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1、Cultural Values,Zhu Yaoyun Shandong University,Intercultural Communication,Contents,1.Perception,Belief and Values,1.1 Perception,1.2 Beliefs,1.3 Values,2.Cultural Patterns,Perception,Belief and Values,Video:Did_you_hear_the_one_about_the_Iranian-American.有誰認識伊朗裔的美國人嗎.Maz.Jobran.,Cultural Models,Cul
2、tural Models,Stereotypical assumptions:The British are cold and unsmiling Americans are loud and noisy and friendlyIndian people always lie.The Germans are so efficient and organized The Chinese are always asking personal questions Muslim women have no freedom.,1.1 What is perception?,“Perception is
3、 the process of selecting,organizing,and interpreting sensory data in a way that enables us to make sense of our world.”Gamble and Gamble 3,Two ways that culture influences the perception process.1.Perception is selective.What is allowed in is,in part,determined by culture.2.Your perceptual patterns
4、 are learned.“perception is culturally determined.We learn to see the world in a certain way based on our cultural background.”Old age,women,1.1.Perception&cultures,Leadership metaphors Derr,Rousillon and Bournois:USA The Free Agent,superstar Latin America The General,strong man in charge France The
5、 Genius,intellectual elite UK The Diplomat(My story with an English teacher)Germany The Master,expert in field Japan Senior Statesman China Warlord(军阀),has local power From MIT:Cross-Cultural Lship Fall 2004 Page 2 diplomatic/dplmtk;dplmtk/adj of diplomacy(1)外交的:settle disputes by diplomatic means 通
6、过外交手段解决纷争.(2)tactful;having or showing diplomacy 圆通的;灵活变通的;有手腕的;策略的:a diplomatic answer,move,etc 很策略的回答 一步等*be diplomatic in dealing with people 与人打交道老练得体.,Perceptions are stored within each human being in the form of beliefs+values=cultural patterns,1.2.Beliefs,1.What are your beliefs?“Beliefs serv
7、e as the storage system for the content of our past experiences,including thoughts,memories,and interpretations of events.-Rogers&Steinfatt 2.How did you acquire them?Beliefs are shaped by the individuals culture.”14 3.What function do they perform?Beliefs are important because they are“accepted as
8、truths.”15One of the most important functions of beliefs is that they form the basis of your values,which provide“rules for making choices and for resolving conflicts.”17,1.2.Beliefs,4.Beliefs are usually reflected in your actions and communication behavior.Eg?A good tan is a reflection of a healthy
9、,active lifestyle and makes a person more attractive,you will probably-(find time to lie out in the sun or even go to a tanning salon.)Suntanned skin reflects a low social status,you will probably-(make an extra effort to avoid exposing yourself to the sun by wearing a hat,long-sleeved shirt,and per
10、haps gloves,and carrying an umbrella,on sunny days.),Stereotype:exaggerated beliefs,Definition:A conventional,formulaic,and oversimplified conception,opinion,or image./exaggerated beliefs about people.Nature:these beliefs may be positive or negative,but they are often untrue because they overgeneral
11、ize about all members of a group.Causes:Stereotypes frequently occur when we know little about someone or about a group of people.We may see person from a group behave a certain way.Then,we might believe that all people from that group behave the same way.Effects:can instigate prejudice and false as
12、sumptions about entire groups of people.Popularity:Members of all cultural groups make such comments,usually about members of other cultural groups.,Stereotypical assumptions,Have you heard or made the following statements?Peters wife,www.llas.ac.uk/resources/paper/1303,nosynoz词典释义 a.1.【口】好管闲事的;爱追问的
13、 2.大鼻子的 3.有香味(或臭味)的,Stereotypical assumptions:The British are cold and unsmiling Americans are loud and noisy and friendlyIndian people always lie.The Germans are so efficient and organized The Chinese are always asking personal questions Muslim women have no freedom.,Complete each phrase with a ste
14、reotype that you might have heard in the past:Women in the workplace are.Young people in the workplace are.Seniors in the workplace are.Working mothers in the workplace are.Supervisors at work are.The lowest job level workers are.Blacks,whites,or(fill in a race)in the workplace are.Homosexuals in th
15、e workplace are.Christians,Muslims,or(fill in a religion)in the workplace are.Disabled people in the workplace are.,1.3 Values,Beliefs are ones convictions about the truth of somethingwith or without proof.“Values are shared ideas about what is true,right,and beautiful which underline cultural patte
16、rns and guide society in response to the physical and social environment.”18 Nanda&WarmsValues are generally normative and evaluative.Values are enduring attitudes about the preferability of one belief over another.,1.3 Values,Values are transmitted by a variety of sources(family,proverbs,media,scho
17、ol,church,state,etc.)and therefore tend to be broad based,enduring,and relatively stable.values are learned within a cultural context.“values are programmed early in our lives”(Hofstede)and therefore are often nonrational,especially when viewed by someone from another culture.23,1.3 Values,Topics th
