成功。The show was far from being a failure,it was a great success.（2）她的作文中几乎没有语法错误。There are few gramma
35、tical mistakes in his composition.,4副词和副词短语littleotherwisetooto(1)他显然有不同的想法。He evidently thinks otherwise.,(2)她兴奋得说不出话来了。He was too excited to speak.,5连词unlessbeforeuntil(rather)thanor,(1)不了解这一点，就不能得到起码的知识。Unless we grasp this point we shall never be able to acquire even elementary knowledge.,(2)她宁愿
36、饿死，不愿行窃。She will die of hunger before she steals.(3)快一点，否则你就要迟到了。Hurry up,or youll be late.,6介词和介词短语withoutaboveexceptbeyondinstead ofin place ofout of,（1）社会主义无疑比资本主义优越。Socialism is beyond doubt superior to capitalism.（2）我要铅笔，不要钢笔。I want a pencil instead of a pen.,（3）要不是你帮忙，那件任务我是无法按时完成的。Without you
37、r help,I could not have fulfilled the task in time.,（二）英语中含有半否定语气的词有seldom hardlybarelyscarcelyrarely,（1）没有工作经验，出点差错，几乎是不可避免的。Slips are scarcely avoidable when youre new to your work.（2）那些黑人挣到的钱几乎不够养家糊口。The Negroes barely earn enough money to keep their families alive.,（3）他太自私了，几乎谁也不喜欢他。Hardly anybo
38、dy likes him,because he is too selfish.（4）我最近不常见他。I have seen him very seldom recently.,练习题一、汉译英1、日子很快过去了，她做工作却丝毫没有松懈。2、他不在，我感到很寂寞。,1.The days passed quickly,but she worked as hard as ever.2.In his absence,I felt very lonely.,3、我很高兴看见你安然无恙。4、他不自然地咳了起来。,3.I am glad to see you safe and sound.4.He coug
39、hed with embarrassment.,5、你早晨来看我的时候，我还没有起床。6、他只顾自己，不顾别人，使得大家都很生气。7、他没有同伴，只一个人坐在车厢一角动也不动。,5.When you called on me this morning,I was still in bed.6.His lack of consideration for the feelings of others angered everyone present.7.Traveling alone,he was sitting still in the corner of the carriage.,If th
40、e weather holds a couple of days,the team of the explorers will set off.,假如天气三两天里保持不变，探险队就出发。,(2)The Foreign Minister doubted the desirability of a negotiation to be held at this time.,外交部长认为此时举行谈判并无必要。,二、将下列句子译成汉语，并注意将斜体部分正说反译。,(3)John dived into the water fully clothed and rescued the old lady.,约翰
41、没有脱衣服就跳入水中并救出了那个老太太。,(4)The soldiers would rather fight to death before they surrendered.,战士们宁愿战斗到死而决不投降。,(5)While trade is good,money is very tight at present.,尽管生意不错，但目前资金仍然十分紧张。,(6)The rocket traveling in space is free from the earths gravity.,在太空飞行的火箭不受地球引力的控制。,(7)In the absence of a settlement
42、through negotiation,the case under dispute can be submitted to arbitration.,如通过谈判找不到解决办法，争执之事可提交仲裁。,(8)While he liked her work,he pointed out areas where improvement was possible.,尽管他喜欢她的作品，但还是指出了其不足之处。,Students,with no exception,are to hand in their papers tomorrow afternoon.,明天下午，学生全都要交论文。,(2)We a
43、re not completely satisfied with your manner of doing business.,贵方做生意的态度有待改进。,三、将下列句子译成汉语，并注意将斜体部分反说正译。,(3)After the ship unloads at the dock,the goods will go to the container freight station(集装箱货运站).,船在码头卸货后，货物将送往集装箱货运站。,(4)The doubt was still unsolved after her repeated explanations.,虽经她一再解释，疑团仍然存在。,
