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1、,Section B,4,Why do smart people do dumb things?,Objectives,Life and logic,B,Section,Warming-up,Lead-in,Background Information,Why do smart people do dumb things?,Video Watching,Back,Example one:go to a store/closed/10 blocks/wasted,Example two:career/not fulfilling/stick with it/dont want past ten
2、years/effects,time and money/wasted,Sunk Costs:Time,money,effects or whatever youve spend.,2.According to the speaker,what are the Sunk Costs and what is the meaning of Sunk Costs Fallacy?,Tips,Sunk Costs Fallacy:make choice/not base on/best/desire/not/past investment/wasted.,A cognitive bias is a p
3、attern of deviation in judgment that occurs in particular situations,leading to perceptual distortion,inaccurate judgment,illogical interpretation,or what is broadly called irrationality.Many cognitive biases(认知偏差)are often studied for how they affect business and economic decisions and how they aff
4、ect scientific and experimental researches.,A Fundamental Attribution Error(基本归因错误)is a cognitive bias in social psychology.It refers to the tendency to judge a person in an unpleasant situation in a bad light and attribute his behavior to internal causes and qualities rather than consider the situa
5、tion or circumstances that may have caused the person to behave in that manner.But,if we ourselves made the same errors,we would easily attribute the causes to external factors.,A Confirmation Bias(确定性偏差)is a cognitive bias whereby one tends to notice and look for information that confirms ones exis
6、ting beliefs,whilst ignoring anything that contradicts those beliefs.It is a type of selective thinking.For example:After having bought a piece of clothing,you will look for the same clothing in a more expensive store to confirm that you have bought a bargain.,B,Section,Reading Skills,Presentation o
7、f the Skill,Reading Skill Practice,Why do smart people do dumb things?,Skimming is a method of rapidly moving the eyes over a text with the purpose of getting the main idea or a general overview of its content.For example,many people skim read a newspaper article just to get a quick overview,or a te
8、xt to see whether its worth reading in detail.The key word for skimming is“general”.,Skimming,Some steps to help you to skim an article,1 Read the title it is the shortest possible summary of the content of the article.2 Read the introduction or lead-in paragraph(s).3 Read any sub-headings,and ident
9、ify the relationships between them.4 Read the first sentence of each remaining paragraph;the main idea of most paragraphs appears in the first sentence.,Skimming,To be continued,5 Alternately read and“float”over the body of the article,looking for the following:Clues about who,what,when,where,how ma
10、ny,how much Connective words and phrases such as furthermore,also,however and on the contrary6 Read the concluding paragraph(s)completely.,Skimming,Some steps to help you to skim an article,Skim Text B to find answers to the following questions.1 What is this text mainly about?2 What common cognitiv
11、e biases can cause smart people to make bad decisions?3 How can we avoid being affected by various types of cognitive biases when making a decision?,Practice,Skimming,B,Section,Text Study,Text Comprehension,Language Focus,Critical Thinking,Why do smart people do dumb things?,What is the traditional
12、view about smart people according to Paragraph 1?(Para.1)2.What is the most typical characteristic of the fundamental attribution error?(Para.3)3.What will you be affected if you are only interested in evidence that is in agreement with your own belief?(Para.5)4.When does the overconfidence bias usu
13、ally occur?(Para.7)5.Why does the availability bias leads to strange and inaccurate conclusions?(Para.8)Why dont people want to leave a bad investment situation and commit the sunk cost fallacy?(Para.11)7.What is the purpose of this text?,What is the traditional view about smart people according to
14、Paragraph 1?00,Smart people,by virtue of what theyve learned,will formulate better decisions.,原句：Orthodox views prize intelligence and intellectualrigor highly in the modern realm of universitiesand tech industry jobs.(Para.1,L1),解释:Intelligence and the ability to think logically have long been rega
15、rded as important qualities in modern universities and in jobs related to the technology industry.,译文：传统观念将智力和思维的缜密性看作现代大学领域和科技产业工作的重要素质。,One of the most common biases is what is known as the fundamental attribution error.Through this people attribute the _ to _ and their own to _,subconsciously con
16、sidering their own characters to be _.,failures of others,character flaws,mere circumstance,stainless,A The fundamental attribution error.B The confirmation bias.C The overconfidence bias.D The availability bias.,Choose the best answer to the question.,原句：Outwitting confirmation bias therefore requi
17、resexploring both sides of an argument with equaldiligence.(Para.6,L5),解释:Therefore,to be able to use your intelligence to overcome the confirmation bias requires you to analyze both sides of an argument with equal efforts.,译文：所以，要克服“确定性偏差”，就要以同样的努 力认真探究论点的正反两面。,Overconfidence bias most frequently c
