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1、Cognitive Linguistics-New Approach to Language Study,张征Tel:13187025076QQ:741924794,Main Contents,Self-IntroductionThree Approaches in Linguistic StudyAn Introduction to Cognitive LinguisticsReferences and Requirements,Self-Introduction,EducationMaster Degree Linguistics(Specifically in Pragmatics)Hu
2、nan Normal University(1994-1997)Doctor Degree Linguistics(Pragmatics)Beijing Normal University(2004-2007)Research InterestsPragmatics History of LinguisticsCognitive LinguisticsFunctional LinguisticsLinguistic philosophyLanguage teaching,Initial questions,What is linguistics?What is language for?How
3、 many linguistic schools do you know(have you ever encountered)?What features do they have?Whats the relationship between the“form”and the“function”?What do you think cognitive linguists are mainly concerned with?Whats your expectation about this course?,Three Approaches in Language Study,Structural
4、 ApproachFunctional ApproachCognitive Approach,Structural Approach,To Study the inner structure of language itself,the relationship between the elements in language-Syntagmatic&Paradigmatic To conduct the linguistic study by stressing on the structure of languageSaussure:Father of the Modern Linguis
5、ticsThe central task for the scholars after Saussure:to study the structure of language,The beginning of modern linguistics,What is linguistics?The scientific study of languageHow to study language?Historically:how languages changeComparatively:similarities and differencesPhilosophically:how languag
6、e expresses thoughtSocially:how language is affected by social environmentsPsychologically:how people actually use language,But:what is language?,Ferdinand de Saussure(索绪尔）1857-1913Swiss linguistFamous for his book Course in General LinguisticsPublished in 1916,after his deathBased on lecture notes
7、taken by studentsFather of modern linguisticsDrew several very important distinctions in the study of language(see blow),Langue vs.parole(language vs.speech),the system of languagea set of social conventionsexists in the mind of each speakerlearned by each speakerall speakers have the same systemmor
8、e or less fixeda speaker is powerless to create it or modify it,actual speechan individual act of the will and the intelligencea speaker has freedom in uttering sentences,is free to choose what to sayancillary/accidentalThe speeches of two speakers may be rather different,Langue vs.parole,Parole mak
9、es use of langueBut they are separate:a man who loses the ability to speak nonetheless retains his grasp of the language systemSimilar to Chomskys distinction between:competenceperformance,Signifier vs.Signified符号施指符号受指,Langue should be the object of our studyLangue is a system of signs(符号)Each sign
10、 has two sides:soundvalue(concepts,ideas),The two sides of the sign tree,Syntagmatic(连锁)vs.Paradigmatic/Associative选择/联想,We should study langue,a system of signsBut how to study it?What relationships exist among signs?syntagmaticparadigmatic,Syntagmatic relations,In speech,words are strung together
11、one after another,in a linear orderIt is a fine day todaythe life of a manre-readThis sequential relation is called a syntagmatic relationThe units in a sentence/phrase/word are syntagmatically related,Paradigmatic/associative relations,for teacher,you can think of:to teach,to study,to work,worker,l
12、awyer,student,banker,education,school,for John runs fastPeterjumpsslowlyshe/hegets upearlythe manreadswith easeeach is paradigm,Synchronic vs.Diachronic,Synchronic studystudy the language system at a given periodtreat the system as being staticconcentrate on one language and on the speakers knowledg
13、e of the languageDiachronic studystudy the language systems in different periodsconcentrate on how languages changeoften needs to study several different languages,Synchronic vs.Diachronic,Saussures Major Contributions,Distinguish between synchronic and diachronic studies of languagelanguage can be
14、studied synchronicallydoes not need to consider historyDistinguish between langue and paroletreat language as a systemdefine the units of languagestudy the relations among units and the rules of combinationsynchronic study of langue=modern linguistics,The other Structural Schools,Prague SchoolAmeric
15、an StructuralismDescriptive StructuralismExplanatory Structuralism(T-G Grammar),The Functional Approach,Function The role a linguistic form plays in its structureThe communicative role of a linguistic formFunctionalismA trend of thought:Describe and explain the grammatical,semantic and phonological
