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1、V,The Romantic Period(1820-1900),Time-Line,Monroe Doctrine1823,Hugo:Hunchback of Notre Dame1831Dickens:Oliver Twist1837Dumas:The Three Musketeers1844Poe:The Raven1845Darwin:Origin of Species1859American Civil War1861-1865Twain:Huckleberry Finn1884Bell invents telephone1876,Romanticism(1820-1900),Str
2、essed emotion,imagination,and individualism,Emotional subjectivity basis of arts,Favorite artistic topics:,Fantasy and the supernatural,Period of the Industrial Revolution,Resulted in social and economic changes,Middle Ages/concept of chivalry&romance,Nature:as mirror of the human heart,Architecture
3、 revived Gothic elements,Chapter 1:Romanticism in Music,Many important Romantic composers,Franz Schubert,Bedrich SmetanaAntonin DvorakPeter TchaikovskyJohannes BrahmsGiuseppe VerdiGiacomo PucciniRichard Wagner,Robert SchumannClara SchumannFrederic ChopinFranz LisztFelix MendelssohnHector Berlioz,Muc
4、h individual alteration and adjustment,Continued use of Classical period forms,Greater range of tone color,dynamics,and pitch than in Classical period,Expanded harmonycomplex chords,Characteristics of Romantic Music,Individuality of Style,Composers wanted uniquely identifiable music,Worked to find t
5、heir own voice,In Romantic music,it is far easier to identify individual composers through listening,Expressive Aims and Subjects,Dark topics draw composers,All approaches were explored:,Flamboyance,intimacy,unpredictability,melancholy,rapture,longing,Romantic love still the focus of songs and opera
6、s,Lovers frequently depicted as unhappy and facing overwhelming obstacles,Nationalism and Exoticism,Nationalism:music with a national identity,Exoticism:intentionally implies a foreign culture,Makes use of melodies,rhythms,and instruments associated with distant lands,Uses folk songs,dances,legends,
7、and history of a land,Frequently employed in operas with foreign settings,Program Music,Association with a story,poem,idea,or scene,Understanding the music is enhanced through reading the program or viewing the associated work,Though common in the Romantic,concept had been employed for centuries pre
8、viously,E.g.,La Primavera(from the Four Seasons)by Vivaldi,Many Romantic composers were also authors,Made possible a“union of the arts”,Poets wanted their poetry to be musicalMusicians wanted their music to be poetic,Expressive Tone Color,Composers tried to create unique sounds,Blending of existing
9、instrumentsAddition of new instrumentsNever before had timbre been so important,Enlarged orchestra allowed more instrument colors,Classical 20-60 members vs.Romantic 100,Advances in instrument design allowed more color,Berlioz:Treatise on Modern Instrumentation and Orchestration(1844),Valved brass i
10、nstruments could now play melodiesPiano design improved and range was extended,Orchestration came to be regarded as an art form,Colorful Harmony,Chords built with notes not in traditional keys,Chromatic harmony,Harmonic instability a consciously used device,Wide use of keysFrequent and rapid modulat
11、ion,Expanded Range of Dynamics,Pitch&Tempo,Dynamics ff,pp expanded to ffff and pppp,Extremely high and low pitches were added,Changes in mood frequently underlined by(sometimes subtle)shifts in tempo,Rubato:slight holding back or pressing forward of tempo,Forms:Miniature and Monumental,Some composer
12、s went on for hours,Others music lasted only a few minutes,Written for a single instrument,Required hundreds of performers,Composers wrote symphonies,sonatas,string quartets,concertos,operas,and many other Classically traditional works,Chapter 2:Romantic Composers and Their Public,Demise of the patr
