《国际商务合同文体与翻译课件.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《国际商务合同文体与翻译课件.ppt（91页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、国际商务合同的文体与翻译,Style and Translation of International Business Contracts,商务英文合同的语言特色,Language Features,Language Features of Business Contract,Word Using in Business Contract,Sentence Pattern in Business Contract,3,1,2,Are they good sentences?,The buyer can ask for a claim against the seller because th
2、e seller caused the losses the buyer has to bear.,The buyer shall have the right to lodge a claim against the seller for the losses sustained if any.,买方有权对因此遭受的其他损失向卖方提出索赔,Are they good sentences?,For the full term and even when the contract is finished or cancelled,Party B cannot tell the related t
3、echnical information to the other party.,For the full term and even after the termination or cancellation of the Agreement,Party B shall take all and every necessary care to ensure that such technical information shall not be disclosed to any third party.,在本合同有效期内，甚至在其终止或撤销后，乙方仍需注意保密，不得将该项技术资料泄露给任何第
4、三方。,Language Features,Commercial contract is an agreement,which legally binds the parties concerned according to fixed laws.Therefore,language in commercial contract should be professional or legal,formal and accurate in order to avoid possible disputes and conflicts.,Word Using in Business Contract
5、,Formal legal words,正式法律用语,Formal legal words,商务合同是具有法律效力的经济文书，其语言属于法律范畴。商务英语合同中大量使用的是正式的法律用语及专业词汇，它既不同于文学文本中诗情画意的文字，也不同于生活用语中随性而发的话语。,Formal legal words,The Employer shall give correct technical guidance to the personnel.,雇主应该对有关人员给予正确技术指导。,The Employer shall render correct technical guidance to th
6、e personnel.,Formal legal words,Party A shall repatriate the patient to China and bear the cost of his passage to Guangzhou.,Party A shall send back the patient to China and bear the cost of his passage to Guangzhou.,甲方应将病人遣返中国并负责其往返广州的旅费,Formal legal words,This Contract shall be governed by and con
7、strued in accordance with the laws of China.,This Contract shall be governed by and explained according to the laws of China.,本合同受中国法律管辖，并依照中国法律解释。,Formal legal words,The Appendix hereto shall,through the contract period,be deemed to be construed as an integral part of this Contract.,The Appendix he
8、reto shall,through the contract period,be considered to be construed as an integral part of this Contract.,整个合同期间，本合同附件都应解释为合同不可分割的一部分,Formal legal words,“在之前”一般用“prior to”，而不用“before”；,If the Force Majeure applies prior to the Completion Date,the parties will meet to discuss a revised timetable for
9、 the completion of the Project.,如在竣工期之前遇到不可抗力，双方应开会讨论修改工程竣工的时间表。,Formal legal words,“关于”常用“as regards”，“concerning”或“relating to”，而不会用“about”；,Technical Documentation means the technical indices,specifications,drawings and documents related to Design,Inspection,Erection,Test Runs,Commissioning,Perfo
10、rmance Test,Operation and Maintenance of Contract Plant,details of which are specified in Appendix 2,3,8 and 9.,技术文件：本合同附件二，三，八，九中所列的与合同项目的设计，检验，安装，试车，投料试生产，性能测试，操作，维修等有关的全部技术数据，规格，图纸和文件。,Formal legal words,1.“事实上”用“in effect”，而不用“in fact”；2.“开始”用“commencement”,而不用“start”或“begin”；3.“停止做”用“cease to d
