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1、Los Angeles,L.A.,IdentificationHistoryby 潘一创PopulationTransportby 卢世康Urban FormFamous buildingsby 王盼盼,Identification,Los Angeles,which is Spanish for The Angels,is the 2nd most populous city in the U.S.and it has the 14th largest urban area in the world.洛杉矶,这是西班牙的天使,是第二最多的城市在美国和它有14世界上最大的城市。,Los Ang
2、eles is located in the South Western part of the United States,in California,on the Pacific coast.洛杉矶位于美国西部南部,在加州,在太平洋海岸,History,Los Angeles history from ancient times through the Los Angeles Mexican history and war,through the history of the Gold Rush and its effect on Los Angeles.洛杉矶的历史从古代到洛杉矶墨西哥历
3、史和战争,通过淘金热的历史和它对洛杉矶的影响。,And the 1920s history of Los Angeles,the Roaring Twenties,and the arrival of the Movie Industry,Aviation and the population boom history of the City of Los Angeles.The history of Los Angeles takes us back about 10,000 years ago,when pre-historic Mammoths,Saber Tooth Tigers an
4、d rare Camels roamed the land we now call Los Angeles.和1920年代的历史洛杉矶,爵士乐时代,和电影工业的到来,航空和人口激增洛杉矶这座城市的历史。洛杉矶的历史带我们回大约10000年前,当史前猛犸象,军刀牙老虎和罕见的骆驼在土地我们现在所称的洛杉矶。,Mammoths At The La Brea Tar Pits In Los Angeles,The Los Angeles River In The 1920s,The earliest history of Los Angeles tells of ancient Native Ame
5、rican settlers,mostly the Chumash and the Yang-Na tribes living along the Los Angeles river,which is a vital history of the Los Angeles river.The Indian tribes made day trips to La Brea,which is the word for tar in Spanish,to collect sticky tar used for their habitats and buildings.洛杉矶的最早历史讲述了古代印第安人
6、移民,大多Chumash和Yang-Na部落住洛杉矶河沿岸,它是一个至关重要的洛杉矶河的历史。天去拉布雷亚的印第安部落,这是焦油在西班牙语中,这个词收集粘性沥青用于它们的栖息地和建筑物。,It wasnt until 1542 that the Portuguese navigator Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo,under the Spanish crown,first identified the area for Europes map makers.But then Spain did not pay any attention to the Los Angeles
7、 area for another 200 years.When the Spaniards became worried about Russia and Britain,they christened the river near the Yang-Na Indian Village for Nuestra Senora,La Reina de Los Angeles,in English it translates to Our Lady,Queen of The Angels.The town,Pueblo of Los Angeles,was officially establish
8、ed in 1781.直到1542年,葡萄牙航海家胡安罗德里格斯Cabrillo根据西班牙王室,首次发现该地区为欧洲的地图制造商。但随后西班牙没有注意另一个200年的洛杉矶地区。当西班牙人成为担心俄罗斯和英国,他们命名为当时印度Yang-Na村附近的河流,La雷纳de洛杉矶,在英语中,它意味着我们的夫人,皇后的天使。洛杉矶,普韦布洛,于1781年正式成立。,More Los Angeles History,Los Angeles Mexican American History,In 1822,Mexico won its independence from Spain,and Alta Ca
9、lifornia became part of Mexico.At that time,the Spanish Missions in California changed from religous to civil use,and their vast land and livestock holdings were given in huge grants to prominent Mexican families,creating huge Rancheros.After the Mexican-American War,Mexico ceded California to the U
10、nited States in 1848.1822年,墨西哥从西班牙独立,赢得和上加利福尼亚成为墨西哥的一部分。当时,西班牙在加州任务改变从严厉到民用,和他们持有大量土地和牲畜有巨大的赠款著名的墨西哥家庭,创造巨大的住处。美墨战争后,1848年墨西哥把加州割让给美国。,Los Angeles And The Gold Rush History,The Los Angeles history was greatly affected by the Great Gold Rush,洛杉矶的历史是极大地影响了伟大的淘金热,which brought hundreds of thousands of
11、fortune seekers to the territory.The ranchers and growers of Los Angeles speculated and prospered while shipping high priced cattle and farm crops north to the frenzied miners,known as the 49ers to the first full year of the gold rush that started in 1849.California became a state in 1850 at the hei
12、ght of the gold rush.As gold became scarcer and the 49ers stopped coming,the transcontinental railroad was opened,on May 10 1869,uniting California and Los Angeles with the rest of United States.The sleepy Los Angeles basin,with its ideal climate,became a source for citrus fruit,bananas and other co
13、mmodities for the cities east of the Rocky Mountains.,Los Angeles In The 1920s,By 1920,the history of the Census showed that the City of Los Angeles had surpassed San Francisco,到1920年,人口普查的历史显示,洛杉矶已经超过了旧金山,肿胀500000居民 swelling to 500,000 residents.The Roaring Twenties were a time of explosive growth.
