电大开放教育《演讲与口才课程》平时作业(14)参考答案小抄.doc

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1、电大开放教育演讲与口才课程平时作业(1)参考答案一、填空题答案1传递信息 言语活动2春秋战国时期 晏子 烛之武 邹忌3演讲学大纲 杨炳乾4五四时期5交替发言 沟通信息 口语表达6使对方要求落空 他的请求 他本身7接受 确定 反应 口语表达 语言交际二、选择题答案1.A 2.A 3.C 4.D 5.D 6.D 7.C 8.ABC 9.ABCDE 10.ABC三、简答题答案1.什么是批评的“三明治法”?就是像三明治一样“面包、火腿、再面包”的包裹法,具体做法是:先表扬、再委婉批评、再表扬,将批评夹在表扬中间,这样的批评方式,突出了表扬的效果,弱化了批评的目的,使人更容易接受。2.能不能说,“道歉”

2、等于“对不起”?“对不起”是一种最简单常用的道歉方式,用这三个道歉,只可以针对一些微不足道的小事,比如你购物时不小心把别人的东西撞到了地上,或者在社交场合临时忘记了对方的名字等等。如果是比较严肃郑重的道歉,是对复杂问题的化解,需要让对方理解你的诚意,这三个字很难到目的,可能要经过多次、反复沟通才能奏效。四、论述题答案1. 举例谈谈你所在学校师生的口才水平状况。要求能运用所学知识进行全面分析,有理有据。2. 为什么提问时要多用开放式问题、少用封闭式问题?封闭式问题只需要一两个词就可以回答,能提供的信息也很简单,如果一味用封闭式问题提问,会导致谈话枯燥,甚至出现令人尴尬的沉默。有人说过,如果不停地

3、回答封闭式问题,就会觉得自己在接受警察讯问。所以要想让谈话继续下去,并且有一定的深度和趣味,就要提些开放式问题。开放式问题就像问答题一样,不是一两个词就可以回答的,需要解释和说明,同时向对方表示你对他们说的话很感兴趣,还想了解更多的内容。(例略)五、案例分析答案有个同学起身时不小心,把同位的水杯碰到地下摔坏了。下面有两种批评他的方式: 小心点,下次起身要帮我看好杯子哦。 你从来就是这么莽撞,不管不顾的。你认为选择哪种批评方式他更容易接受?为什么?前一个方法他更能接受,因为这是善意的提醒方式;而后者难以被对方接受,因为你的话会让他难堪,他应该只是一次无意的过失,你却上升到莽撞不顾后果的高度去批评

4、他,很可能让他反感而关系恶化。,批评时要客观具体,就事论事,切忌东拉西扯。要记住,我们批评他人,并不是批评对方本人,而是批评他的错误的行为,千万不要把对错误行为的批评扩大到对他本人的批评上。山东广播电视大学 开放教育演讲与口才课程平时作业(2)参考答案一、填空题答案1地域变体2湘方言 赣方言 粤方言 闽方言 客家方言3官话方言(北方方言)4上海话 南昌话5标准音 基础方言 语法规范6中华人民共和国国家通用语言文字法 2001年1月1日7三 六8.音质 音色 音强 音高二、选择题答案1.D 2.A 3.A 4.B 5.B 6.C 7.D 8.D 9.D 10.B三、简答题答案1. 简述普通话的标

5、准。普通话的标准有三个:语音,以北京语音为标准音;词汇,以北方话为基础方言;语法,以典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范。2. 什么是“怯场”?简单说,怯场指的是当众说话时害怕和不自然的状态。怯场现象十分普遍,具体表现为担心恐惧、肌肉紧绷、心跳加快等等。四、论述题答案1. 谈谈推广普通话的重要意义。在建设有中国特色社会主义现代化的历史进程中,大力推广、积极普及全国通用的普通话,有利于克服语言隔阂,促进社会交往,对社会主义政治、经济、文化建设具有重要意义。首先,有利于增强民族凝聚力我国是一个多民族、多语言、多方言的国家,推广普及普通话有利于增进各民族各地区的交流,维护国家统一,增强中华民族凝聚力。第二