18、omes into play in areas where someone has _ _ estimating how many people are in a crowded plaza,for example,or how likely it will rain.,no direct evidence and must make a guess,Because it causes people to use evidence that is not so convincing and strong.,5.Why does the availability bias leads to st
19、range and inaccurate conclusions?(Para.8),Tips,A Because they dont want to admit that they have made a poor decision.B Because they will lose more money if they decide not to continue it.C Because they will have greater chances to win if they are patient.D Because they dont want their previous inves
20、tments to be wasted.,Choose the best answer to the question.,原句：Gamblers with a high threshold for risk put money into a slot machine hoping for a big return,but with each pull of the lever they lose some money playing the odds.(Para.11,L2),解释:Gamblers who engage themselves into highly risky situati
21、ons put money into a slot machine,expecting to get big amounts of money back.But each time they pull the lever on the machine,they lose some money trying their luck.,译文：赌徒们冒着高风险，把钱投入老虎机，期望能够得 到很大的回报，但随着一次次拉动拉杆，他们也一 次次把钱赌输了。,译文：当涉及重要决策时，最好是依靠严密的逻辑并仔细审查证据；同时，要保持警惕，那些看上去良好的直觉总是很容易导致判断失误。,原句：When a deci
22、sion matters,it is best to rely on watertight logic and a careful examination of the evidence and to remain aware that what seems like good intuition is always subject to errors of judgment.(Para.14，L1),解释:When you make an important decision,it is always best to rely on sound logic and a careful ana
23、lysis of the evidence and to keep in mind that what seems to be good at first can often lead to errors of judgment.,The purpose of this text is try to help us learn about cognitive biases and be better at decision-making.,Why do smart people do dumb things?Psychologists have uncovered _ biases are c
24、ommon to all people.One of the most common biases is_.Through this people attribute the failures of others to character flaws and their own to mere _._ bias is found together with fundamental attribution error.This one has two parts.First,people tend to gather and rely upon information that only con
25、firms their existing views.Second,people avoid or veto things that refute their _.Similar to confirmation bias is the _,cognitive,fundamental attribution error,circumstance,Confirmation,pre-existing hypotheses,overconfidence,bias,Which means we could be correct 100 percent of the time we were _ abou
26、t something,_ of the time we were 80 percent sure about something.The availability bias is also related to _ in estimation,In action this bias might lead someone to cancel a trip because of a report that the _.The sunk cost fallacy can lead people to stay in_.The key to avoiding these biases remains
27、 the same:Rely on _,carefully examine the evidence and _!,100 percent sure,correct 80 percent,errors,biggest plane crash in history happened there,damaging situations,watertight logic,remain aware,因为；由于；凭借,(has access to/available),By virtue of his work,he has access to a tremendous amount of the la
28、test data available in this field.,by virtue of,短语逆译,短语应用,由于工作原因，他有机会接触这一领域可以得到的大量的最新数据。,意群提示,把考虑在内,factor sth.into sth.,短语逆译,(calories),Now it has become more popular for people tofactor calories into their food choices.,短语应用,现在人们在选择食物时把热量考虑在内已变得更加普遍了。,意群提示,把归因于,(material and labor),The company att
29、ributed the loss to higher material and labor costs.,attribute sth.to sb./sth.,短语逆译,短语应用,公司把亏损归因于原料及劳动力成本的上涨。,意群提示,开始起作用,(underneath/seemingly),Underneath the surface of this seemingly easy decision,there were so many other details that came into play.,come into play,短语逆译,短语应用,在这一看似简单的决定的外表之下，有许多其他细
30、节都起了作用。,意群提示,因为；由于,(market competition/keep prices down/consumer),Market competition is good in that it tends to keep prices down,whichwilldefinitelybenefit allconsumers.,in that,短语逆译,短语应用,市场竞争是好事，因为它往往会使价格下降,这必定给消费者带来福利。,意群提示,连续地,(share price/fraud squad officer/raid),The companys share price has f
31、allen for three days in a row after fraud squad officers raided its offices.,in a row,短语逆译,短语应用,反欺诈小组的工作人员突击搜查了这家公司的办公室后这家公司的股价已连续三天下跌。,意群提示,被困住；被难住,(negotiation/key issues/ambassador),If the negotiations did getstuckona number of key issues,Id ask the ambassador for help.,be/get stuck on sth.,短语逆译,
32、短语应用,如果谈判确实在一些重大问题上陷入僵局，我会去找大使帮忙。,意群提示,易受影响的,(overseas holiday/surcharges),The prices of overseas holidays aresubjectto somesurcharges.,subject to sth.,短语逆译,短语应用,海外度假游的价格受各种附加费的影响。,意群提示,逆译练习,Understanding how and in what situations they occur can give you an awareness of your own limitations.(Para.2
33、),句型提炼,应用提示,用于表达“做某事使某人意识到其他事情”。,句型应用,(legalsanction/jail/abiding),Receivingthelegalsanction in the jail gives him an awareness of the importance of knowing the laws and abiding them.,典型例句,在狱中接受法律的制裁使他意识到知法守法的重要性。,意群提示,逆译练习,You might assume,without evidence,that the price of your house will go up ev
