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1、正说反译，反说正译法Negation,孙海英，蒋小慧，符燕喜，黄朝珠,Negation,由于国家、历史、地理、社会文化背景和生活习性的不同，汉英两种语言在表达正说和反说时有很大差异，尤其英语在否定意义的表达上更为复杂，有时形式否定而实质肯定，或形式肯定而实质否定。在两种语言互译时，原文中正说的句子可能不得不处理成反说，或是用反说表达更为合适。反之亦然。翻译中，这种把正说处理成反说、把反说处理成正说的译法，就称为正反译法。,CONTENTS,正说反译法反说正译法双重否定否定转移否定的陷阱,正说反译法 by 孙海英,正说反译，即英语从正面表达，译文从反面表达。就是用变换语气的方法把原文的肯定式译成
2、汉语中的否定式。名词动词形容词副词介词连词词组句子,正说反译（名词反译）,1.Behave yourself during my absense.我不在时要规矩点。2.Shortness of time has required the omission of some states.由于时间不够，没能访问那些国家。3.By about six-thirty the sounds of aircraft,trucks and tanks had become quate familiar,but a series of small explosions nearby seemed cause
3、for new anxiety.大约到了六点半，大家对飞机、卡车和坦克的声音已经很习以为常了。但是附近一些轻微的爆炸声似乎又造成了新的不安。,正说反译（动词反译）,1.He missed the first train this early morning.他今天清晨没有赶上第一班列车。2.Thats a thing that might happen to any man.这种事情谁也难免。3.My father will kill me when he finds out.我父亲要是知道了，准饶不了我。,正说反译（形容词反译）,1.Im new to the work.我不熟悉这工作。2.
4、Appearances are deceptive.外貌是靠不住的。3.We must be free from arrogance and rudeness and learn from people.我们必须不骄不燥，向人民学习。,正说反译（副词反译）,1.We may safely say so.我们这样说万无一失。2.The subversion attempts proved predictably futile.不出所料，颠覆活动证明毫无效果。3.The capability of sustainable development will be steadily enhanced;
5、the cological environment will be improved.可持续发展能力不断增强，生态环境得到改善。,正说反译（介词反译）,1.This problem is above me.这个问题我解决不了。2.It is beyond his power to preside oversuch an important meeting.主持这样重要的会议是他力所不能及的。,正说反译（连词反译）,1.One should always live in the best company,whether it be of books or of men.不管跟人交朋友，还是跟书交
6、朋友，都应该交好朋友。2.Before she could stop me,I had taken the words out of my mouth.她还没来得及阻止我，我已经把话说出了口。3.Unless there is any other business,we can end the meeting.如果没有别的事情，我们的会议就到此结束了。,正说反译（词组反译）,1、His artical is full of pretty phrases.他的文章不乏浮华词汇。2、The islanders found themselves far from ready to fight the
7、 war.岛民发现自己远远没有做好作战准备。3、We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.我们相信，年青一代将不会辜负我们的信任。,正说反译（句子反译）,1、If it worked once,it can work twice.一次得手，再次不愁。2、He was 75,but he carried his years lightly.他75岁了，可是并不显老。3、The decision has to come.决定还没有做出。,反说正译 by 蒋小慧,反说正译（动词）反说正译（副词）反说正译
8、（形容词）反说正译（名词）反说正译（词组）反说正译（句子）,反说正译,定义：反说正译，即英语从反面表达，译文从正面表达。就是用转换语气的方法，把原文的否定式译成汉语的肯定式。注意：所谓的反面表达主要是指在英语用了no,not,never,none或者带有anti-,de-,dis-,im-,in-,un-,-less,ir-,non-等等词缀的词，在汉语用了“不”，“无”，“非”，“没（有）”，“未”，“否”等的字词，这时候，如果原文从反面表达的名词，形容词，动词，副词，短语，句子，译文正面表达更能确切表达原文思想内容，更符合语言习惯，那么需把原文的否定译成汉语的肯定式。,Conversion
9、 of English Words with Negative Prefixes or Suffixes into Affirmative Forms,（一）动词,1.I rode around with him one day seeing how the ships,unloaded.,一天我和他乘车转了一转，看看船如何。,2.The man jumped over a neighboring garden wall and among the crowds.,这个家伙从邻居家的花园墙头上翻了出去，在人群中 了。,3.The doubt was still after his repeat
