中西方数字文化比较与翻译ppt课件.ppt

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1、中西方数字文化观的比较与翻译,The Comparison of Number Culture both in English and Chinese and Their Translation,“九”的文化对比分析,As for nine,the Occidental and Oriental cultures share some common features:Most people in the two cultures regard nine as mysterious and sacred number;Number nine refers to the majority as w

2、ell as the number itself;Number nine is often used in the entertainment and sports activities.,在我国,数字“九”被认为是一种神秘的数字,它起初是龙形(或蛇形)图腾化之文字,继而演化出“神圣”之意,于是中国古代历代帝王为了表示自己神圣的权力为天赐神赋,便竭力把自己同“九”联系在一起,如“九五之尊”(imperial throne);称官位仅次于皇帝的王爷为“九千岁”等。,“九”的文化对比分析,含有数字“九”的词汇也十分丰富。如,“九州”是指传说中的我国上古行政区划,后用作“中国”的代称;“九族”(th

3、e nine degrees of kindred:either the nine generations from ones great-great-grandfather down to ones great-great-grandson;or four generations of ones paternal relations,three generations of ones maternal relations,and two generations of ones wifes relations),古代有一种残酷的刑法叫“诛灭九族”;古代传说“龙生九子,各有所好”;民间传说中还有

4、“九头鸟”(nine-headed bird:a fabulous bird whose appearance was for merely regarded as a bad omen)的故事。,此外,在文娱、体育等词汇中,数字“九”也比比皆是。如,许多歌名都以“九”开头:“九妹”、“九九艳阳天”、“九百九十九朵玫瑰”等;乐器中也有“九音锣”;在体育活动中,“九柱戏”(nine pins),兵器中有“九节鞭”但这与西方文化中的“九尾鞭”(cat-of-nine-tails:an instrument of punishment so called from the nine pieces o

5、f leather or cord which compose it)意义不大一样。地名中也有一些以“九”开头的,如“九寨沟”、“九华山”、“九江”和“九龙”等。,在西方,数字“九”也是人们心目中的“神数”之一。对西方人来说,“九”的象征意义是“神性”、“神圣之至”。英语权威字典Websters Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary and Websters Third International Dictionary 中收入与“九”有关词语和成语多达近二十条。常用的有:A nine-days wonder(an object or event that create

6、s a short-lived sensation)Nine times out of ten(very often)Be dressed up to the nines(elaborately dressed,as for a formal occasion)In the nine holes:in the difficult situation A cat has nine lives:A cat can move so fast and jump so well that he seems to escape being killed many times.,数字“九”及其倍数在西方也被

7、广泛运用于文娱和体育活动中。如,保龄球(bowling)中的瓶状木柱数(ninepins)为“九”;高尔夫球球场有一十八个洞;跳子棋的棋板上各 方均为九个孔等。由此看来,数字“九”也倍 受西方人的青睐。,在我国,南方经济发达区的粤语区的“八”与“发”谐音,广东人特别喜欢数字八,以求生财之道,发财致富。现在对八的爱好已经风靡全国,各行各业,男女老少对“八”可以说是特别偏爱,几乎达到迷信的程度。电话号码喜欢有八,汽车牌照最好有八,有的商店取名“518”(“我要发”的谐音)中国人把八个人坐的桌子叫“八仙桌”,功名显赫的人要坐“八抬大轿”,以显“八面威风”,会办事的人总是“八面玲珑”,关系亲密的朋友称

8、为“八拜之交”。In the western culture,8 is also regarded as a lucky number.The ancient Greek think 8 stands for bumper harvest,achievements and longevity.The story of Noahs Ark,according to Genesis,God has observed mans evil behaviors and flooded the earth.Only 8 survived the disaster by Noahs Ark.In the G

9、ospel(福音书),Jacob,Jesus brother,had 8 children and so 8 means fertility(多子多孙).,“八”的文化对比分析,7在汉语中却是被人们常常忌讳的数字,“七与丧事有关”自古汉人对去世的人每七日祭拜一次,直到七七四十九天为止“;给人送礼时忌7件或7样;饭桌上的菜决不能是7盘;人们挑选良辰吉日不挑7,17,或者27。7也有神圣的意蕴,古人将日、月、金星、木星、水星、火星、土星归纳为“七政”;又如东、南、西、北各有7位神灵,合称二十八宿,玉皇大帝有7个仙女,太上老君炼丹需要七七四十九天。佛教认为,万事由地、水、火、风、空、识、根七种本原生

