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1、1,Lecture 5,授课题目:morphology.,2,教学目标及基本要求：Teaching target and object,(1)Let students know what morphology is,and how the morphemes are combined into larger units for human communication.(2)Let students know how new words are formed.,3,教学重点 Teaching focus,(1)word and word classes(2)word,morphemes,and
2、allomorph(3)types of morphemes(4)morphological rules(5)the formation of new words,4,Revision exercises,What is phonology?What is the similarities and differences between phonetics and phonology?How can we distinguish a phone,a phoneme and an allophone?What is a minimal pair?Give us some examples.,5,
3、What is Morphology,Morphology studies morphemes and their different forms and the way they combine in word formation.So it refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.Morphology is the study of the internal structure,forms and classes of words.,6,Fo
4、r example:“Purify”-consists of two parts:“pur(e)”and“ify”,from which one can work out a rule:a new form of verb can be formed by adding“-ify”to an adjective.This is called a morphological rule.“doing”-consisted of two parts“do”and“-ing”,from which we can work out a rule:we can put“ing”to a verb to f
5、orm a“-ing participle.形态学研究词素、词素的不同形态(即词素变体)极其构词法.英语形态学是研究英语词素及其构词法的.,7,What is a word?What are the main features of a word?,8,What do you think of the following definitions of a word?,A word is a meaningful group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper.A word is“a minimum
6、 free form”,that is,the smallest form that can occur by itself.,9,The four characteristics of a word,A word is a sound or combination of sounds which we produce voluntarily with our vocal equipment.e.g.“we”wi:A word is symbolic.It stands for something else such as object,happening or ideas.“table”Wo
7、rds are part of the larger communication system we call language.“I teach linguistics”Words help human beings interact culturally with one another.(p.75),10,The definition of a word and the classification of words A word is a meaningful and grammatical language unit which can be used by its own.Ever
8、y word belongs to a certain word class and in English,words can be divided into the following ten classes:n.v.adj.adv.prep.pron.article,determiner,conjunction,interjection.These ten word classes can be divided into Open Class and Closed Class,11,Open Class refers to noun,verb,adjective,and adverb,be
9、cause we can regularly add another morpheme or a new word to these word classes.E.g.“boyfriend”,”dislike”,”impossible”.Open class words are also termed lexical words or content words or variable words for they all carry certain semantic contents.Eg.Book books booksWork works worked workingFast faste
10、r fastest,12,Closed Class refers to prep.Article,conjunction,interjection;pron,prep,and determiner,because it is impossible to add new words to these classes of words.Closed words are also called grammatical words or function words,or invariable words since their roles are largely or wholly grammati
11、cal.,13,Is a word the smallest meaningful linguistic unit?What is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit?,14,What is a morpheme?（词素）A morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that carries grammatical and/or semantic meaning.This means that it can not be further divided into smaller grammatical unit
12、s.A morpheme may be a complete word or an affix.,15,For example:“book”,“help”,clap”,”from”“television”,gentleness”“unavoidable,16,Rely one morphemeRely+able two morphemesRely+able+ity three morphemesUn+rely+able+ity four morphemes,17,Unbearable uneducatedWatchful inspiringSoft-hearted horsemanship,1
13、8,See the exercises 1 and 2 on page 82,19,1)un-+bear+-able2)watch+-ful3)person+-ify(i)+-cation4)un-+exception+-al+-ly 5)un-+educate+-(e)d 6)inspir(e)+-ing7)soft+heart+-ed8)horse+man+-ship,20,1)geography2)inter-+nation+-al+-ly3)forget+-(t)en4)Washington5)inform+-ation6)industry(i)+-al+-iz(e)+-ation7)
14、pre-+dominat(e)+-ant 8)pre-+conscious,21,Allomorph（词素变体）:An allomorph is the different variants of the same morpheme.It can be phonologically or morphologically conditioned.See more on p.82,22,The morpheme representing the plural form of nouns can be expressed by-s,-z,-iz,-vz etc.So the phonetic seg
15、ments-s,-z,-iz,-vz are the morphs of the same morpheme-s,the phonological or orthographic variants of the morpheme s:s.-es,-ves are the allomorphs of the same morpheme representing the plural form of the English words.,23,How many allomorphs does the plural morpheme”-s have?,The plural“s“has many mo