10、ed explanations.,虽经他一再解释，疑团仍然。,disappeared,unsolved,卸载,消失,存在,（二）副词,1.He stood for a while,and seemed equally at a loss what to say or whither to direct his eyes.,他 立了好一会儿,似乎同样不晓得该说些什么，或是朝那里望好。,2.He glanced through the note and got away.,他 看了看那张便条便走了。,3.Many agreed that the Prime Minister had in effe
11、ct resigned.,许多人认为首相辞职实际上是。,carelessly,dishonorably,呆呆地,马马虎虎地,很丢面子的,motionlessly,（三）形容词,“It is well you wish this behind her back,else you would have but an house.”said Nerissa.,“亏了你是背着她这么希望，不然的话，你们家可一定会闹得 的。”倪丽莎说。,2.He was an sort of person and always capricious.,他这个人，而且总是反复无常。,3.All the articles a
12、re in the museum.,博物馆内一切展品。,unquiet,天翻地覆,indecisive,优柔寡断,untouchable,禁止触摸,（四）名词,He manifested a strong for his fathers business.,他对他父亲的行业表示强烈的。,2.I watched with as a number was put on my right forearm-82585.,当一个号码-82585刺在我右前臂时，我 地看着。,3.It was said that someone had sown among them.,据说有人在他们中间搞。,dislik
13、e,厌恶情绪,disbelief,怀疑,discord,挑拨离间,（五）短语,1.in posting this letter.,把这封信寄出去。,2.Students,are to hand in their papers this afternoon.,今天下午学生 要交书面作业。,3.The examination that the patient had died of cancer.,调查结果 说明病人死于癌症。,Dont lose time,赶快,with no exception,统统,left no doubt,清清楚楚,（六）句子,1.The significance of
14、these incidents wasnt lost on us.,这些事件引起了我们的重视。,2.They no longer cared whether they lived or died.,他们已经把生死置之度外。,3.Such flights couldnt long escape notice.,这类飞机迟早会被人发觉的。,4.You cant be too carefully.,你要格外小心。,习惯用法和固定搭配,英语有些短语形式上是否定的，但表达的内容确实肯定得，如：notuntil,neverwithout,no one but等，含有这些短语的句子译成汉语时大多从正面表达。
15、,1.They gave me the wrong book,and I notice it I got back my room.,我 房间 发现，他们给我的不是那本书。,2.a great philosopher could solve such a question.,大思想家 能解决这样的问题。,didnt,until,才,到了,No one but,只有,才,3.,that is the question.,，这是值得考虑的。,4.There is mineral water to quench ones thirst.,矿泉水是解渴的 饮料。,5.These scientists
16、the two Curies.,这些科学家 居里夫妇。,To be or not to be,生存还是毁灭,nothing like,最佳,could not believe,more,完全相信,双重否定结构,英语中的双重否定句是一种非常特殊的句型，能够起到一般否定句和肯定句所不具备的表达功能。双重否定是指一句话里有两个否定词或否定意义的词语，但这两个否定词之间不是并列关系，相反的，是相互抵消，相互加强或相互减弱的关系。,一.双重否定的构成,双重否定句是相对于单纯否定句而言的，是指一句话里同时有两个否定词，或一个否定词和一个具有否定意义的词语。双重否定句的构成主要有以下几种形式：1.否定词+否
17、定词E.g.You cant make something out of nothing.巧妇难为无米之炊None are so deaf as those who will not hear 不愿意听人言者最聋,2.否定词+具有否定意义的前缀或后缀，前缀主要有:in-,im-,il-,dis-,non-,mis-,un-,后缀主要有：-lessE.g.Whats done cannot be undone.覆水难收It didnt seem to me unbelievable that there should be an orchestra of musicians olders tha
18、n a hundred.对于我来说，完全由百岁老人音乐家组成的一个乐团是不可能的。,3.否定词+具有否定意义的实词常用的表示否定意义的动词：avoid,deny,doubt,escape,exclude,fail,forget,ingnore,lack,miss,neglect,refrain,refuse,reject等。常用地表示否定意义的名词：absence,denial,doubt,failure,lack,loss,exclusion,refusal,reluctance,want等。常用地表示否定意义的形容词：absent,devoid,last,little,short等E.g.