34、en though 90 percent of them have dropped in price,because you yourself are more competent.(Para.4),句型提炼,应用提示,用于表达“某人由于某些原因而假定某事”。,句型应用,(stock market/retained earning),You might assume that the stock market will never fell to a new low,because companies have invested their retained earnings.,典型例句,你可
35、能认为股市不会跌入新低，因为企业拿出留存盈利来投资股市。,意群提示,逆译练习,Repelling the availability bias calls for an empirical approach to a particular decision,one not based on the obscured reality of vivid memory.(Para.10),句型提炼,应用提示,用于表达“做成某事的首要因素,排除错误因素”。,句型应用,(championship/constant/opponent),Winning the championship calls for c
36、onstant practice,not focusingyourenergyon your opponent.,典型例句,要想在锦标赛中获胜就必须不断的努力练习，而不是把精力放在关注你的对手上。,意群提示,Tips,Tips,Tips,1.Do you often listen to experts when you are in doubt of something?Why or why not?,Yes.There are several reasons:Experts are people who have gained a lot more knowledge in a partic
37、ular field；-Experts have more skills and experience in that field.No.There are several reasons:-Experts could have biased opinions toward a specific issue；-We need to think critically about other peoples opinions.,2.Are people smart in the same way or in different ways?Explain your answer with detai
38、ls.,Tips,People are smart in different ways because there are different types of intelligence,such as:-verbal(linguistic)intelligence;-numerical intelligence.People can be smart in similar ways because smart people have many common qualities.For example,they are all willing to learn and can learn qu
39、ickly.They are all highly curious,and keen to solve problems.,3.What do you think determines ones intelligence?Is it genes or is it environment?,Tips,Genes.Many stories have proved that if ones genes are not good enough,no matter what favorable environment he is exposed to,he will not be able to lea
40、rn as quickly as those whose genes are good.Intelligence.Children who are well-nurtured,that is,those who have more life experiences,who read more,learn more and travel more,can usually get much higher scores in intelligence tests,which,as we know,are important indications of their intelligence.,Tal
41、k about cognitive biases,2.What do you think are the best ways to avoid cognitive biases?,Tips,Tips,1.Can you give an example to illustrate that you have also been affected by cognitive biases when making a decision?,Yes,certainly.For example,last summer,I dropped in a clothing store in Nanjing Road
42、 and found a dress with a fashionable style and really good price.I bought the dress and liked it very much.Because of this happy experience,this year I decided to go to the store again.I bought another fashionable dress and happily paid the price asked by the salesgirl.I believed I had got another
43、good bargain.But later,to my disappointment,I found the price I had paid was actually much higher than in other stores.I made the wrong decision owing to my overconfidence.,Tips,Can you give an example to illustrate that you have also been affected by cognitive biases when making a decision?,2.What
44、do you think are the best ways to avoid cognitive biases?,Tips,To avoid such cognitive biases,we should:Improve our thinking process.Think carefully and critically.Avoid making unqualified generalizations or jumping to conclusions；Learn from our past mistakes.Avoid being affected by the same cogniti
45、ve bias again and again.,Thematic study,B,Section,Comparative Study,Thematic Study,Language Features Analysis,Why do smart people do dumb things?,2.How do you comment on the quote“Knowing a lot of facts is not the same as being smart”?,Comparison the logical fallacies motioned in Text A and Text B.,
46、Tips,Tips,1.Comparison the logical fallacies motioned in Text A and Text B.,Text A,1.Dicto Simpliciter;2.Hasty Generalization;3.Ad Misericordiam;4.False Analogy.,Text B,1.Fundamental attribution;2.Confirmation bias;3.Overconfidence bias;4.Availability bias;5.Sunk cost fallacy.,2.How do you comment o
47、n the quote“Knowing a lot of facts is not the same as being smart”?,I agree with the saying,because being smartdoes not simply mean the ability to learn facts.It includes many other abilities,such as the ability to analyze,the ability to think abstractly,the ability to reason,the ability to generali
48、ze,the ability to solve problems,the ability to communicate,etc.,Based on your study of the two texts,compare the writing styles of the two texts in terms of their typical language features.,1.What are the typical language features of the two texts?,2.List more examples from the text to support your
49、 ideas.,Tips,Tips,Text B is an expository essay,employing the listing method of writing.,1.What are the typical language features of the two texts?,Text A is a piece of narrative writing following the chronological approach and developed in the form of light conversation mixed with descriptions.,2.L
50、ist more examples from the text to support your ideas.,Text A is developed in the form of light conversation mixed with descriptions:She nodded with delight.“Listen closely,”I said.“A man applies for a job.When the boss asks him what his qualifications are,he says he has six children to feed.”“Oh,th