14、Oil was discovered all around Los Angeles.ARCO,Unocal,and Standard Oil opened up head quarters in Los Angeles.At tis time the Motion Picture Industry discovered Los Angeles and began leaving New York City for Hollywood.Banking,finance and insurance companies started to locate in Los Angeles thriving
15、 downtown financial district.The very first neon sign in the country was illuminated near La brea Avenue in Los Angeles,creating a new look for the city(and the nation).,Hollywood Boulevard Los Angeles,The Carleston dance craze drew such large crowds to late night Los Angeles dance marathons,so the
16、events were banned by the Los Angeles City Council in 1928 as a public health hazard.Water suplies in the Sierra Nevada mountains were purchased by the City of Los Angeles and pumped hundreds of miles through networks of aquaducts to supply the huge demand for new homes.By 1930,the citys population
17、had more than doubled again to 1.23 million residents.In 1932,Los Angeles became a World class city,when it hosted the Olympic Games at the specially built Los Angeles Coliseum.,Howard Hughes,During the 1930s,40s and 50s,as World War unfolded,giantAviation comapanies became the largest employers led
18、 by the enterpreneur founders Howard Hughes,Donald Douglas,Malcomb Longhead and John Northrup.The port of Los Angeles,and its next door neighbor city Long Beach,became one of the busiest shipping harbors in the World.1930年代,40年代和50年代,世界大战爆发,巨人航空comapanies成为最大的雇主企业家领导的创始人霍华德休斯,唐纳德道格拉斯Malcomb长头和约翰贝蒂。洛
19、杉矶港,隔壁邻居城市长滩,成为世界上最繁忙的海运港口。,Population,Los Angeles has grown more than any major metropolitan region in the high income world except for Tokyo since the beginning of the twentieth century,and also since 1950.In 1900,the city(municipality,see Note)of Los Angeles had little over 100,000 people and ran
20、ked 36th in population in the nation behind Allegheny,1900年,市(直辖市,见注)的洛杉矶人口超过100000人,排名第36在阿勒格尼背后的国家 Pennsylvania(which has since merged with Pittsburgh)and St.Joseph Missouri(which has since lost more than one quarter of its population).As people moved West in the intervening decades and especially
21、 after World War II,the Los Angeles area exploded in population.By 1960,the Los Angeles metropolitan area,which was then and is now composed of Los Angeles and Orange counties,had passed Chicago to become second in population only to the New York metropolitan area.It was to take considerably longer
22、for the city of Los Angeles to pass the city of Chicago as the nations second largest municipality,though this occurred by the 1990 census.,Growth from 1900:The CSA had only 250,000 people in 1900,though grew to nearly 5,000,000 in 1950.By 2010,the population was nearing 18 million,a figure not much
23、 less than that of Australia,at 22 million(Table 1).Indeed until 1990 the Los Angeles CSA population was closing in on Australia.However,since that time population growth in the Los Angeles area has slowed considerably and Australia should remain larger,The city of Los Angeles had grown 88 percent f
24、rom 1950 to 2000,but over the past decade added only three percent to its population.Even more spectacular declines in growth occurred in the rest of the CSA.For example,Orange County had grown 1200 percent between 1950 and 2000 yet grew only six percent in the last decade.洛杉矶这座城市从1950年到2000年增长了88%,
25、但在过去的十年里增加了人口只有百分之三。下降更显著增长发生在CSA的其余部分。例如,奥兰治县还在1950年到2000年之间增长了1200%在过去十年里仅增长了百分之六。Growth:2000 to 2010:The population growth in the Los Angeles CSA was widely dispersed and away from the core.The central area(urban core)of the city Los Angeles extends from the Santa Monica Mountains to South Los An
