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1、,Henrik Bengtssonhbmaths.lth.se(MSc Computer Science,PhD candidate in Statistics)Mathematical StatisticsCentre for Mathematical SciencesLund University,Sweden,Object-oriented programming and programming style guidelines for R,2 of 21,Outline,Objects and ClassesConcepts of object-oriented programming
2、A complete example in R ShapesReferences in RR Programming Style Guidelines with a few coding conventions.,3 of 21,Part I:Object-oriented programming in R,4 of 21,Objects and Classes,Class name,Fields,a class is a data type-an object is an instance of a class,Objects of different classes,A class is
3、the recipe for a certain cake.and the objects are the actual cakes of that kind.,5 of 21,Encapsulation,Inheritance,and Polymorphism,Encapsulation means that a group of related properties,methods,and other members are treated as a single unit or object.Objects can control how properties are changed a
4、nd methods are executed.Why:Makes it easier to change your implementation at a later date by letting you hide implementation details of your objects,a practice called data hiding.,6 of 21,Encapsulation,Inheritance,and Polymorphism,Inheritance describes the ability to create new classes based on an e
5、xisting class.The new class inherits all the properties and methods and events of the base class,and can be customized with additional properties and methods.Why:Promotes code reuse since the code for the methods of the subclasses do not need to be rewritten.,7 of 21,Encapsulation,Inheritance,and Po
6、lymorphism,Polymorphism means that you can have multiple classes that can be used interchangeably,even though each class implements the same properties or methods in different ways.Polymorphism is essential to object-oriented programming because it allows you to use items with the same names,no matt
7、er what type of object is in use at the moment.Why:Inheritance becomes more flexible.Subclasses can keep some methods inherited from their super classes and override others.,8 of 21,Overloading and Overriding,Overloaded members are used to provide different versions of a property or method that have
8、 the same name,but that accept a different number of parameters,or parameters with different data types.Currently not supported in R.Overridden properties and methods are used to replace an inherited property or method that is not appropriate in a derived class.Overridden members must accept the sam
9、e data type and number of arguments(not enforced in R).Derived classes inherit overridden members.,9 of 21,Unified Modeling Language(UML)class diagram,10 of 21,#Create different Shape objects and store them in a listallShapes-list(Rectangle(Point(0,0),width=5,height=8,color=blue),Square(Point(-2,-5)
10、,side=3,color=red),Triangle(Point(3,3),width=10,height=12,color=orange),Triangle(Point(-4,-2.5),width=12,height=3,color=purple),Circle(Point(-4,4),radius=5,color=green)#Plot all shapesfor shape in allShapes paint(shape)#Get first mouse clickclick-getFromClick(Point)while click is inside plot region#
11、Check with all shapes if they contains the click coordinates.for shape in allShapes if contains(shape,click)then paint(click,col=getColor(shape),style=disc)else paint(click,style=circle)#Get another mouse click click-getFromClick(Point),Interactive example,Either shape$contains(click)orcontains(shap
12、e,click),11 of 21,setClassS3(Point,function(x=0,y=0)extend(Object(),Point,.x=x,#private.y=y#private);)setMethodS3(getX,Point,function(this)this$.x;)setMethodS3(getY,Point,function(this)this$.y;)setMethodS3(getXY,Point,function(this)c(this$.x,this$.y);)setMethodS3(setX,Point,function(this,newX)this$.
13、x-newX;#Using reference!)setMethodS3(setY,Point,function(this,newY)this$.y-newY;)setMethodS3(setXY,Point,function(this,newXY)this$.x-newXY1;this$.y-newXY2;),setMethodS3(getFromClick,Point,function(this)xy-locator(n=1);#Ask for one mouse click Point(x=xy$x,y=xy$y);)setMethodS3(print,Point,function(th
14、is)print(sprintf(%s at(%.3f,%.3f).,getClass(this),this$.x,this$.y);)setMethodS3(paint,Point,function(this,.)points(this$.x,this$.y,.);),Code for a class,12 of 21,References,One reference can only refer to one object.One object can have one or several references referring to it.c-Circle(Point(0,0),ra
15、dius=2);c1-c;setRadius(c1,4);getRadius(c);#will give 4!Results in more user-friendly packages for the end user!Makes design and implementation much easier.Saves memory.,13 of 21,References,how?,References are not supported by R since everything is copy-by-value.Have to return new instance:setValue-f
16、unction(list,value)list$value;return(list);What you really want to do:setValue-function(list,value)list$value;Why:For example,each of the Shape objects can use(refer to)the same Point object to specify its position.By moving the Point object,all Shape object will then move along.This is not possible
17、 without references.,However,reference can be emulated by encapsulating such functionalities in a root class Object,which all classes are enforced to be derived from.Contact me to get the code for Object,setClassS3()and setMethodS3().,14 of 21,Part II:R Programming Style Guidelines,15 of 21,Programm
18、ing Style Guidelines,80%of the lifetime cost of a piece of software goes to maintenance.Hardly any software is maintained for its whole life by the original author.Code conventions improve the readability of the software,allowing programmers to understand new code more quickly and thoroughly.If you
19、ship your source code as a product,you need to make sure it is as well packaged and clean as any other product you create.,16 of 21,R Coding Convention,Currently there is no RCC and people invent their own conventions or not at all.We suggest to adapt a modified version of the Java coding convention
20、,which has proved to be successful and is a de facto standard.,17 of 21,Class names,18 of 21,Field and variable names,19 of 21,Method names,20 of 21,File names,21 of 21,Where to start,Tutorials and source code:R Programming Style GuidelinesProgramming with References in RImplementing support for references in Rhttp:/www.maths.lth.se/help/R/,