11、o”，而不用“stop to do”；4.“其他事项”用“miscellaneous”,而不用“other matters/events”；,Formal legal words,5.“认为”用“deem”，少用“consider”，不用“think”或“believe”；In the absence of such indication,the Credit shall be deemed to be revocable.如无该项表示，信用证应视为可以撤消的。6.“愿意做”用“intend to do”或“desire to do”，而不用“want to do”,“wish to do”。
12、,Terminology,专业术语,Terminology,商务合同中有很多专业术语，如涉及数字、时间、交货条件、贸易术语以及信用证等方面的专业词汇特别多。翻译的时候必须做到准确无误，否则，将会给双方当事人造成难以估量的损失。翻译者要善于积累相关的专业术语。,比如：Force Majeure(不可抗力)defect（瑕疵）jurisdiction（管辖）damage（损毁），loss（灭失）letter of credit(信用证)bill of lading（提单）bill of exchange(汇票),Terminology,合同中通常会出现订立合同的两方或两方以上的详细名称，为了避免在
13、合同条款中反复出现过长的名称，现将涉及各方的词汇总结如下：甲方 Party A 乙方 Party B买方 the Buyer(s)卖方 the Seller(s)缔约双方 the two contracting parties各方 each party 第三方 a third party任何一方 either party 另一方 the other party,Terminology,Any such assignment,transfer or conveyance shall be without other consideration than the mutual covenants
14、and considerations of this agreement.,任何转让除根据本协议相互契约和对价外不得考虑其他。,三个单词都有转让的含义，其中assignment和conveyance更为专业，后者主要表示不动产的转让,Terminology,the said party of the first part does hereby bargain,sell,grant and convey,in fee simple,with general warranty of title,unto the party of the second part,the following,to-
15、wit:,上述甲方由此交易，出售，转让_,对所有权向乙方作出一般保证如下，即,此处”to-wit”相当于“that is to say(i.e.)”,Old English,古体词，旧体词,Old English,旧体词在现代英语中已经很少使用，但是在法律性文件中却使用广泛。其主要原因是为了避免重复且反映出法律文件的严谨性。旧体词是由介词加前缀或后缀构成，大多数为副词。,第一类：here+介系词 以here开头，加上介系词的传统用字 原则：here+介系词=介系词+this第二类：there+介系词 以there开头，加上介系词的传统用字 原则：there+介系词=介系词+that第三类：wh
16、ere+介系词 以where开头，加上介系词的传统用字 原则：where+介系词=介系词+which,Old English,Hereunder=under this,Each payment to be made hereunder shall be in American currency.,The following terms used in these rules shall have the meanings hereunder assigned to them：,本实施细则下列用语的含义是：,以下规定的每项款额要用美元支付,Hereby:by means of;by reason
17、 of this.特此，因此，兹,Hereby=by this,The Seller hereby warrants that the goods meet the quality standard and are free from all defects.,卖方在此保证：货物符合质量标准无瑕疵。,hereby=by this agreement,Hereby:by means of;by reason of this.特此，因此，兹,Hereby=by this,This contract is hereby made and concluded by and betweenCo.(her
18、einafter referred to as Party A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B)on(data),in(Place),China,on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation.,本合同双方，公司(以下称甲方)与公司(以下称乙方)于(日期)在中国(地点),本着平等互利和友好协商的原则特签订本合同。,Hereto:to this,至此，在此上。在表示上文已提及的“本合同的本文件的”时，使用该词。The parti
19、es hereto:本合同双方Appendix 4 hereto:本协议附件4,Hereto=to this,All disputes arising from the performance of this Contract shall,through amicable negotiations,be settled by the Parties hereto.,对于因履行本合同所发生的一切争议，本合同双方应通过友好协商解决,Hereto=to this,Neither of the parties hereto shall at any time during the continuanc
20、e hereof deal with any of the shares of the Joint Company owned by the said party whether by sale,pledge,gift or otherwise in any manner inconsistent with the carrying out of its obligations hereunder,本合同任何一方都不得在本合同有效期间采用出售，抵押，赠送或其他与履行本合同规定的义务不一致的方式，处理其拥有的合营公司的任何股份。,The terms,conditions and provisio
