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1、Gardens South of the Yangtze River,102708 林姣,the imperial garden,the temple garden,the private garden,Three styles of gardens during 2000 years,The Chinese attach great importance to the qualities of being reserved and subtle,and the construction of gardens dotting the hazy landscape south of the lo
2、wer Yangtze River well reflects this philosophy.,A Winding Path to Places of Interest,There is a poem from the Southern Song Dynasty that reads:After endless mountains and rivers that leave doubt whether there is a path out,suddenly one encounters the shade of a willow,bright flowers and a lovely vi
3、llage.,Zhuozheng Garden,Corridors（走廊）zigzag along a steam,only to be interrupted at intervals by pavilions（亭）partly overhanging the water.The upturned corners of the roofs are like flying birds with their wings widespread,giving a sense of motion to a still picture.Even the trees are curving:the wee
4、ping willows with branches cascading down to touch the water;ancient trees of hundreds of years with gnarling old branches;numerous dragon-claw trees,entwining vines,and plum trees with beautifully arched sparse branches.All proclaim the beauty of this curving world.,曲曲折折的回廊沿溪而建，长廊每隔一段便有一亭，小亭伸入水中，亭上
5、方的卷角如鸟翼展翅欲飞，给这静止的画面加入了飞动之势。在江南园林中，就连园子中的花木也多是曲的，高高的柳树，将它柔美的纤条垂落到水面，数百年的古树，展露出它虬曲的老枝。还有数不清的龙爪树、缠绕的藤蔓、萧疏的寒梅，等等，无不在渲染着曲的世界。,Fascinating Stones,Rock formations play an important role in the construction of a Chinese-style garden.Rock formations are as important to a Chinese-style garden as sculptures ar
6、e to a European-style garden,and may signify even more.,The rock formation is modeled after a peak in real life.Between the reality and the reflection,the garden presents a fascinating,picturesque composition.,Essence of a southern garden:the detail making for a perfect garden.,Taihu Lake stone,Thin
7、ness（瘦）,Porosity（漏）,Exquisiteness（透）,Wrinkle（皱）,These four features of Taihu Lake stones describe not only beauty in form but even more,reflect peoples lofty ideals toward life.,Thinness represents unearthliness and aloofness;,Porosity signifies openness and flexibility,which allows for the free flo
8、w of energy;,Exquisiteness describes the characteristics of being fine and delicate in texture,like jade;,while wrinkles are the curving forms and ripple-like lines nurtured by water.,A Sense of Space,To evoke a sense of space,the use of“borrowing a distant view”（望）is a special significance.Function
9、:It enables a visitor to look outside the garden to enjoy a new and greater vista（远景）,and to acquire a feeling of spaciousness,despite being in physically small space.,The colors of the mountain and the light of the lake gather in this building.The building has absorbed a panoramic（全景）view of the la
10、ndscape all around,a good example of“borrowing a distant view.”,Joyous Longevity Hall,in the Summer Palace,“Absorbent windows”（漏窗）through which the sights of different places interact,thus setting the landscape of the garden in motion.,Function:visitors may see different angles,and thus the composit
11、ion of the garden becomes infinitely enlarged.,Pavilions are an integrated part of Chinese gardens.Function:To divert visitors attention from a view in an limited space toward a view out into an infinite space.“The boundless landscape/Converges into one pavilion.”,“江山无限景，都聚一亭中。”,Touring Through a Pa
12、inting,The Canglang Pavilion,“Invaluable are the gentle breeze and the bright moon,lovable are the distant mountains and the nearby rivers.”,The ideal of Chinese landscapists-Sitting in the pavilion and enjoying it can soothe（使平静）the souls of visitors.,To enhance a sense of space,Borrowing scenery（借
13、景）,Dividing scenery（分景）,Separating scenery（隔景）,Borrowing scenery with a mirror（镜借）,Chinese garden designers have adopted a variety of methods to arrange,organize and create space.,Borrowing scenery,This is one of the basic principles that Chinese landscapists generally adopt,and is the principle of“
14、incorporating（混合，合并）background landscape into the composition of a garden”.All of them successfully break through the barrier of walls to integrate inward the landscapes outside.,The pagoda atop Jade Spring Mountain,Liangyi Pavilion,The names of many buildings in Chinese gardens reflect this princip
15、le of“borrowing scenery”.These names suggest that these sites function to bring natural landscapes closer for the appreciation of visitors.,Smoke and Rain Hall,Hall for Listening to the Rain,Moon and Wind Pavilion,Lotus and Wind Pavilion,Dividing scenery,Some scenery divides the landscape into two p
16、arts.A visitor enjoys the different scenery on the two sides at the same time.,Separating scenery,Harmony Garden in the Summer Palace 谐趣园It is a garden within a garden,that is an independent space in itself yet also a space dependent on a larger one.Chinese landscapists believe that the more separat
17、ed a space s,the more spacious it becomes,and the richer the feelings it evokes in visitors.,Borrowing scenery with a mirror,Hanging a mirror opposite a window to absorb the outside scenery.The real world turns into a virtual world.“隔窗云雾生衣上，卷幔山泉入镜中”。“帆影多从窗隙过，溪光合向镜中看”。A pool or lake in a garden also serves this purpose.,To summarize:,Whatever the methods used,every effort is made to achieve the purpose of giving visitors a sense of space in the garden.This is an important and specialized field to understand,if one wants to truly appreciate Chinese aesthetics.,Thanks,