13、onage system,Composers regarded themselves as“free spirits”Decline in aristocratic fortuneNapoleonic wars,New urban classes/new musical topics,Public was entranced by virtuosity,Music conservatories founded in Europe and U.S.,Private music-making increased,Composers and audience came,Few composers w
14、ere financially successful,Piano became fixture in most homes,from the same social class,Most supported themselves through performing,teaching lessons,and/or authoring,Corbis,Chapter 3:The Art Song,Composition for solo voice and piano,Accompaniment integral part of the song,Composers interpret poems
15、,mood,atmosphere and imagery into music,Mood often set at beginning with piano introduction and summed up at end with piano postlude,Linked to vast amount of poetry in this period,Strophic and Through-Composed Form,Strophic form repeats music for each verse,Through-composednew music for each verse,S
16、ometimes modified strophic form used,The Song Cycle,Group of songs unified in some manner,Storyline or musical idea may link the songs,Chapter 4:Franz Schubert,Born in Vienna(1797-1828),Early Romantic composer,Prodigious output,When 18 years old wrote 143 songs,Included 2 symphonies,an opera,and a m
17、ass,Not financially successful,His symphonies were not performed until after his death,At 19 years of age,wrote 179 works,Schuberts Music,Wrote over 600 songs,Also symphonies,string quartets,other chamber music,sonatas,masses,operas,&piano works,The Unfinished Symphony:only 2 movements,not 4,Listeni
18、ng,Erlkonig(The Erlking;1815)Franz SchubertVocal Music Guide:p.224Brief Set,CD 3:12Based upon narrative ballad with supernatural topic by GoetheListen for:Through-composed formPiano portrays galloping horseDifferent characters have their notes pitched atdifferent levels to emphasize dialogDramatic e
19、nding,Chapter 5:Robert Schumann,German,early to mid-Romantic(1810-1856),Problem with hand ended his ambition,Wanted to be piano virtuoso,Temperamentally unsuited for some of the musical positions he attempted,Married his piano teachers daughter,Committed to asylum where he died,Treatments and gadget
20、 made problem worse,Robert Schumanns Music,Wrote piano pieces,art songs,and later symphonies,Piano pieces and art songs frequently in cycles,Known for his gift for melody,Listening,From Carnaval(1834),a cycle of program music by Robert Schumann,Estrella,for his first fiance,Ternary form,note syncopa
21、tion in B section,Listening Guide p.229 Brief Set,CD 3:18,Reconnaissance(Reunion),Ternary form,note B section shift from homophonic to polyphonic texture,Listening Guide p.229 Brief Set,CD 3:20,Chapter 6:Clara Wieck Schumann,German(1819-1896),A leading 19th Century pianist,Pair was friends with Joha
22、nnes Brahms,Married Robert Schumann,One of first well-known women composers,Stopped composing after his deathFocused on performing his works,Clara Wieck Schumanns Music,Stopped composing at age 36,Considered herself primarily a performer,Wrote:,Perhaps related to negative attitude toward women compo
23、sers,Possibly due to her close association with overwhelming geniuses like Brahms and her husband,SongsPiano pieces,A piano concertoA trio for piano,violin,and cello,Listening,Liebst du um Schonbeit(If you love for beauty;1841)Clara Wieck SchumannVocal Music Guide:p.232Brief Set,CD 3:22Based upon a
24、poem by RuckertListen for:Varied strophic form(A A A”)Folk-like quality of melodyPiano fills in spaces in vocal melody at times and at others responds to or continues vocal melody,Chapter 7:Frederic Chopin,Polish born musician(1810-1849),Early to mid-Romantic composer,Wrote almost exclusively for pi
25、ano,Came to Paris at age 21,Europes Romantic Period artistic capital,Made extensive use of piano pedals,Composed mostly for chamber concert,Avoided concert halls,Affair with Aurore Dudevant(a.k.a.George Sand),Chopins Music,Developed personal style at early age,Not program music,but evokes an image,U