19、The songs never fail to make the children smile and to raise their spirits.He failed no students this term,4.否定词+具有否定意虚词具有否定意义的虚词有介词without,except,but 和连词unless,but,until等。E.g.There is no rule but has exceptions.凡规则都有例外We cannot live without water 没有水我们就无法生活。（5）否定词+特殊的否定结构：nottooto结构，cannot help doi
20、ng,cannot help but,not keep from doing等It is never too late to learn.活到老，学到老,二.双重否定句可以分为肯定型双重否定句，强调型双重否定句和委婉型的双重否定句,1.肯定型双重否定句双重否定句最主要的功能是通过两个否定词在句中相互抵消其否定的含义，从而实现“否定+否定=肯定”的作用，从而起到加强句子的肯定语气的作用，这样的双重否定句被称为肯定型双重否定句。I see the film,I will be moved in tear.VS I never see the film without being moved to
21、tears.,但是，并非所有的肯定型双重否定句都一定是加强句子的语气的，还有一些双重否定句尽管意义上是肯定的，但比起直接的肯定句，语气可能会有所减弱，因此，肯定型双重否定句又可分为强化肯定的双重否定句和弱化肯定的双重否定句。（1）强化肯定的双重否定句结构A.谓语否定+状语否定 cannot make egg rolls without breaking eggs.有得必有失He will not do it for nothing.他做这件事定有企图。,B.主语否定+状语否定E.g.There is no success without hard ships.不经历风雨怎见彩虹None of
22、us will leave school without learning anything.我们毕业时定是小有说成。C.谓语否定+宾语否定I dont have nothing to say.我有话要说。We cant afford not to balieve.我们不得不相信这是真的。,D.主语否定+宾语否定 E.g.Nobody has no access to use the sporting facilities.人人都可以使用这些体育器材E.主语否定+补语否定E.g.Nothing is nothing at all.凡事需重视No smoking is harmless.吸烟有害
23、健康,F.否定词+否定意义的动词、名词、形容词和副词E.g.We dont doubt that he will succeed in carrying out the experiment.我们相信他会做好这个实验的。For all his years,he is none the less vigorous and active.虽然他年纪大了，仍然生机勃勃，精力旺盛。G.主句否定+从句否定E.g.I never read novels that dont appeal to me.我从不看不感兴趣的小说。In the neighborhood there is nobody who do
24、es not know me.在这儿，我绝对是个名人。,（2）弱化肯定的双重否定结构,A.前面一个否定词往往是not,和后面一个否定词直接连用，即两个否定词之间不应该有其他词出现。偶尔地，我们会在它们之间加上一些隐含情感的程度副词，如，so,very,too,muchE.g.He has many enemies,but finds that he is not a no-friend person.尽管有很多敌人，但他发现自己也并非没有朋友的孤家寡人。Tom doesnt very much dislike his present job.汤姆并不讨厌他目前的工作。,B.在否定句转移中，第一
25、个否定词来修饰主句中的表示“主观意识动词”，第二个否定词出现在从句中或从句中含有否定意义的词语。dont think it is insignificant to invest in such a field.我想在这么一个领域里进行投资还是挺有意义的。I dont suppose that she will fail to come.我想她是会来的。,2.强调型的双重否定句,双重否定句中的两个否定词之间在意义上并不总是相互抵消、相互否定，也有可能是其中一个否定词对另外否定词在意义上有强调的作用，即存在“否定+否定=强调否定”的可能性，这样的双重否定句就称为强调型的双重否定句。,（1）谓语否定
26、+宾语否定E.g.He will not lend his newly bought car to nobody whoever he is.无论是谁来借他新买的车子，他都不借。We never thought of nothing wrong.我们从未想过会出差错。（2）否定含义的词语，如wonder,dont know,cant tell+否宾从句E.g.I worked and worked,and I didnt know how much I had not done.我夜以继日地工作，不知道干了多少活。,3.委婉型双重否定句,英语双重否定句表达功效并不是只能分为绝对的对立面，即在肯