18、at deal with values-Hofstede:21 Evil versus good Dangerous versus safe Ugly versus beautiful Abnormal versus normal Irrational versus rational Dirty versus clean Decent versus indecent Unnatural versus natural Paradoxical versus logical Moral versus immoral,The Outlook of culture toward the expressi
19、on of affection:American:“The squeaky wheel gets the grease.Chinese:觉人之诈，不愤于言；受人之侮，不动于色；察人之过，不扬于他；施人之惠，不记于心。,2.Cultural Patterns,2.1 Definitions,2.2 Hofstedes Values Dimension,3.IC Strategies,2.3 The Kluckhohn,Kluckhohn,and Strodtbeck Value Orientation,2.4 Halls Context Orientation,2.1 Cultural Valu
20、es,Perceptions are stored within each human being in the form of beliefs+values=cultural patterns Cultural pattern taxonomies are used to illustrate the dominant beliefs and values of a culture.,2.1 Cultural Patterns,2.1 Cultural Patterns,Culture counts:Data from the 1960s showed that the economies
21、of South Korea and Ghana to be quite similar.By the 1990s,South Koreas economy had grown to become the fourteenth largest in the world,-but Ghanas had remained static.,2.1 Cultural Patterns,The reasons for this change were clear:“South Koreans valued thrift,investment,hard work,education,organizatio
22、n and discipline.Ghanaians had different values.When after a sincere,strenuous effort the Ghanaian fails to reach the highest height in a competition,he cheers himself up in resignation by saying to himself Onipa beyee bi na w抋mmeye ne nyinara(Man came to play only a part of the drama of life,not th
23、e whole).In short,culture counts.”26-Huntington,2.1 Cultural Patterns,Secondary Values,Primary Values,US,hospitality to guests cleanliness,Alleviation of the pain and suffering of others securing material possessions,Democracy the protection of oneself and close family member,China?,?,The Value Hier
24、archy,Tertiary Values,?,?,Do you know their origin,influence,and difference from other countries(such as China/.)?Individualism,Equal opportunity,Material acquisition,Science and technology,Progress and change,Work and play,Competitive nature,2.1 Choosing Cultural Patterns-US Dominant culture,2.2 Ho
25、fstedes five Value dimensions,Late 1960s Geert Hofstede surveyed 116,000 IBM employees in 40 countries on preferences around management style and work environment.5 dimensions where differences by country were significant o power distance o uncertainty avoidance o individualism/collectivism o mascul
26、inity/femininity o later discussed a 5th dimension=long term view(Asia)Cross-Cultural Lship Fall 2004 Page 1,2.2.1 Individualism/collectivism continuum:,1.Individual Orientation:First,the individual is the single most important unit in any social setting.Second,independence rather than interdependen
27、ce is stressed.Third,individual achievement is rewarded.Lastly,the uniqueness of each individual is of paramount value.70,2.2.1 Individualism/collectivism continuum:,1.Collective Orientation:“A defining character of people in collectivist cultures is their notable concern with relationships.”72 Thes
28、e relationships form a rigid social framework that distinguishes between in-groups and out-groups.People rely on their in-groups(e.g.,relatives,clans,tribes,and organizations)to look after them,and in exchange they believe they owe loyalty to the group.Interdependence Collectivism influences a numbe
29、r of communication varibles-such as indirect communication,saving face,concern for others,and group cooperation are linked to Koreas collective orientation.79 Collectivism is also contextual.,2.2.1 individualism/collectivism continuum:,According to Hofstedes findings(see Table 5.1),the United States
30、,Australia,Great Britain,Canada,the Netherlands,and New Zealand all tend toward individualism.Goleman2.In collective societies,such as those in Pakistan,Colombia,Venezuela,Taiwan,Peru,and much of Africa and Asia,people are born into extended families or clans that support and protect them in exchang
31、e for their allegiance.In many Arabic nations,tribalism predominates.African Americans also exhibit“Hispanics including Mexican-Americans,Cubans,Salvadorans,Guatemalans,Puerto Ricans,and others.”78,2.2.2.Uncertainty Avoidance,uncertainty avoidance:.defines the extent to which people within a culture
32、 are made nervous by situations which they perceive as unstructured,unclear,or unpredictable,situations which they therefore try to avoid by maintaining strict codes of behavior and a belief in absolute truths.”82-Hofstede,2.2.2.Uncertainty Avoidance,High-uncertainty avoidance cultures try to avoid
33、uncertainty and ambiguity by providing stability for their members through established,formal social protocols,intolerance of deviant ideas and behaviors,emphasizing consensus,and resistance to change.These cultures are often characterized by relatively high levels of anxiety and stress.,2.2.2.Uncer