26、nique harmonic style influenced others,Most of his pieces are elegant miniatures,Listening,Nocturne in E Flat Major,op.9,no.2Frederic Chopin(1830-31)Listening Outline:p.234Brief Set,CD 3:26Nocturne(night piece)slow,lyrical,intimate piece for pianoListen for:Expressive,emotional presentation withsubt
27、le shifts in tempo and dynamicsNote pedal notation on printed music(p.235),Listening,Etude in C Minor,Op.10,no.12(Revolutionary;1831?)Frederic ChopinListening Outline:p.236Brief Set,CD 3:29Etudestudy piece focusing upon a specific performance techniqueListen for:Speed&endurance required of left hand
28、Not just a study,but interesting music,Listening,Polonaise in A Flat Major,Op.10,no.12(1842)Frederic ChopinListening Guide:p.237Basic Set,CD 5:13Polonaiseoriginated as stately processional dance for Polish nobilityListen for:Triple meterTernaryA B A with coda,Chapter 8:Franz Liszt,Hungarian born com
29、poser(1811-1886),Touring concert pianist until age 36,Virtuoso pianist,Incredible performer and showman”pop star”,Retired from touring&took court position,More time to compose,Later wrote music foreshadowing 20th Century,Liszts Music,Extremely controversial,Created symphonic poem(tone poem),Broke aw
30、ay from strict Classical forms,Some call it“Bombastic”and“vulgar”Others say that it is the ideal music,Listening,Transcendental etude no.10 in F Minor(1851)Franz LisztListening Guide:p.240Basic set,CD 5:18Listen for:Shifting tempoExtreme emotionalismHigh degree of difficulty for performer(virtuoso p
31、iece)Ternary form with a coda,Chapter 9:Felix Mendelssohn,German composer(1809-1847),Early to mid-Romantic period,Wrote symphonies,concertos,sonatas,and other works before being teenager,Developed early,Responsible for revival of Bachs music,Died of a stroke while touring,Mendelssohns Music,Somewhat
32、 more conservative,Avoids emotional extremesProjects both elegance and balance,Wrote enormous amount in all forms of his day,except opera,Only a few of his works are regularly performed today,Listening,Concerto for Violin and Orchestra in E Minor,Op.64(1844)Felix MendelssohnFirst MovementListening G
33、uide:p.242Basic Set,CD 5:24Listen for:Controlled emotionalismSimple,singing melodiesCadenza near the end for soloist,Chapter 10:Program Music,Instrumental music associated with a story,poem,idea,or scene,Non-program music is called absolute music,Usually performed with written explanation of the pie
34、cea program,In Romantic Period,program music usually for piano or orchestra,Program symphonymulti-movement/orchestral,Common types:,Concert overturemodeled on opera overture,Symphonic poem(or tone poem)1 movement,orchestral,flexible form,Incidental musicfor use before or during a play,Chapter 11:Hec
35、tor Berlioz,French composer(1803-1869),Mid-Romantic Period,Passionate&unpredictable,Major award for Fantastic Symphony,One of the first of the great conductors,Autobiographicalprogram note p.247,Wrote unconventional music,Worked as music critic for support,Berliozs Music,Imaginative,innovative orche
36、strations,Pioneered concept of idee fixe,Required huge resources,As a pioneer,his work was not always understood by his listening public,Listening,Symphonie Fantastique(Fantastic Symphony)Hector Berlioz(1830),Fourth Movement:March to the ScaffoldProgram notes:p.248Listening Outline:p.248Brief Set,CD
37、 3:30,Listen for:Program material and how related to the musicReturning melody for idee fixe,Listening,Symphonie Fantastique(Fantastic Symphony)Hector Berlioz(1830),Fifth Movement:Dream of a Witches SabbathProgram notes:p.250Listening Guide:p.250Basic Set,CD 5:34,Listen for:Program material and how
38、related to the musicReturning melody for idee fixe,Chapter 12:Nationalism in 19th Century Music,National identity grew during the Romantic,Citizens,not mercenaries now fought wars,Bonds of language,history,and culture formed,Led to unifications creating Germany and Italy,Composers deliberately gave