27、定语气和强调否定之间还存在着一个过渡性的表达功能，这就是委婉型的双重否定句。在这种句子中，第一个否定词往往是一般否定词或绝对否定词，而后面的常为半否定词或准否定词，如hardly,barely,scarcely，翻译为“几乎不”E.g.I cant hardly read your hand writing.我几乎辨认不清你的笔迹。They left without thardly a word.他们几乎一句话也没说就离开了。,否定的转移,否定的转移是指英语否定句在句中某一部分（常在谓语部分），但在语义上却是否定另一部分的现象。翻译这类句子时不要单纯依赖语法分析，而应从语义上分析，根据上下文理
28、解句意。1.在表示“看法”的谓语动词上的否定形式，语义上却是否定后面的宾语从句。这类动词有 think,believe,suppose,imagine,expect,fancy,consider,guess等E.g.I dont believe Ive met you before.我认为我没见过你。He doesnt expect we need worry.他认为我们不必着急。,2.有时讲动名词，介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。dont remember having ever seen such a man.我记得从未见过这样一个人。3.有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转到谓
29、语动词前。was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so.他并不因为亚里士多德说过如何，就轻信此事。,否定的陷阱 by 黄朝珠,英语中的一些否定结构如果按字面意义理解很容易出错，这些结构称之为“否定的陷阱”。下面是一些有代表性的结构。,（一）not.because(并非因为.而)The engine stop the fuel was finished.,引擎并不是因为 燃料耗尽而停止运转的。,didnt,because,（二）all.not(并非.都),1.that glitters is gold.,发光的
30、并不一定都是金子。,2.towns did look like as they do today.,在过去，城镇并不像今天这样个个千篇一律。,（三）both.not(并非两者.都),1.But you see,we go.,不过我告诉你，我们俩不能同时都走。,2.children are clever.,并非两个孩子都聪明。,All,not,All,not,both cannot,Both,not,（四）cannot.too(怎么.也不足以),1.The importance of this conference be overestimated.,这次会议的重要性无论怎么强调也不过分。,2.
31、You be careful in proofreading.,校对时，越仔细越好(再怎么仔细都不为过）。,（五）It be+adj.+n.+that.(再.也会),1.It is a good workman that never blunders.,再聪明的工匠也难免出错。（智者千虑，必有一失。）,2.It is a long lane that has no end.,再长的胡同也有尽头。（路必有弯）,cannot too,cannot too,（六）no greater 最.不过 never+less 表示最高级 nothing+比较级相当于肯定含义的最高级,1.This could
32、give me pleasure.,这使我再高兴不过了。,2.He had felt talking to anyone.,他从未如此不想和人谈话。,.,3.reveals quickly the kind of person you are than the thing you talk about.,你所谈论的事情能最快地揭露你的为人。,no greater,never less,Nothing more,（七）no more.than.(和.一样都不.)not.any more than.(就跟.一样.),1.The heart is intelligent the stomach,fo
33、r they are both controlled by the brain.,心脏和胃一样都无智力可言，因为它们都是由大脑控制的。,2.A man can fly a bird can speak.(=A man can fly a bird can speak.),人不会飞，就像鸟不会说话一样。,no more than,not any more than,no more than,（八）not more+n.+than+n.(与.一样.),A big elephant is a little cat is.,大象是动物，小猫也是动物。（大象和小猫一样都是动物。）,（九）（be）more
34、 of a.than a.(与其说是.不如说是.),He is,与其说是他是个老师，不如说他是个作家。,（十）none other than(就是),The new arrival was the President.,刚到达的就是总统本人。,not more an animal than,more than a writer than a teacher.,none other than,以上所列举的否定陷阱的句子并非说明“正说反译，反说正译”这一翻译技巧如何运用，而是说明在翻译的时候，如果遇到这些现象时要注意，以避免误译。,总结,由于英汉语言在思维方式的表达方法上的差异，进行英译汉时，有些句子按字面意思正面表述不能忠实的表达原义，而从从反面表达则可能达到与原文等值或近似等值的效果。在以下情况，最好，甚至必须进行逆向翻译。一、当正面翻译难以表达原义时；二、当正面翻译意义不明确，容易 产生误解时；三、当逆向翻译使重点突出，表达有力时；四、当逆向翻译表达更连贯顺畅，更符合汉语规范时；五、当逆向翻译更简洁清晰时。,Thank you for your listening!,Group 7,