26、geles and from the boundaries of Beverly Hills,West Hollywood and Culver City to East Los Angeles grew only 0.7 percent.Uniquely,the central area densified strongly between 1960 and 2000,while other urban cores nearly all declined in population,whether in the United States or Western Europe.Much of
27、this was due to strong immigration from Mexico,other parts of Latin America,as well as Asia.The inner suburban ring,which includes the balance of Los Angeles County south of the Santa Susana and San Gabriel Mountains as well as the older northwestern Orange County suburbs grew by 1.5 percent.Within
28、this area,32 inner suburbs(all in Los Angeles County)grew from 1.766 million to 1.767 million(0.1 percent)from 2000 to 2010(Note 2).The outer suburbs,which include the balance of Orange County(including the Mission Viejo urban area)and the western portions of Riverside and San Bernardino counties(in
29、cluding the Riverside San Bernardino urban area)grew 19 percent.,More remote areas of the desert extending to the Nevada and Arizona borders added 42 percent to their population(Figure 1 and 2).,The exurban areas,which include areas outside the core urban areas of Los Angeles,Riverside-San Bernardin
30、o and Mission Viejo grew 30 percent.The hot spots included Ventura County,the Santa Clarita Valley,the Antelope Valley,the Victorville-Hesperia area,the Coachella Valley(Indio-Palm Springs),the Hemet area and the Temecula-Murrieta area.An argument could be made that Temecula-Murrieta would be in the
31、 San Diego metropolitan area if metropolitan areas were defined by smaller area units,such as municipalities(as in Canada)or census tracts.The exurban areas are more attractive to residents at least in part because of considerably less expensive housing and their greater availability of detached hou
32、ses than in the three core urban areas.,The dispersion of population was also evident in the city of Los Angeles.For decades,the city of Los Angeles has grown strongly.Approximately one-quarter of this growth since 1960 has been the densifying central area,as noted above.,However,little noted is the
33、 fact that most of the citys growth was greenfield suburban in nature,built at low and moderate densities and largely car-oriented.For most of the past fifty years the growth has been“over the hill”in the San Fernando Valley,a formerly rural area which was annexed by the city before 1930.Between 195
34、0 and 2010,the population of the San Fernando Valley grew from 300,000 to 1,400,000.Thus,the Valley grew like virtually every fast-growing historical core city in the nation that has grown since 1950,by filling up empty land(Figure 3).,City of Los Angeles:,The Future:Growth or Stagnation?,After more
35、 than a century of spectacular growth,Los Angeles demographic juggernaut is stagnating and could conceivably go in reverse due to declining immigration,an exodus of middle class and working class families.Indeed Even the strong growth in the outer suburbs and exurbs was not sufficient to drag the re
36、gional population increase(9 percent)up to the national rate of 10 percent between 2000 and 2010.The immediate prognosis should be for even slower growth.The financial,regulatory and cost of living disadvantages of California are widely recognized by households and businesses alike.With stronger reg
37、ulations in the offing,such as the stronger land use restrictions likely to occur as a result of Senate Bill 375,any future growth on the periphery could be dampened.Even with multi-billion support in terms of tax breaks and public investment,the central core seems unlikely to come close to making m
38、uch of a real difference,at least beyond the media.Los Angeles may not be on the road to Rust Belt stagnation,but the dynamism of the last century is no more.,Transport,Public transportation within Los Angeles is the largest mode of transportation within the city.People within Los Angeles rely on th