39、their works distinctive national identity,Use of folksongs and folkdances,Created original melodies with folk flavor,Wrote operas and program music inspired by native history,legends,and landscapes,Strongest impact in countries dominated by music of Germany,Austria,Italy and France,Listening,The Mol
40、dau(1874)Part of the cycle Ma Vlast(My Country)Bedrich SmetanaSymphonic poem depicting the main river that flows thorough the Bohemian(Czech)countrysideProgram notes:p.253Listening Outline:p.254Brief Set,CD 3:34Listen for:Program material and how composerrelated it to the music,Chapter 13:Antonin Dv
41、orak,Followed Smetana composing Czech national music(1841-1904),As teenager,played in orchestra under Smetana,Became director of the National Conservatory of Music in New York,Later returned to Prague Conservatory,Urged Americans to write nationalist musicWrote From the New World during 1st year,Got
42、 his break when Brahms heard him,Listening,Symphony No.9 in E Minor(From the New World;1893)Antonin DvorakFirst Movement:Adagio;Allegro moltoListening Guide:p.257Brief Set,CD 3:41Listen for:Based upon American folk melodiesUse of non-major/minor scalesSonata form(but with 3 themes,not 2),Chapter 14:
43、Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky,Russian,Late Romantic(1840-1893),Married,divorced two weeks later,Supported by benefactress(patron),Did not start until age 21,Studied music in Russia,They corresponded but never met,Traveled Europe and United States,By age 30 had a symphony,opera,tone poem and his first gre
44、at orchestra work,Tchaikovskys Music,Wrote symphonies,concerti,overtures,operas,and more,Fused Russian folk music and European style,Listening,Romeo and JulietOverture-FantasyPeter Ilyich TchaikovskyListening Guide:p.260Basic Set,CD 5:44Listen for:Depicts events and characters,but is nota re-telling
45、 of the storyDifferent melodies for characters/groupsof characters and eventsLove theme has become very well known,Chapter 15:Johannes Brahms,German composer(1833-1897),Became close friends with the Schumanns,Lived with Clara while Robert in asylumLifelong friends with Clara,he never married,Son of
46、a musician(father played bass),At 13,studied music by day/played gigs by night,Studied earlier composers works in detail,Especially Bach,Haydn,Mozart&Beethoven,Bettmann/Corbis,Brahmss Music,Considered somewhat conservative due to his use of classical forms,Wrote in all traditional forms except opera
47、,Listening,Symphony No.3 in F Major,Op.90Johannes BrahmsThird Movement:Poco AllegrettoListening Outline:p.264Brief Set,CD 3:48Listen for:Classical form with Romantic harmoniesScherzo form(A B A)Triple meter,as in Classical 3rd movementReduced instrumentation for movement,Chapter 16:Giuseppe Verdi,It
48、alian(1813-1901),Studied in Busseto&Milan,Supported by patronMarried patrons daughter,Mid-and late-Romantic composer,Wrote operas with political overtones,Nationalist,supported unification of Italy,Critics blasted him scandalous subjects,Seemed to condone rape,suicide,and“free love”,Known for opera,
49、Verdis Music,Wrote for middle-class audience,Favorite topic:love story w/unhappy ending,Final opera ends with“All the worlds a joke!”,Listening,La donna e mobile(Woman is fickle)Aria from Rigoletto(1851)Giuseppe VerdiListening Guide:p.268Basic Set,CD 6:20Listen for:Middle class topic,as in Classical
50、 periodText Familiar melody,Chapter 17:Giacomo Puccini,Italian(1858-1924),Known primarily for operas,Late-Romantic composer,Became wealthy and world famous due to the popularity of his music,Opera La Boheme his first major success,Bettmann/Corbis,Made use of Exoticism,setting his operas in foreign p