34、tainty Avoidance,Nations with a strong uncertainty avoidance tendency are Portugal,Greece,Peru,Belgium,and Japan.At the other end of the continuum,we find countries like Sweden,Denmark,Ireland,Norway,the United States,Finland,and the Netherlands,2.2.3 Power distance,What Hofstede discovered was that
35、 in some cultures,those who hold power and those who are affected by power are significantly far apart(high-power distance)in many ways,while in other cultures,the power holders and those affected by the power holders are significantly closer(low-power distance).86,2.2.3 Power distance,People in hig
36、h-power distance countries believe that power and authority are facts of life.。Social hierarchy is prevalent and institutionalizes inequality。you find a greater centralization of power,more importance placed on status and rank,a larger proportion of supervisory personnel,a structured value system th
37、at determines the worth of each job,and subordinates adhering to a rigid hierarchy.,2.2.3 Power distance,Low-power distance countries hold that inequality in society should be minimizedBrislin notes,“Cultures referred to as low-power distance are guided by laws,norms,and everyday behaviors that make
38、 power distinctions as minimal as possible.”89 People in these cultures see hierarchy as an inequality of roles established for convenience.,2.2.3.Power distance,People in high-power distance countries such as India,Africa,Brazil,Singapore,Greece,Venezuela,Mexico,and the Philippines Low-power distan
39、ce countries such as Austria,Finland,Denmark,Norway,the United States,New Zealand,and Israel hold that inequality in society should be minimized,2.2.4.Masculinity vs.femininity(career success and quality of life),Adler reports that masculine cultures have highly defined gender roles and promote care
40、er success.“Assertiveness and the acquisition of money and things(materialism)”95 are emphasized and often take precedence over interpersonal relationships.,2.2.4.masculinity vs.femininity(career success and quality of life),A feminine worldview maintains that men need not be assertive and that they
41、 can assume nurturing roles.It also promotes sexual equality and holds that people and the environment are important.In addition,in feminine cultures there tends to be“weak gender differentiation in the socialization of children.”97 Interdependence and androgynous behavior are the ideal,and people s
42、ympathize with those less fortunate.,2.2.4.masculinity vs.femininity(career success and quality of life),The impact of masculinity/femininity on a culture can also be observed in the“gender gap”measure.In 2005,a World Economic Forum study measured the gender gapin fifty-eight countries,using five as
43、pects of womens empowerment and opportunity:economic participation;economic opportunity;political empowerment;educationalattainment;and health and well-being.Sweden and Norway were ranked first and second,respectively;the United States was seventeenth,Japan thirty-eighth,and Mexico fifty-second.99 T
44、hese rankings generally parallel Hofstedes fi ndings.,Ireland,the Philippines,Greece,Venezuela,Austria,Japan,Italy,and Mexico are among the countries where you can find many of the masculine values described by Hofstede(see Table 5.4).Nations such as Sweden,Norway,Finland,Denmark,and the Netherlands
45、 tend toward a feminine worldview.,2.2.4.Masculinity vs.femininity(career success and quality of life),Ireland provides an example(in 2007 women were elected to only 35 of the 226 combined seats available in the Upper and Lower Houses,which demonstrates a low level of political empowerment).Quite in
46、 contrast to the masculine culture of Ireland,in Sweden,which had the highest ranking in Hofstedes femininity category,women occupied 47.3 percent of the 349 legislative positions following the 2006 election,which suggests a high level of political empowerment.98,2.2.4.Masculinity vs.femininity(care
47、er success and quality of life),Long-versus short term orientation,also referred to as“Confucian Dynamism.”101 This study,involving twenty-three countries,used an assessment called the Chinese Value Survey(CVS),The long-term/short-term orientation dimension appears to be based on items reminiscent o
48、f the teachings of Confucius,on both poles.It opposes long-term to short-term aspects of Confucian thinking:persistence and thrift to personal stability and respect for tradition.,2.2.4.Long-versus short-term orientation,Long-term orientation(such as China,Hong Kong,Taiwan,Japan,and South Korea)woul
49、d most likely have employees who reflect a strong work ethic and show great respect for status differences.You could expect individuals who are members of these cultures to value social order and long range goals.Those cultures that rank low on the long-term orientation index(the United States,Great
50、 Britain,Canada,the Philippines),according to Hofstede,often do not place a high priority on status,try to postpone old age,are concerned with short term results,and seek quick gratification of their needs.104,2.2.4.Long-versus short-term orientation,2.3 The Kluckhohn,Kluckhohn,and Strodtbeck Value