39、e bus systems,rail and subway system.It is the bus system that is most largely used by the inhabitants.It is the second busiest in the country,hosting nearly one and a half million daily riders on it.Its bus routes are no less extensive than those of other larger cities such as New York City,New Yor
40、k.The subway system is also not exactly lacking in participating commuters,being the ninth-busiest in the United States.Its rail system is currently the third-busiest.Los Angeles is center of the commuter rail system Metrolink,which is the connection between Los Angeles and some of the nearby suburb
41、s and counties.公共交通在洛杉矶最大的运输方式在城市。人们在洛杉矶依靠总线系统、铁路和地铁系统。这是公交系统最主要使用的居民。它是美国第二大繁忙的国家,举办近一个半每天百万乘客。其广泛的公交线路不低于其他大城市如纽约,纽约。地铁系统也不是完全缺乏参与的上班族,在美国的运量。其目前以外最繁忙的铁路系统。洛杉矶Metrolink通勤铁路系统的中心,是连接洛杉矶和一些附近的郊区、县。,Just as the Eiffel tower comes to mind as the symbol of Paris,and the Statue of Liberty symbolizes New
42、 York,the internationally recognized symbom of Los Angeles is the freeway.Los Angeles is known the world over as the prototype city of the late twentieth century by both its critics and detractors,and its very essence is to be found in its transport system as well as its far flung mix of low and mod
43、erate density communities connected by thousands of miles of high capacity freeways.It is obvious that transport systems have been a central object of policy makers throughout the evolution of Los Angeles.They remain today among the most important objects of policy making and political controversy,a
44、nd are likely to be equally critical in determining the future of the metropolitan area.一样埃菲尔铁塔是巴黎的象征,自由女神像象征着纽约,洛杉矶的国际公认的symbom是高速公路。洛杉矶闻名世界的原型城市二十世纪后期批评者和批评者,及其本质是在其运输系统以及它的遥远低和中等密度社区通过数千英里的大容量高速公路连接。很明显,运输系统被政策制定者的一个核心对象在“洛杉矶的进化。他们今天仍然是最重要的决策和政治争议的对象,和可能会同样确定市区的未来的关键。,Los Angeles is well known ar
45、ound the world as an automobile-oriented low density community,yet recent transportation policies have emphasized greater capital investment in rail transportation than in highways,and recent policies have attempted to discourage automobile usage through transportation demand management.洛杉矶是众所周知的世界各
46、地作为automobile-oriented低密度社区,然而最近的交通政策强调更大的资本投资铁路运输比公路,汽车使用量的和最近的政策试图阻止通过交通需求管理。,While these policies have accomplished small shifts toward public transport and somewhat lower dependence upon singly occupied automobiles for work commuting,the financial costs of these policy changes has been very larg
47、e in relation to their benefits.Proper pricing of transportation alternatives,more creative use of new and emerging transportation technologies,and the provision of many more opportunities for simpler private sector transport services,would all appear to be more promising as cost-effective approache
48、s to coping with congestion in Los Angeles than the current regional transportation policies.虽然这些政策有所成就小向公共交通转移,降低依赖单独占领汽车上班通勤,这些政策变化的金融成本非常大的好处。运输选择适当的定价,更多的创造性使用新的和新兴的运输技术,和提供更多的机会,更简单的私人部门的运输服务,都似乎更有前途,有成本效益的方法应对交通拥堵在洛杉矶比当前区域交通政策。,Los Angeles is in the midst of its third major transport crisis of
49、 the twentieth century.By that t mean that it is experiencing the third period during which transport issues have risen to the top of the regions agenda,with extremely high levels of public awareness and concern,and a continuing sense of urgency among regional officials And,while the causes of the c
50、urrent traffic crisis are similar to those in the past,the recent responses of public policy makers have differed from those of the past in that congestion is now being addressed by means other than major expansions in highway capacity.It remains to be seen whether the current approach will prove me