6、,有利于经济发展随着改革开放和社会主义市场经济的发展,社会对普通话的需求日益迫切,推广普及普通话,营造良好的语言环境,有利于促进人员交流、商品流通和建立统一的市场。第三,有利于提高信息技术水平信息技术水平是衡量国家科技水平的标志之一。语言是最主要的信息载体,语言文字规范化是提高中文信息处理水平的先决条件。推广普及普通话和推行汉语拼音方案有利于推动中文信息处理技术的发展和应用。第四,符合素质教育要求语言文字是思维表达的工具、文化知识的载体和交际能力的依托,因而是素质构成与发展的基础,是文化建设的必要条件。推广普通话是各级各类学校素质教育的重要内容,它有利于贯彻教育面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来的

7、战略方针,有利于弘扬祖国优秀的传统文化和爱国主义精神,加强社会主义精神文明建设。语言文明是人的素质最直接的体现。努力提高人们的语言道德意识,进行语言行为的道德规范,加强语言文明的建设,是社会主义精神文明和国民素质教育的重要内容。2. 为什么说“紧张也是积极因素”?对于当众讲话来说,适度紧张会让我们重视听众,不敢懈怠。只要你在乎听众,想给听众留下好印象,就会重视自己的讲话,不会放任随意。我们前面提到的很多演讲家终身没有消除演讲的紧张也是这个道理,紧张反而提高了他们的表达能力,增强了演说的表达效果。适度紧张时,你也可能感到脉搏加快、呼吸急促,但这只是你身体对外来的刺激保持警觉的反应,这时,它为即将

8、到来的行动做准备,你会因此而想得更快,说得更流畅,常常会比普通情况之下说得更为精辟有力。五、案例分析答案有个同学很努力地学说普通话,但有几个字音总是发不准,比如把“你昨天的作业存在几个问题”说成了“你卓天的卓(去声)业唇寨几个问题”。请你帮他分析一下发音问题,并找出纠正的办法。从这个案例看,这个同学学说普通话已经有了效果,声韵调大部分能正确把握,只是明显存在一个问题:平翘舌不分,他把平舌声母z、c、s全都读成了zh、ch、sh.。纠正时注意,两组声母的区别是发音部位不同,发zh、ch、sh时舌尖上翘,发z、c、s时,舌尖向前平伸,抵住上门齿(或下齿)背。建议除了学习平舌音发音外,还要多做一些字

9、词辨正练习和对比练习。山东广播电视大学 开放教育演讲与口才课程平时作业(3)参考答案一、填空题答案1演讲者 听众2社会性 现实性 艺术性3开头 主体 结尾4口语表达能力 态势语表达能力5自然清晰 节奏鲜明6展示风采 辅助口语 替代口语7站姿 步姿8. 站要直 立要稳9.中区二、选择题答案1.A 2.B 3.D 4.D 5.D 6.D 7.B 8.C 9.B 10.A 11.C 12.C 13.A 14.A 15.B 16.D 17.B 18.C 19.D 20.B 三、简答题答案1.演讲中使用辅助工具时应注意什么?演讲中使用辅助工具的注意事项一是契合主题,即使用的道具要与演讲内容恰到好处的配套

10、。二是适时出示,即辅助工具应先藏好,使用时再拿出来。使用完后,尽快收起来,不要分散听众的注意力。2. 演讲时激发听众参与热情的方式有哪些?演讲中激发听众参与热情的方法主要有以下几种:一是启发互动,二是引导关注,三是请观众参与。四、论述题答案1. 演讲者应如何注重风度讲究礼仪?演讲者从步入会场、登台演讲,到演讲结束,都应该注重风度讲究礼仪。进场。不论听众是否在注意你,都应做到态度谦和,面带微笑,步履稳健地向座位走去。切忌左顾右盼,扭捏作态。就座。演讲者一般按指定位置就座。在就座之前,应与陪同人员或其他演讲者稍事相让,方可落座。先人而坐有失礼节。坐下后不要随便换位、前探后望,也不要和台上台下的熟人