16、rphologically-conditioned allomorphs.For example.(1)(e)s,as in“cats”,“matches”(2)(r)en:as in“oxen”,“children”(3)e-:as in“men”,“women”(4)ee-,as in“feet”,“teeth”(5)zero,as in“sheep”,“deer”,24,How many allomorphs does the past form morpheme“ed”have?,-ed as in“worked”-d as in“lived”Zero as in“put”,25,Ho
17、w many allomorphs does the present participle morpheme form“ing”have?,26,1.2.Types of morphemes:Morphemes are the minimal units of meaning.Morphemes can be divided into Free morphemes自由词素 and Bound morphemes.粘着词素Free morphemes:A free morpheme is one that may constitute a word(free form by itself,suc
18、h as“bed”,”tree”,sing”.”dance”.So free morphemes are something like root.,27,Bound morphemes:a bound morpheme is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme,such as“-s”in“dogs”,”-al”in“national”,“-dis”in“disclose”.They can not stand by themselves.Thus the word distempered has three morpheme
19、s:“dis+temper+ed”,of which temper is a free morpheme.Look at the following words:unavoidable-“un+avoid+able”,“boyishness”-”boy+ish+ness”;“gentlemanliness”-”gentle+man+li+ness”,28,Look at the following words:unavoidable-un+avoid+able“boyishness”-boy+ish+ness;“gentlemanliness”-gentle+man+li+ness,29,Bo
20、und morphemes can be further divided into derivational morphemes（派生词素）inflectional morphemes（曲折词素）;,30,The derivational morphemes mainly refer to the affixes:prefixes and suffixes.They are attached to the other free morphemes and usually change the category and the grammatical function.When they are
21、 conjoined to other morphemes,a new word is derived or formed.e.g.“-ify”,“-ate”,“-ic”etc.,31,Inflectional morphemes（曲折词素）refer to the morphemes which never change their syntactic category but represent the concept of tense and aspect.In English,there are eight inflectional morphemes:“-s(动词第三人称单数）”,“
22、-ed（动词过去式）”,-ing（现在分词）”,“the past participle(-en)”“-s”(名词复数)“-s（名词所有格）”,”-er（形容词比较级）”,“-est（形容词最高级）”.,32,Morpheme,Free morpheme 自由词素,Bound morpheme粘着词素,Derivational morpheme派生词素Inflectional morpheme曲折词素,Prefixes前缀Suffixes后缀,Lexical morphemesFunctional morphemes,33,2.Morphological Rules of word forma
23、tion,Look at the following list of words:A.B.kroup slowly rearm clearly slarm quicklyThe words in column A are only permissible sound sequence without any meanings,but the words in column b are perfect English words made up of two morphemes.The ways words are formed are called morphological rules.Th
24、ese rules determine how morphemes combine to form words.,34,The common morphological rules,1)un+adjective=not+adjective un+even=not+even 2)re+verb=verb+again re+boil=boil+again 3)dis+adjective=not+adjective dis+continuous=not+continuous 4)dis+noun=lack of the noun dis+comfort=lack of comfort,35,5)di
25、s+verb=refuse to/not to verb dis+like=not to like6)in/im/il/ir+adjective=not+adjective/not able to+verb in+formal=not+formal im+perfect=not perfect il+legal=not+legal ir+regular=not regular,36,7)non+adjective=not+adjective non+alphabetical=not alphabetical 8)non+noun=the lack of noun non+English=the
26、 lack of English 9)anti+noun=being against+noun anti+body=being against+body 10)pre+verb=verb+in advance pre+arrange=arrange+in advance,37,11)mis+noun=bad+noun mis+behaviour=bad+behaviour 12)verb+able=able to be verb-ed adopt+able=able to be adopted 13)verb+er=a person+who=verb-s sing+er=a person wh
27、o sing-s 14)noun+less=lacking noun child+less=lacking child,38,15)verb+less=that never+verb-s cease+less=that never cease-s 16)adjective+ness=the quality of+being+adjective loud+ness=the quality of+being+loud 17)noun+ish=belonging to noun Swed+ish=belonging to+Sweden,39,18)noun+ish=having the charac
28、ter of+noun self+ish=having the character of+self 19)noun+ify=become+noun person+ify=become=person,40,3.The formation of New Words,3.1Compounding Compounding or composition is a word-formation process.The way of building new words by putting two words together is called compounding.,41,Three pattern
29、s of compounds,Noun compounds n.+n.Armchair rainbow v.+n.Pickpocket washcloth adj.+n.Bluebird blackroom,42,Verb compoundsNoun+verb:to vacuum-clean;to manhandleVerb+verb:to sleep-walkAdj.+verb:to highlight,43,Adjective compoundsNoun+adj.:color-blind,snow-whiteVerb+adj.Stir-crazyAdj.+adj.Dark-blue,pal
30、e-yellow,44,3.2.DerivationDerivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix,or suffix or both.In other words,meaningful language elements are put together in new combinations such as“television”,transistor”,“defog”,“minibike”.