21、ns hereof本合同的条件和条款。,Hereof=of this 关于此点，在本文中,Foreign trade dealers as mentioned in this Law shall,in accordance with the provisions hereof(本法所称)cover such legal entities and other organizations as are engaged in foreign trade dealings.本法所称的对外贸易经营者是指依照本法规定从事对外贸易经营活动的法人和其他组织。,Hereof=of this 关于此点，在本文中,
22、This decision shall apply to the crimes committed against Article 9,Article 10 and Article 11 hereof by the staff and workers of enterprises other than limited liability companies and companies limited by shares.有限责任公司和股份有限公司以外的企业职工有本决定第九条、第十条和第十一条规定的犯罪行为的，适用本决定。,Herein=in this,Herein:in this.此中，于此。
23、在表示上文已提及的“本合同（中）的本文件（中）的”时，使用该词,The term“company”mentioned herein refers to such a limited liability company or such a company limited by shares as are established within the territory of China in accordance with this Law.本法所称公司是指依照本法在中国境内设立的有限责任公司和股份有限公司。,Thereof=of that,thereof:of that,of it.由此在表示
24、已提及的“人或事的”时，可以使用该词。,The titles to the articles in this Agreement and in the said Exhibits are for convenience of reference only,not part of this Agreement,and shall not in any way affect the interpretation thereof.,本协议的各条款和协议的附录中使用的标题，仅为了查阅方便，并非本协议的构成部分，绝不影响对被协议内容的解释。,Therein=in that,therein:in that
25、,in that particular context,in that respect.在那里，在那点上，在那方面。在表示上文已提及的“合同中的，工程中的”等时，可以使用该词。The contractor shall not,without the prior consent of the Employer,assign the Contract or any part thereof,or any benefit or interest therein or thereunder,otherwise than by:没有业主的事先同意，承包人不得将合同或合同的任何部分，或合同中或合同名下的任
26、何利益或好处进行转让，但下列情况除外：Therein:in the contractThereunder:under the contract,Thereto=to that 随附，附之,“Contract Products”means the products specified in Appendix 2 to this Contract,together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto.“合同产品”指本合同附件2中规定的产品及其改进和开发的产品。,Th
27、e parties thereto shall,in good faith,comply with the decision and award of the arbitration tribunal.双方须以良好的诚信态度遵守仲裁庭的决定。,Thereon/upon=on that 在其上,The parties concerned shall jointly sign the mediation document and the super intendency administration shall confirm it by affixing its sealthereon调解书由当
28、事人各方共同签字，并经港务监督盖印确认,Therefrom=from that 从那里，从此,Party B shall not interfere in such direct dealings nor shall Party B bring forward any demand fe8 for compensationtherefrom.乙方不得干涉此种直接贸易，也无权向甲方提出任何补偿或佣金要求。,Therefore=for that 因此，由此得出,Notice of the delay and the reasons therefore shall be provided in wr
29、iting to the interested party.延迟的通知及其原因应以书面形式向有关当事人提供,Thereafter=after that 之后,The party affected by the event of Force Majuro shall inform the other party of its occurrence in writing as soon as possible and thereafter send a certificate of the event issued by the relevant authorities to the other
30、party within 15 days after its occurrence.但是，受不可抗力事件影响的一方须尽快将发生的事件通知另一方，并在不可抗力事件发生15天内将有关机构出具的不可抗力事件的证明寄交对方,Whereby 凭此协议，凭此条款,Whereby:by the agreement,by the following terms and conditions,常用于合同协议书中以引出合同当事人应承担的主要合同义务。,A sales contract refers to a contract whereby the seller transfers the ownership o