11、打招呼。介绍。当主持人介绍演讲者后,演讲者应自然起立,面向听众点头或微笑致意,估计听众已经看清后再转身坐下。登台。先向主持人点头致谢,然后起身上台。走路时上身要平稳,目视前方,双手自然摆动,步伐稳健。走上讲台后要自然面向听众站好,郑重、恭敬、诚恳地向听众敬礼,并且用亲切的目光环视听众,以示招呼,并借以镇场。演讲的过程要热情大方,尽量以美好的言行举止来传情达意。退场。演讲结束时,向听众敬礼致意之后从容退场。避免退回座位时过于激动匆忙,也不可表现出洋洋得意或羞怯的样子。坐下后,如主持人和听众以掌声向演讲者表示感谢时应立即起立,面向听众致礼,以表示回谢。总之,演讲活动是一种高层次的社交活动,演讲者需

12、要全面了解和掌握礼仪要求,注意自己的一言一行、一举一动,这样才能给人一种彬彬有礼、风度翩翩的印象,才不会因为缺乏风度和礼仪而影响演讲的整体效果。2. 演讲者获取合理知识结构的途径。要具备合理的知识结构,不仅要博览群书,还要体察生活,认真去读“生活这本大书”。博览群书。口才是建立在学识的基础上,由学识转化而来的。必须尽可能做到读万卷书,识万般理。感受生活。口语主体的学识,除了从书本上学到的知识以外,还包括从实际生活中体验到的知识。演讲者需要体察生活,加强生活积累,体会生活,加强情感积累。五、案例分析答案阅读下列材料后回答问题。一位大学教授举行了一场生物专题报告会,因为内容过于专业,会开后时间不长

13、,听众便交头接耳,继而开始喧哗。面对此景,教授并没有以学者或长者身份居高临下,训斥听者,而是巧妙地将“霸王自刎乌江”的历史故事插讲进去。他讲刘邦针对项羽的“天命思想”,利用昆虫的趋向性,用蜂蜜在项羽必经之地乌江岸边写下“霸王自刎乌江”六字,当项羽看见石崖上蚂蚁组成的六字图案后心惊胆寒,自认此乃天意,于是拔剑自刎。这个故事,立刻吸引了听者,会场注意力重新集中,报告会最终成功结束。这位教授是如何实现有效控场的?如果你是这位教授,又会采取什么方式控场呢?这位教授在遭遇冷场时是通过暂时变换话题的办法来吸引听众的注意力。他抓住人们渴望趣味的视听倾向,恰当而又适时地将“霸王自刎乌江”的历史故事插讲进去,使

14、听众的注意力迅速地集中到演讲内容上。这时他再回到原有话题的轨道,效果就要理想得多了。学生回答的其他控场方式,必须要可行,有创意。山东广播电视大学 开放教育演讲与口才课程平时作业(4)参考答案一、填空题答案1.朗诵材料2.语法重音3.反应敏捷性4.外观5.有争议 公开对立 对白体6.学术论辩 赛场辩论 日常辩论7.主旨鲜明突出 合理得体8.信息交流9.语言艺术10.口头语言11.社交语言艺术12.生动形象13.有声语言14.受众15.意境美二、选择题答案1.A 2.A 3.B 4.D 5.B 6.A 7.A 8.D 9.B 10.B 三、简答题答案1.论辩语言的特征有哪些?(1)论辩语言的征服性

15、(2)论辩语言的逻辑性(3)论辩语言的目的性(4)论辩语言的健康性2. 课堂教学导入语设计的指导思想是什么?(1)目标意识。设计的这段话要达到什么目标,采取的是什么讲话策略。(2)吸引意识。怎样讲才能吸引学生?运用什么样的语调、语气、表情、手势,才能引发学生的注意力与兴趣。(3)效率意识。讲得要简明、精要、恰到好处。克服开讲语的盲目性与随意性,不能讲得冗长、啰嗦、不得要领。四、论述题答案1. 面试时,如何进行自我介绍?掌握下列要点作答:1、介绍内容要与个人简历相一致。2、表述方式上尽量口语化。3、要切中要害,不谈无关、无用的内容。4、条理要清晰,层次要分明。2. 作为主人,应如何做到谈话“因人

16、而异”?了解来访者的意图,然后“看人说话”,既可以迅速确定话题,又可以顺应对方的心愿,给人以愉快的感受。相反,不了解来访者的意图,谈话就可能出现“话不投机半句多”的情境。主人要在语速、音量、遣词用句等方面因人而异。(1)语速、音量因来访者年龄而异。来访者可能是年逾古稀的前辈,也可能是几岁的孩童。不同年龄的人有不同的生理、心理特征,主人与其交谈,就应采用不同的语速和音量。对老年人,用较慢的语速、较大的音量与他交谈,能使对方产生被人尊敬的愉悦感;而与小客人交谈则宜轻言慢语、语调柔和,这样能使小朋友产生安全感、亲切感、信任感。(2)遣词用句依来访者文化水平而别。(3)说话语气依来访者的不同目的而变化