16、structure of language through the study of the function in social communicationRepresentative Schools,Representative Schools,Prague SchoolPhonology(combine:minimal pairs)London SchoolContextLinguistic contextSocial contextStress the Semantics aspect of languageSystemic Functional Linguistics,Three M
17、eta-Functions according to SFL,Ideational InterpersonalTextual,Cognitive Linguistic approach,General introductionThirty years of development(Divided into three 10-years)Two key commitmentsThree philosophical assumptionsThe Philosophical foundation for Cognitive Linguistics:experiential realismFour f
18、ounding fathersThree main approaches in Cognitive Linguistics The main contents,General introduction,Cognitive linguistics is a modern school of linguistic thought that originally emerged in the early 1970s out of the dissatisfaction with formal approaches to language.Rooted in the emergence of mode
19、rn cognitive science in the 1960s and 1970sBased on our experience of the world and the way we perceive and conceptualize it.Language reflects patterns of thought.CL attempt to describe and account for its systematicity,its structure and the functions.,Thirty years of development,The first 10-years:
20、Rudimentary stage(1975-1985)Series of speech in 1975(in the linguistic summer camp for California Univ.Berkley school)Paul Kay on Focal colorsEleanor Rosch on categorization theoryLeonard Talmy on the English spatial relationCharles Fillmore on schematic semanticsMonographsLangacker started his stud
21、y on cognitive grammar in 1976Lakoff et al.1977 Linguistic gestaltTalmy,1975 Figure and ground in complex sentencesLakoff&Johnson 20031980 Metaphors we live by,Thirty years of development,The second 10-years:Establishing period(1986-1995)MonographsLakoff,George.1987.Woman,Fire and Dangerous Things:W
22、hat Categories Reveal about the WorldLangacker,Ronald W.1987.Foundations of Cognitive Grammar:Theoretical Prerequisities.Vol.I.Langacker,Ronald W.1991.Foundations of Cognitive Grammar:Descriptive Application.Vol.II.Johnson,Mark.1987.The Body in the Mind:The Bodily Basis of Meaning,Imagination,and Re
23、ason.Fauconnier,Gilles.1985.Mental Space:Aspects of Meaning Construction in Natural Language.Goldberg,Adele E.1995.Construction:A construction grammar approach to argument structure.,The second 10-years:Establishing period(1986-1995,1989 Ren Dirven(German scholar)invited Lakoff,Langacker,etc.to Duis
24、burg to attend Symposium on Cognitive Linguistics-Later it was regarded as the first International Cognitive Linguistic Conference(ICLC1),and International Cognitive Linguistic Association(ICLA)was established1990 the birth of Cognitive Linguistics(the periodical)“A symposium organized by Ren Dirven
25、 and held in Duisburg in the spring of 1989 marked the birth of cognitive linguistics as a broadly grounded,self-conscious intellectual movement.”(Langacker 20021991”xv),Thirty years of development,The third 10-years:Mature Period(1996-2006)Talmy,Leonard.2000.Toward a Cognitive Semantics.Vol.I,II.Co
26、gnitive linguistic development in various countriesThe establishment of CLA in the Great Britain,Japan,Germany,France,Russia,China,etc.In China,from 2004,China International Forum on Cognitive Linguistics,the invited:Lakoff,Taylor,Langacker,Talmy,Fauconnier,Sinha,etc.More monographsMulti-disciplinar
27、y studyCognitive social linguistics,cognitive poetics,applied cognitive linguistics,cognitive text linguistics,etc.,Two Key Commitments(首要共识）,In 1990,George Lakoff argued that the cognitive linguistics enterprise is characterized by two key commitments:Generalization commitmentCognitive commitment,T
28、wo Key Commitments,For me,cognitive linguistics is defined by two primary commitments,what I will call the Generalization Commitment and the Cognitive Commitment.The generalization commitment is a commitment to characterizing the general principles governing all aspects of human language.I see this
29、as the commitment to undertake linguistics as a scientific endeavor.The cognitive commitment is a commitment to make ones account of human language accord with what is generally known about the mind and the brain,from other disciplines as well as our own.(Lakoff 1990:40),Three philosophical assumpti
30、ons,Language is not an autonomous cognitive facultyGrammar is conceptualizationKnowledge of language emerges from language use,Excerption concerning with the relation between language and cognition,In contrast to most previous linguistic paradigms,which saw meaning either as less relevant or else as