31、f an object to the buyer and the buyer pays the price for the object.买卖合同是出卖人转让标的物的所有权于买受人，买受人支付价款的合同。,Whereof=of which 关于,Whereby:of which,常用于表示关于什么内容，与什么人或者什么事物相关。,In witness whereof,the Parties hereto have caused this Contract to be executed as of the date first written above by their duly author
32、ized representatives.本合同由双方授权的代表于首开日期签订，特此为证,whereas 鉴于，就而论,Whereas:considering that,常用于合同协议书的开头段落以引出合同双方订立合同的理由或依据。,Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology of Party B to manufacture and sell the Contract Products鉴于甲方希望利用乙方的专利技术制造并销售合同产品,Foreign words and expressions,外来词,Foreign words
33、 and expressions,商务英语合同的外来语主要是拉丁语和法语，现在很多已经同化为英语，称为英语词汇的一部分，还有一部分保留下来仍在使用。,Contract 即是来源于拉丁语 Contractus defendant原为法语，现已称为英语词汇,请参照书本第40页,Foreign words and expressions,All allowance on the basis of 2%of the sales price for each unit shall be calculated and deducted from the purchase price fraction pr
34、o rata.,补贴应按单价的2%计算并从购价中按比例扣除,Synonyms,同义词，近义词,Synonyms,在英文合同中，同义词，近义词或相关词语成对出现或多个连用，使合同周密严谨，以减少漏洞和争议。,This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.,本协议由甲方和乙方签订。,Synonyms,2.Party A agrees to purchase from Party B the following commodity under the terms and conditions se
35、t out below.,甲方同意按照下列条款向乙方购买如下商品。,terms and conditions 同义，往往在合同中并列连用表示合同的条款，一般为复数。,Synonyms,3.Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any order sort to collect any account on and after September 20.,自9月20日起，甲方已无权接受任何订单或收据。,on 与after此处属于相关词连用，以明确甲方无权限的时间。,Synonyms,4.The company hereby releases and di
36、scharges Party A from further performance of,and any duties,obligations or liabilities under the amended Agreement.,本公司特此解除甲方已修正协议的进一步履行及其修正协议下的责任和义务。,release和discharge属相关词连用，duty,obligation和liability属同义词连用,Synonyms,5.If the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms,provisions,conditio
37、ns and stipulations of the said Contract,this obligation shall be null or void,but otherwise shall be and remain in full force and effect.,如果承包人切实履行并遵守上述合同的所有条款，条件及规定，此义务即告终止，否则将保持完全有效。,Ambiguity,模糊用语,Ambiguity,During the enforcement of this agreement,if it is found necessary that,in addition to the
38、 machinery and equipment listed herein,some new accessories or additional orders may be made through negotiation by the parties.,Modal Verbs,情态动词,Modal Verbs,情态动词may、shall、should、will、may not、shall not等词语的法律内涵,May在表示合同上的权利（Right）、权限（Power）或特权（Privilege）的场合中使用。May有两种含义，在法律中表示给予某人做某事的权力，若表示某种权利在法律上具有强
39、制性的时候，更多的是“be entitled”。也表示“可能”“或许”等含义。,Modal Verbs,The Buyers may,within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination,lodge a claim against the sellers for shortweight being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor.,货物抵达目的港15天内，买方可凭有信誉的公共检验员出示的检验证明向卖方提出短重索赔
40、。,Modal Verbs,We may also insure the shipment against any additional risks if you desire,but the extra premium is to be borne by you,若你方要求，我方亦可为你方投保任何附加险，但额外的保险费必须由你方承担。,Modal Verbs,shall在合同等法律文件中，shall并不是单纯的将来时，一般用它来表示法律上可以强制执行的义务（Obligation）。如未履行，即视为违约，并构成某种赔偿责任。表示强制性承担法律或合同义务，如表示“应该”或“必须”做某事时，应用“