17、。前来拜访的客人,往往带着各自不同的目的,主人要善于采用不同的语气与他们交谈。对于前来求助的客人,主人应以体谅对方的心情,站在客人立场说话,语气要平和,给对方一种亲切感、信任感。即使你无能为力,也要给客人留一线希望,可以对他说:“这个问题我可以去了解一下,只要有可能,我会尽力帮忙的。”“你先别着急,一旦有了门路我就打电话告诉你。”对于前来提供信息的客人,主人应采用感叹语气,表达自己的感激之情。如“非常感谢!”“真辛苦你了!”与前来研究问题、商量工作的客人交谈,则宜采用征询、商量的语气。如:“你看这样行不行?”“是不是还有不妥的地方呢?”“对这个问题你的看法是”五、案例分析答案苏东坡在杭州时,佛

18、印看他,并把自己的新诗拿出来,津津乐道地大声朗诵一遍。佛印对苏东坡说:“你看我的这首诗能打几分?”“十分。” 苏东坡回答。“凭什么打十分?”佛印高兴地追问。苏东坡缓缓回答:“七分是读,三分是诗”,加起来不就是十分吗?试分析这一言语交际过程。分析:就本质而言,批评是令对方不快,感到心理压力的事情。没有人喜欢受到批评,涵养再高的人在内心里也是讨厌被批评的。正因为如此,如果批评方式不当,就很容易给双方关系和工作带来消极影响。真正做到恰到好处地批评无疑是一门学问。在这里,苏东坡不是简单地说好说坏,他深知朋友的心理希望得到赞赏,于是迅速做出判断“十分”。按照常规思维,朋友自然欢天喜地。如果仅到此为止,也

19、就不见其高明。可苏东坡接过朋友的话题,打破常规,巧妙解说,“十分”原来是这样的呀,批评的目的也达到了。请您删除一下内容,O(_)O谢谢!【Chinas 10 must-see animations】The Chinese animation industry has seen considerable growth in the last several years. It went through a golden age in the late 1970s and 1980s when successively brilliant animation work was produced.

20、Here are 10 must-see classics from Chinas animation outpouring that are not to be missed. Lets recall these colorful images that brought the country great joy. Calabash Brothers Calabash Brothers (Chinese: 葫芦娃) is a Chinese animation TV series produced byShanghaiAnimationFilmStudio. In the 1980s the

21、 series was one of the most popular animations in China. It was released at a point when the Chinese animation industry was in a relatively downed state compared to the rest of the international community. Still, the series was translated into 7 different languages. The episodes were produced with a

22、 vast amount of paper-cut animations. Black Cat Detective Black Cat Detective (Chinese: 黑猫警长) is a Chinese animation television series produced by the Shanghai Animation Film Studio. It is sometimes known as Mr. Black. The series was originally aired from 1984 to 1987. In June 2006, a rebroadcasting

23、 of the original series was announced. Critics bemoan the series violence, and lack of suitability for childrens education. Proponents of the show claim that it is merely for entertainment. Effendi Effendi, meaning sir andteacher in Turkish, is the respectful name for people who own wisdom and knowl

24、edge. The heros real name was Nasreddin. He was wise and witty and, more importantly, he had the courage to resist the exploitation of noblemen. He was also full of compassion and tried his best to help poor people. Adventure of Shuke and Beita【舒克与贝塔】 Adventure of Shuke and Beita (Chinese: 舒克和贝塔) is

25、 a classic animation by Zheng Yuanjie, who is known as King of Fairy Tales in China. Shuke and Beita are two mice who dont want to steal food like other mice. Shuke became a pilot and Beita became a tank driver, and the pair met accidentally and became good friends. Then they befriended a boy named

26、Pipilu. With the help of PiPilu, they co-founded an airline named Shuke Beita Airlines to help other animals. Although there are only 13 episodes in this series, the content is very compact and attractive. The animation shows the preciousness of friendship and how people should be brave when facing

