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1、,Brief Introduction to Medical English,医学英语概述,What is Medical English,医学英语是科技英语的一个分支，其基本语法、词汇与公共英语是一致的，具有特定的词汇结构体系、语法规则和文体结构。医学英语要求叙述严谨、词汇涵义明确，因此具有一些有别于公共英语的特殊性。,Differences compared to Public English,词汇来源的多样性名词复数的复杂性旧词新意语法句式的多元性,1.The Diversity of Etymology,拥有大量的拉丁语、希腊语来源的专业词汇，而且可以互相交叉应用。中文 拉丁语 希腊语
2、皮下的 subcutaneous hypodermic肾上腺素 adrenalin(e)epinephrine,2.The Complexity of Plural,医学名词常用其外来复数形式,2.The Complexity of Plural,当一个名词常同时有外来复数与英文规则复数，外来复数在正式文体中特别是科技用语中较常见，而英文规则复数则在日常医学英语中更常见。,有的词的外来复数与英文正规复数的意义不同,如：antenna antennas 天线；antenna antennae 昆虫的触角。,3.Same Words,Different Meanings,cell（电池细胞）tis
3、sue（薄绸组织）organ（风琴器官）delivery（投递分娩）digest（汇编消化）sign(记号体征),4.Specific Grammar,叙述严谨，限制条件多。,Thus dilution,by water,air or other media,which reduces the number of pathogenic bacteria taken into the body below the minimal number necessary to infect,explains why infections and particularly those entering b
4、y respiratory tract,are less likely to be contracted in the open air than under conditions of overcrowding indoors.,4.Specific Grammar,为了简洁，常采用被动语态及应用名词作定语构成复合词形式，如：cancer patient(patient with cancer)blood vessel wall(wall of the blood vessel),This Presentation consists of the following 2 parts:,医学英
5、语起源(The Etymology of Medical English)医学词汇构词法(Structure of Medical Vocabulary),The Etymology of Medical English,Brief History of Modern English,Old English(450-1100)The Norman Conquest and Middle English(1100-1500)Early Modern English(1500-1800)Late Modern English(1800-Present),The Etymology of Medic
6、al English,Brief History of Modern English,Old English(450-1100),The Angles,Saxons,and Jutes from northern Germany,Denmark and northern Holland invaded British Isles and began to populate those areas.The original,Celtic-speaking inhabitants out of what is known as England Scotland,Wales,Cornwall and
7、 Ireland,leaving behind a few Celtic words.The invaders language,Anglo-Saxon,developed into what we know as Old English,The Etymology of Medical English,Brief History of Modern English,The Norman Conquest and Middle English(1100-1500),William,the Conqueror,the Duke of Normandy,subsequently King Will
8、iam I,invaded and conquered England and the Anglo-Saxons in 1066.They spoke a dialect of Old French known as Anglo-Norman.The Normans were also of Germanic stock and Anglo-Norman was a French dialect that had considerable Germanic influences in addition to the basic Latin roots.,The Etymology of Med
9、ical English,Brief History of Modern English,Early Modern English(1500-1800),The next wave of innovation in English came with the Renaissance.Many classical Latin and Greek words were brought into the Language:grammar,logic,arithmetic,geometry,astronomy,and music,The Etymology of Medical English,Bri
10、ef History of Modern English,Late Modern English(1800-Present),Two historical factors:Industrial Revolution and the British EmpireIn addition,the rise of the British Empire and the growth of global trade served not only to introduce English to the world but to introduce words into English.,The Etymo
11、logy of Medical English,Brief History of Modern Medical English,1.Words Evolved from Old EnglishOld English is believed to have essentially developed from dialect spoken by the Anglo-Saxons.Most medical words from old English denote anatomic structures,organs,substances,and basic concepts of human a
12、ctivities.,Native,Borrowed,The Etymology of Medical English,Anatomic Words,Words Denoting Concepts,The Etymology of Medical English,Brief History of Modern Medical English,2.Words Originated from GreekFrom Greek,Early Modern English received grammar,logic,arithmetic,geometry,astronomy,and music.And
13、medical terminology is one of the areas that have been influenced by Greek.,The Etymology of Medical English,Brief History of Modern Medical English,3.Words Originated from LatinThe earliest influence of Latin language on English may date back to the Roman Empire.With the expansion,the Romans brough
14、t their language to other parts of the entire Empire.Greater influence was exerted after the Norman Conquest,The Etymology of Medical English,3.Words also,Borrowed,from,French,German,Spanish,Italian,Structure of Medical Vocabulary,Basic Elements of Medical Words 构词五要素,词根（word root）：具有术语单词的基本意义，是构成单词
15、的基础。后缀（suffix）：位于词根之后，它给予词根以新的意义。前缀（prefix）：位于词根之前,它也给予词根以新的意义。组合元音（combining vowel）：当词根与词根、词根与后缀结合时，要加入一个元音，称为组合元音。组合形式(combining form)：由词根和其后的组合元音构成。,Structure of Medical Vocabulary,Patterns 构词八类型,Pattern 1 rootPattern 2 root+(combining vowel)+suffixPattern 3 root+(combining vowel)+rootPattern 4 r
16、oot+(combining vowel)+root+suffixPattern 5 prefix+root+(combining vowel)+suffixPattern 6 prefix+root+combining vowel+root+suffixPattern 7 prefix+prefix+root+(combining vowel)+suffixPattern 8 prefix+suffix,Structure of Medical Vocabulary,Pneumono-ultra-microscopic-silico-volcano-coniosis,粉尘病,火山,硅/矽,超
17、显微的,肺的,医硅酸盐沉着病,矽肺病,Structure of Medical Vocabulary,用构词方法分析医学术语,掌握一定数量的词根和词缀，熟悉医学术语的构词法，将一个术语单词分解为词根和词缀，然后根据词根和词缀的含义来推断术语单词的意义。,Structure of Medical Vocabulary,（1）“由后向前”及“主谓关系”分析法：先看后缀如hepatitis（肝炎），先看-itis，是发炎的意思，相当于谓语意思的部分，而hepat-（肝脏），相当于主语意思的部分。,Structure of Medical Vocabulary,（2）“组合元音”分析法：是构词成分的 接合点。最常见的元音字母是“O”。如esophag/o/jejun/o/gastr/o/stomy 食管空肠胃吻合术。,Structure of Medical Vocabulary,（3）词根与词根相连接时，即使后一个词根以元音起始，仍要保留组合元音。Oste/o/arthr/o/pathy 骨关节病,