41、shall”，而决不能用“must”或“should”(在法律文件中往往用作if,只表示“如果”之意)在表示“应该”或“必须”时，有时也可以用will，但力度要比shall弱。,Modal Verbs,The board meeting shall be called and presided over by the Chairman.Should the Chairman be absent,the vice-Chairmen shall,in principle,call and preside over the board meeting.,董事会应由董事长召集并主持，若董事长缺席，原则
42、上应由副董事长召集主持。,Modal Verbs,Shall 表示“义务”和“责任”时通常被翻译成“应当”、“应”，有时被译成“须”乃至“必须”,All inward and outward means of transport,goods and articles shall enter or leave the territory at a place where there is a Customs office.进出境运输工具、货物、物品，必须通过设立海关的地点进境或出境（中华人民共和国海关法第8条）,Modal Verbs,All dispute between two or mor
43、e contracting parties concerning the interpretation or application of the Convention which cannot be settled through negotiation,shall,at the request of one of them,be submitted to arbitration.两个或两个以上的缔约国对本公约的解释或适用发生争执在未能解决时，应根据其中一方的请求提交仲裁。,Modal Verbs,在具有较长实效的一般性法律条文中不译。所以法律条文的英文表达形式跟真理、自然法则、定律的语言表
44、现形式一样，主句动词时态通常都采用一般现在时。,The parties shall,in making a contract,take the form of offer and acceptance当事人订立合同，采取要约，承诺方式。,Modal Verbs,当事人依法享有自愿订立合同的权利，任何单位和个人不得非法干预。,The Parties shall,pursuant to law,have the right to enter into a contract on their own free will,and no unit or person may unlawfully int
45、erfere.,The formation of this contract,its validity,interpretation,execution and settlement of the disputes shall be governed by related laws of the Peoples Republic of China.,本合同的订立、效力、解释、履行和争议的解决均受中华人民共和国法律的管辖。,Should在合同中通常只表示语气较弱的假设，多翻译成“万一”或“如果”，极少译成“应该”。,Modal Verbs,The board meeting shall be c
46、onvened and presided over by the Chairman.Should the chairman be absent,the vice-Chairman shall,in principle,convene and preside over the board meeting.,董事会会议应由董事长召集、主持；若董事长缺席，原则上应由副董事长召集、主持。,Should no settlement be reached through negotiation,the case shall then be submitted for arbitration,Modal V
47、erbs,Should all or part of the contract be unable to be fulfilled owing to the fault of one party,the breaching party shall bear the responsibilities thus caused.,如果协商不能解决争议，则应将争议提交仲裁,由于一方的过失，造成本合同不能履行或者不能完全履行时，由过失方承担违约责任。,Will一般使用在没有法律强制的情况下，也用做表示承担义务的声明，但语气和强制力比Shall弱。May not（或shall not）用于禁止性义务，即“
48、不得做什么”。,Modal Verbs,Sentence pattern in Business Contract,Declarative Sentenceor Statement,陈述句,Declarative Sentence,在英语句子当中，不同的句子类型能够表达不同的含义。陈述句一般用来阐述，解释，说明，规定和判断，要求语气客观平实。感叹句用来表达个人感情色彩，渲染气氛。祈使句多带有命令的语气，直接果敢，比较强势。商务合同中的英语句式基本不会出现感叹句，祈使句和疑问句。,Declarative Sentence,在英文合同中，可用以下形式表示“假设”“如果”等概念,In the eve
49、nt that,in case,on the conditions that,if(if and whenever),in so far as,should,suppose/supposing that,etc,Declarative Sentence,In case part of or all know-how of the above-mentioned technical contents have been published by Party B or third parties,Party A obtains evidence of such publications,then
50、Party A shall no longer be responsible for keeping secret and confidential the part already published.,如上述专有技术的一部分或全部已由第三方公布，而甲方也掌握了已公布的证据，则甲方不再承担保密义务,Long sentence,长句的使用,Long sentence,合同规定缔约双方的权利和义务，具有法律效力。为防止歧义和纠纷，合同须意思完整，结构严谨，因此合同文书中一般采用完整句，而不用省略句或单部句。而完整句中往往含有多重限制、修饰成分和多种复合句或并列句，因此句子结构变得复杂而冗长。合同