27、difficulties. Even adults recalling this animation today can still feel touched by some scenes. Secrets of the Heavenly Book Secrets of the Heavenly Book, (Chinese: 天书奇谈)also referred to as Legend of the Sealed Book or Tales about the Heavenly Book, was released in 1983. The film was produced with r

28、igorous dubbing and fluid combination of music and vivid animations. The story is based on the classic literature Ping Yao Zhuan, meaning The Suppression of the Demons by Feng Menglong. Yuangong, the deacon, opened the shrine and exposed the holy book to the human world. He carved the books contents

29、 on the stone wall of a white cloud cave in the mountains. He was then punished with guarding the book for life by the jade emperor for breaking heavens law. In order to pass this holy book to human beings, he would have to get by the antagonist fox. The whole animation is characterized by charming

30、Chinesepainting, including pavilions, ancient architecture, rippling streams and crowded markets, which fully demonstrate the unique beauty of Chinas natural scenery. Pleasant Goat and Big Big Wolf【喜洋洋与灰太狼】 Pleasant Goat and Big Big Wolf (Chinese:喜羊羊与灰太狼) is a Chinese animated television series. The

31、 show is about a group of goats living on the Green Pasture, and the story revolves around a clumsy wolf who wants to eat them. It is a popular domestic animation series and has been adapted intomovies. Nezha Conquers the Dragon King(Chinese: 哪吒闹海)is an outstanding animation issued by the Ministry o

32、f Culture in 1979 and is based on an episode from the Chinese mythological novel Fengshen Yanyi. A mother gave birth to a ball of flesh shaped like a lotus bud. The father, Li Jing, chopped open the ball, and beautiful boy, Nezha, sprung out. One day, when Nezha was seven years old, he went to the n

33、earby seashore for a swim and killed the third son of the Dragon King who was persecuting local residents. The story primarily revolves around the Dragon Kings feud with Nezha over his sons death. Through bravery and wit, Nezha finally broke into the underwater palace and successfully defeated him.

34、The film shows various kinds of attractive sceneries and the traditional culture of China, such as spectacular mountains, elegant sea waves and exquisite ancient Chinese clothes. It has received a variety of awards. Havoc in Heaven The story of Havoc in Heaven(Chinese: 大闹天宫)is based on the earliest

35、chapters of the classic storyJourney to the West. The main character is Sun Wukong, aka the Monkey King, who rebels against the Jade Emperor of heaven. The stylized animation and drums and percussion accompaniment used in this film are heavily influenced byBeijingOpera traditions. The name of the mo

36、vie became a colloquialism in the Chinese language to describe someone making a mess. Regardless that it was an animated film, it still became one of the most influential films in all of Asia. Countless cartoon adaptations that followed have reused the same classic story Journey to the West, yet man

37、y consider this 1964 iteration to be the most original, fitting and memorable, The Golden Monkey Defeats a Demon【金猴降妖】 The Golden Monkey Defeats a Demon (Chinese: 金猴降妖), also referred as The Monkey King Conquers the Demon, is adapted from chapters of the Chinese classics Journey to the West, or Monk

38、ey in the Western world. The five-episode animation series tells the story of Monkey King Sun Wukong, who followed Monk Xuan Zangs trip to the West to take the Buddhistic sutra. They met a white bone evil, and the evil transformed human appearances three times to seduce the monk. Twice Monkey King r

39、ecognized it and brought it down. The monk was unable to recognize the monster and expelled Sun Wukong. Xuan Zang was then captured by the monster. Fortunately Bajie, another apprentice of Xuan Zang, escaped and persuaded the Monkey King to come rescue the monk. Finally, Sun kills the evil and saves

40、 Xuan Zang. The outstanding animation has received a variety of awards, including the 6th Hundred Flowers Festival Award and the Chicago International Childrens Film Festival Award in 1989. McDull【麦兜】 McDull is a cartoon pig character that was created inHong Kongby Alice Mak and Brian Tse. Although

41、McDull made his first appearances as a supporting character in the McMug comics, McDull has since become a central character in his own right, attracting a huge following in Hong Kong. The first McDull movie McMug Story My Life as McDull documented his life and the relationship between him and his mother.The McMug Story My Life as McDull is also being translated into French and shown in France. In this version, Mak Bing is the mother of McDull, not his father.

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