10、成;佛寺由七种厅堂组成;佛塔共有7层,所以有救人一命胜造七级浮屠;释加牟尼面壁七天则修成正果,他在菩提树下冥思四十九天则佛身显现。,“七”的文化对比分析,The number seven exerts a great influence on the western culture.In the westerners eyes,seven is a mysterious and sacred number.According to the Christianity,God creates all the creatures in seven days.Hebrews often use sev

11、en while swearing,such as“to come under the influence of seven things.In Greece,there are seven sages of Greece(希腊七贤)and the seven Bishops(七大主教);In the western religion,seven is used in generalization.The Seven Virtues(七大美德):Faith,hope,charity,justice,fortitude,prudence,temperance;The seven deadly s

12、ins(七宗罪):Pride,wrath,envy,lust,gluttony,avarice,sloth;The Seven Gifts of the Spirit(神的七大礼物);The Seven Heavens(七重天);The Seven Sacraments(七大圣礼);Seven Champions(基督教的七大守护神).,“七”的文化对比分析,我国自古以来就有崇尚“六”的观念。考古发现秦始皇的铜马车皆以“六”及其倍数为度。先秦时期六部儒家经典称为“六经”或“六艺”,诸子中最著名的阴阳、儒、墨、名、法、道德总称为“六家”,皇后的寝宫称“六宫”。古代把亲属关系归纳为“六亲”,天地四

13、方合称为“六合”或“六幽”。妇女怀孕也称为“身怀六甲”.民间有“六六大顺”的吉语,农历初六、十六、二十六被视为举行婚礼的吉日。,“六”的文化对比分析,“六”的文化对比分析,Six in English is an unpopular number,which is viewed as a sinister omen.For instance,at sixes and sevens(乱七八糟的;糊涂的;迷茫的),hit sb.for six or knock sb.six(给敌人/某人以毁灭性的打击),six of the best(以藤鞭击六下学校的一种惩罚手段),six penny(不值钱)

14、,etc.,“五”的文化对比分析,在中国古代,“五”指金、木、水、火、土;与此同时,“五”也与中国传统文化密切相关,诸如五行、五福临门、五方保护神、五湖四海等等。进一步说,用数字“五”代表东西南北中五方,是中国一项非常悠久的文化传统。现在,北京奥运吉祥物选择五个福娃,既可与奥运会标志五环相呼应之外,又符合中国人口众多、历史悠久、文化丰富的国情。,“五”的文化对比分析,Friday has long been considered extremely unlucky because it has some bad associations which came from mythology,ta

15、le of the Bible,and the customs and habits.According to the Bible,the Lord God created the first man,Adam.Then he took a rib from Adams body and out of it created the first woman,Eve.It was said that Adam was created on a Friday and it was on Friday that Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit,and on a

16、 Friday they died.Jesus Christ was persecuted on Friday.,在汉语里,3被写成三,其意义是,上面一横代表天,下面一横代表地,中间一横代表人,即融天、地、人为一体,寓意天地人的关系。古人认为,数字始于一,终于十,成于三。中国的道教有三清之说,即玉清、太清、上清;佛教中有天、地、人三尊之说。老子说:“道生一,一生二,二生三,三生万物。”可见三在中国文化中被赋予了很大的意义。所以,在中国,三是一个很吉祥的数字。它有生长、吉祥之意,如“三羊开泰”、“岁寒三友”、“连种三元”、“吉祥三宝”。,“三”的文化对比分析,Number three is re

17、spected in the western culture.Pythagoras,the philosopher of ancient Greece,called three the perfect number.According to Greek mythology,the universe is governed by three Gods,Jupiter(主神朱庇特),Neptune(海神尼普顿),Pluto(冥神普路托).The trinity(三位一体)in Christianity refers to the union of the Father,the Son and th

18、e Holy Spirit.Under the influence of trinity,three is a lucky number in the western culture.Westerners often say:The third time is the charm;Number three is always fortunate.Shakespeare once said“all good things go by three”.,“三”的文化对比分析,数字的翻译原则和方法,罗马西塞罗说过:“翻译不是字当句对,而是保留语言的总风格和力量。”“按分量而不是按数量译词”。模糊数字的