31、,45,3.3.ConversionConversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.So conversion is also called functional shift.For example:“The enemy attacked us at night.”“The enemy launched an attack on us
32、 at night.”See more on p.88,46,3.4.Blending(拼缀法)Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words,one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms:e.g.“smog”comes from smoke and fog.“medicare”comes
33、 from“medical care,“Brunch”is a blend of“breakfast and lunch”Other examples:videophone/chunnel/motel/gasohol/Eurasia/telecast/hi-tech,47,3.5.Back-formation(逆生法)Backing formation is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is joined by the deletion of a supposed affix
34、from a longer form already present in the language:“beg”from“Beggar,“housekeep”from“housekeeper”,”lase”from“laser”,“babysit”from“babysitter”(see more on p.90),48,3.6.Shortening or abbreviationShortening can be divided into Initialism(首字母缩略词)and acronym(首字母拼音词).Initialism:to use the initial letter of
35、 each of the phrase to form a shortening word and when you read,the letters are simply pronounced as letters.(利用一个短语中的各个词的首字母构成的缩略词叫首字母缩略词,朗读时按字母名称读)e.g.WTO/BBC/VOA/(see more on P.89),49,ATM:automatic teller machineCPU:central process unitDVD:digital video discGDP:gross domestic productGNP:gross nat
36、ional productGRE:Graduate Record ExaminationID:identification card,50,IQ:intelligent quotientMBA:Master of Business AdministrationMPA:Master of Public AdministrationSOS:Save Our SoulSSCI:Social science citation indexSCI:Science Citation Index,是由美国科学信息研究所(ISI)1961年创办出版的引文数据库BRT:Bus Rapid TransitBEC:B
37、usiness English CertificateBFT:Business Foreign Language Test(全国出国培训备选人员外语考试）,51,Acronym:when the initials are not pronounced as letters but rather serve as letters in a new word pronounced as a whole.E.g.TEFL/TESL/OPEC/APEC/NATO/CALL(把一短语中的首字母连在一起,按拼音规则拼读成一个词,这样的词就是首字母拼音词)(see more on p.89),52,AIDS
38、:acquired deficiency syndromeAPEC:Asia Pacific Economic CooperationCALL:computer assisted language learningCALT:computer assisted language teachingOPEC:Organization of Petroleum Exporting CountriesSARS:Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome,53,TEFL:Teaching English as a foreign languageTESL:Teaching Engl
39、ish as a second languageTOEFL:Test of English as a Foreign LanguageGMAT:Graduate Management Admission Test(经企管理研究生入学考试）IELTS:International English Language Testing System,54,Questions for Discussion and Review,1.What is morphology?2.Tell the difference among the word,morpheme and allomorph.3.Describ
40、e the different types of morphemes.4.Define compounding,derivation,conversion,blending,back-formation,shortening,55,5.分析下列单词，说出每个词有多少个词素：Ascendant,specialize,heated,highstyle,imperfection,dinning-room,irregular,unacceptable 6.说出下列前缀的意思，并分别举两个例子：Re-,un-,dis-,anti-,pre-,mis-,post-,56,7.说出下列后缀的意思，并分别举出两个例子：-er,-less,-ness,-ish,-ist,-ify,8.说出下列缩略词的全称EU，OPEC，POW,NATO，prof,memo,flu,fridge,