31、 an autonomous linguistic module,CL approaches language as an integrated part of human cognition which operates in interaction with and on the basis of the same principle as other cognitive faculties.CL is therefore defined as a linguistic theory which analyzes language in its relation to other cogn
32、itive domains and faculties such as bodily and mental experiences,image-schemas,perception,attention,memory,viewing frames,categorization,abstract thought,emotion,reasoning,inferencing,etc.They are all one in cognition.(Dirven 2005:17-18),CL in broad and narrow sense,CL in broad senseLinguistic comp
33、etence is a special cognitive competence.In essence,it is different from other cognitive competence of human beingsCL in narrow senseLinguistic competence is no different from peoples other cognitive competence,The Philosophical foundation for Cognitive Linguistics:experiential realism,Thought is em
34、bodiedThought is imaginativeThought has gestalt properties and is thus not atomisticThought has an ecological structure,Four founding fathers,Three main approaches in Cognitive Linguistics,Based on our experience of the world and the way we perceive and conceptualize it.Three main approaches in Cogn
35、itive Linguisticsthe experiential viewThe prominence viewThe attentional view,The Main Contents,(1)Prototypes and Categories(2)Levels of Categorization(3)Conceptual Metaphors and Metonymies(4)Figure and Ground(5)Frames and Constructions(6)Blending and Relevance(7)Other issues in Cognitive Linguistic
36、s,Content Classification,The Experiential View(1),(2),(3)The Prominence View(4)The Attentional View(5)The Cognitive handling of language(6)Other issues(7),Features of This Course,Be sympathetic(汲取精华)Understand the concerns and methodsAssimilate their good pointsBe critical(剔除糟粕)Point out weaknesses,
37、limitations,problemsDare to disagree and challengeBe constructive(勇敢创新)Explore new possibilities,approachesConstruct new theoriesBe research-oriented(于研究中学习)Do read widely(books,journal articles)Think&argue for yourself,write research papers,References,Croft,William(2003)Typology and Universals,2nd.
38、ed.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.Croft,William and D.Alan Cruse(2004)Cognitive Linguistics.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.Dirven,Ren(2005)Major strands in cognitive linguistics.In Ruiz de Mendoza Ib nez,Francisco J.,and M.Sandra Pena Cervel(eds.),cognitive Linguistics:Internal Dynamics
39、and Interdisciplinary Interaction,17-68.Berlin/New York:Mouton de Gruyter.Evans,vyvyan and Green Melanie(2006)Cognitive Linguistics An Introduction.Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press.Fauconnier,Gilles.(1985)Mental Space:Aspects of Meaning Construction in Natural Language.Cambridge:Cambridge Univer
40、sity Press.,References,Fauconnier,Gilles(1997)Mappings in Thought and Language.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.Goldberg,Adele E.(1995).Construction:A construction grammar approach to argument structure.Chicago:The University of Chicago Press.Lakoff,George(1987),Women,fire,and dangerous things,C
41、hicago,London:University of Chicago Press.Lakoff,George and Mark Johnson(1980),Metaphors we live by,Chicago,London:University of Chicago Press.Lakoff,George.(1990)The Invariance hypothesis:Is abstract reason based on image schema?Cognitive Linguistics 1(1):39-74.,References,Lakoff,George and Mark Jo
42、hnson(1999)Philosophy in the Flesh:The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought.New York:Basic Books.Langacker,Ronald W.1987.Foundations of Cognitive Grammar:Theoretical Prerequisities.Vol.I.Stanford/California:Stanford University Press.Langacker,Ronald W.1991.Foundations of Cognitive Gram
43、mar:Descriptive Application.Vol.II.Stanford/California:Stanford University Press.Langacker,Ronald.20021991.Concept,Image,and Symbol:the Cognitive Basis of Grammar.Berlin/New York:Mouton De Gruyter.Textbook:F.Ungerer and H.J.Schmid(2008)An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics.(the second editon)Beij
44、ing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,References,李福印编著（2008）认知语言学概论，北京：北京大学出版社。国内外语言学期刊上认知语言学方面的文章束定芳主编（20052004）语言的认知研究认知语言学论文精选，上海：上海外语教育出版社。王寅编著（20072006)认知语法概论，上海：上海外语教育出版社。,Requirement,Read WidelyAttend Class with preparationEach chapter will first be explained by the teacher,then the next week,students task:Have discussion,show PPTs.Connected with the marks,May you enjoy this course!,May you enjoy this course.May you succeed!,