19、翻译不能拘泥于数字本身的数值,精心选择适当词语,译出其形象,译出其语势。,一、数字模糊语义的翻译原则 民族性原则 不同的民族有着不同的文化背景和语言表达习惯,数字的模糊用法一般具有较鲜明的民族性,它是历史上民族文化长期积淀的结果,翻译时应遵循各自的民族心理和语言习惯,对某些数字进行必要的改译转换,以利译文读者的理解。There were 60 million Americans at home working to turn out the thousand and one things required to wage war.美国国内有六千万人在生产成千上万种军需品。英语数字“the th

20、ousand and one”如直译成汉语,没有夸张或比喻的含意,只能生产“1001”的确切数字 概念,改译成“成千上万”则符合汉语表达习惯。,一、数字模糊语义的翻译原则 通俗性原则 在英汉两种语言中,都有大量的含有模糊数字的习语短语(成语、俗语、谚语、歇后语等),它们言简意赅,通俗易懂,读之赏心,听之悦耳,是人们长期反复使用的流行语句,且有定式。翻译时特别需注意用词通俗,语句简炼,易于上口,语义明确,对其中数字的处理,或取或舍,应以习惯性为准则,不应强求数字的字面对等。如:接二连三 one after another 颠三倒四 incoherent;disorderly 五光十色 multi

21、coloured;of great variety 乱七八糟 at sixes and sevens 九死一生 a narrow escape from death 万无一失 no risk at all 一不做,二不休 In for a penny,in for a pound,一、数字模糊语义的翻译原则 形象性原则 英汉语中数字与其他词组合成短语时,一般都具有一定的形象意义,如汉语中的“七嘴八舌”、“千军万马”、“万水千山”等;英语中的“to kill two birds with one stone”、“A stitch in time saves nine”、“A bird in th

22、e hand is worth two in the bush”。根据民族文化传统合语言表达习惯,翻译时或保留形象,或转换成译语中人们熟悉的形象,有时出于无奈只得舍弃形象,而选择恰当词语译出整个词语的喻义。如:他这一阵心头如同十五个吊桶打水,七上八下,老是宁静不下来。His mind was in a turmoil these days and he was quite unable to think straight.(A.C.Barns 译)那胡正卿心头“十五个吊桶打水,七上八下”。Hu Cheng-ching was very much upset by this,and his he

23、art was beating like fifteen buckets being hurriedly lowered into a well for water-eight going down while seven were coming up.(Jackson 译)“十五个吊桶打水,七上八下”,两位译者,两种译法;前者舍形取 义,后者既照顾喻义又译出形象。,二、数字模糊语义的翻译方法 根据以上原则,结合原文的语境、修辞形式和文体风格等语言特点,模糊语义数字的翻译可采用以下三种方法。保留数字直译 由于英汉民族对模糊数字的语义和语用功能的理解大体相同,在不影响译语读者理解的前提下,翻译时

24、完全可以保留原语数字直译。如:将军百战死,壮士十年归。同行十二年,不知木兰是女郎。Generals laid down their lives in a hundred battles,And valiant soldiers returned after ten years service.Together they had been in the army for a dozen years or so,Yet none had ever known that Mulan was actually a girl.“When I take an idea firmly into my hea

25、d,even if the walls are ten thousand feet high,I can not be prevented from doing it.”“我一旦拿定主意,就是万丈高墙也休想阻拦我。”,二、数字模糊语义的翻译方法 变动数字改译 英汉语中对模糊数字的使用存在着一定的差异,翻译时需变动数字,以符合译语的表达习惯。如:北国风光,千里冰封,万里雪飘。(毛泽东,沁园春雪)North country scene:A hundred leagues locked in ice,A thousand leagues of whirling snow.原诗中数字“千”在译文中转化

26、降为“hundred”,“万”转化降为“thousand”。又如柳宗元江雪诗的英译对数字也采用了同样的处理方法。Jurgis was a young giant,broad of back,full of vigor,a workingman in a thousand.尤格斯,身材魁伟,肩宽背阔,年轻力壮,干起活来,真是百里挑一的能人。,二、数字模糊语义的翻译方法 舍弃数字意译 模糊数字的使用,具有一定的民族文化背景和特定的语言表达习惯,翻译成另一种语言时,如照搬直译,由于文化背景的不同和表达习惯的差异,会使译语读者难于理解或译文语句不顺、语义不明,因此翻译时需舍弃数字意译。如:窗含西岭千秋雪,门泊东吴万里船。From my window the snow-crowned western hills are seen;Beyond the door the east-bound ships at anchor lie.“What is it?What hurts you?”“My eyes.Theyre hurting like sixty.”“怎么啦?你什么地方疼?”“我的眼睛,疼得很厉害。”,The End,Thank You!,

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