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1、,CHAPTER 14Capital Structure and Leverage,Business vs.financial riskOptimal capital structureOperating leverageCapital structure theory,Uncertainty about future operating income(EBIT),i.e.,how well can we predict operating income?Note that business risk does not include financing effects.,What is bu
2、siness risk?,Probability,EBIT,E(EBIT),0,Low risk,High risk,Business risk is affected primarily by:,Uncertainty about demand(sales).Uncertainty about output prices.Uncertainty about costs.Product,other types of liability.Operating leverage.,What is operating leverage,and how does it affect a firms bu
3、siness risk?,Operating leverage is the use of fixed costs rather than variable costs.If most costs are fixed,hence do not decline when demand falls,then the firm has high operating leverage.,More operating leverage leads to more business risk,for then a small sales decline causes a big profit declin
4、e.,What happens if variable costs change?,Probability,EBITL,Low operating leverage,High operating leverage,Typical situation:Can use operating leverage to get higher E(EBIT),but risk increases.,EBITH,What is financial leverage?Financial risk?,Financial leverage is the use of debt and preferred stock
5、.Financial risk is the additional risk concentrated on common stockholders as a result of financial leverage.,Business Risk vs.Financial Risk,Business risk depends on business factors such as competition,product liability,and operating leverage.Financial risk depends only on the types of securities
6、issued:More debt,more financial risk.Concentrates business risk on stockholders.,Firm UFirm LNo debt$10,000 of 12%debt$20,000 in assets$20,000 in assets40%tax rate40%tax rate,Consider 2 Hypothetical Firms,Both firms have same operating leverage,business risk,and probability distribution of EBIT.Diff
7、er only with respect to use of debt(capital structure).,Firm U:Unleveraged,Prob.0.250.500.25EBIT$2,000$3,000$4,000Interest 0 0 0EBT$2,000$3,000$4,000Taxes(40%)800 1,200 1,600NI$1,200$1,800$2,400,Economy Bad Avg.Good,Firm L:Leveraged,Prob.*0.250.500.25EBIT*$2,000$3,000$4,000Interest 1,200 1,200 1,200
8、EBT$800$1,800$2,800Taxes(40%)320 720 1,120NI$480$1,080$1,680*Same as for Firm U.,Economy Bad Avg.Good,Firm UBadAvg.Good,BEP*10.0%15.0%20.0%ROE6.0%9.0%12.0%TIE,Firm LBadAvg.Good,BEP*10.0%15.0%20.0%ROE4.8%10.8%16.8%TIE1.67x2.5x3.3x*BEP same for Firms U and L.,Expected Values:E(BEP)15.0%15.0%E(ROE)9.0%
9、10.8%E(TIE)2.5xRisk Measures:sROE2.12%4.24%CVROE0.24 0.39,U L,8,For leverage to raise expected ROE,must have BEP kd.Why?If kd BEP,then the interest expense will be higher than the operating income produced by debt-financed assets,so leverage will depress income.,Conclusions,Basic earning power=BEP=E
10、BIT/Total assets is unaffected by financial leverage.L has higher expected ROE because BEP kd.L has much wider ROE(and EPS)swings because of fixed interest charges.Its higher expected return is accompanied by higher risk.,If debt increases,TIE falls.,EBIT is constant(unaffected by useof debt),and si
11、nce I=kdD,as Dincreases,TIE must fall.,TIE=,EBITI,Optimal Capital Structure,That capital structure(mix of debt,preferred,and common equity)at which P0 is maximized.Trades off higher E(ROE)and EPS against higher risk.The tax-related benefits of leverage are exactly offset by the debts risk-related co
12、sts.The target capital structure is the mix of debt,preferred stock,and common equity with which the firm intends to raise capital.,Describe the sequence of events in a recapitalization.,Campus Deli announces the recapitalization.New debt is issued.Proceeds are used to repurchase stock.,Debt issued
13、Price per share,Shares bought=.,Amount D/A D/E Bondborrowed ratio ratio rating kd,Cost of debt at different debt levels after recapitalization,$0 0 0-2500.1250.1429 AA 8%5000.2500.3333 A 9%7500.3750.6000 BBB 11.5%1,0000.5001.0000 BB 14%,Why does the bond rating and cost of debt depend upon the amoun
14、t borrowed?,As the firm borrows more money,the firm increases its risk causing the firms bond rating to decrease,and its cost of debt to increase.,What would the earnings per share be if Campus Deli recapitalized and used these amounts of debt:$0,$250,000,$500,000,$750,000?Assume EBIT=$400,000,T=40%
15、,and shares can be repurchased at P0=$25.,D=0:,EPS0=$3.00.,($400,000)(0.6)80,000,D=$250,kd=8%.,D=$500,kd=9%.,D=$750,kd=11.5%.,TIE=4.6.,$400$86.25,EBITI,D=$1,000,kd=14%.,Stock Price(Zero Growth),If payout=100%,then EPS=DPS andE(g)=0.,We just calculated EPS=DPS.To find the expected stock price(P0),we
16、must find the appropriate ks at each of the debt levels discussed.,P0=.,D1ks g,EPSks,DPSks,What effect would increasing debt have on the cost of equity for the firm?,If the level of debt increases,the riskiness of the firm increases.We have already observed the increase in the cost of debt.However,t
17、he riskiness of the firms equity also increases,resulting in a higher ks.,The Hamada Equation,Because the increased use of debt causes both the costs of debt and equity to increase,we need to estimate the new cost of equity.The Hamada equation attempts to quantify the increased cost of equity due to
18、 financial leverage.Uses the unlevered beta of a firm,which represents the business risk of a firm as if it had no debt.,The Hamada Equation(contd),bL=bU 1+(1 T)(D/E).,The risk-free rate is 6%,as is the market risk premium.The unlevered beta of the firm is 1.0.We were previously told that total asse
19、ts were$2,000,000.,Calculating Levered Betas,D=$250,bL=bU1+(1 T)(D/E),bL=1.01+(1 0.4)($250/$1,750),bL=1.01+(0.6)(0.1429),bL=1.0857.,ks=kRF+(kM kRF)bL,ks=6.0%+(6.0%)1.0857=12.51%.,ks=kRF+(kM kRF)bL,Table for Calculating Levered Betas,Amount borrowed$0 250 500 750 1,000,D/A ratio 0.00%12.5025.0037.505
20、0.00,Levered Beta1.001.091.201.361.60,D/E ratio 0.00%14.29 33.33 60.00100.00,ks 12.00%12.51 13.20 14.16 15.60,Minimizing the WACC,Amount borrowed$0 250 500 750 1,000,D/A ratio 0.00%12.50 25.00 37.50 50.00,WACC 12.00%11.55 11.25 11.44 12.00,E/A ratio100.00%87.50 75.00 62.50 50.00,ks 12.00%12.51 13.20
21、 14.16 15.60,kd(1 T)0.00%4.80 5.40 6.90 8.40,P0=DPS/ks,AmountBorrowed,DPS,k,s,P,0,$0,$3.00,12.00%,$25.00,250,000,3.26,12.51,500,000,3.55,13.20,26.03,26.89*,750,000,3.77,14.16,26.59,1,000,000,3.90,15.60,25.00,*Maximum:Since D=$500,000 and assets=$2,000,000,optimal D/A=25%.,See preceding slide.Maximum
22、 EPS=$3.90 at D=$1,000,000,and D/A=50%.Risk is too high at D/A=50%.,What debt ratio maximizes EPS?,What is Campus Delis optimal capital structure?,P0 is maximized($26.89)at D/A=$500,000/$2,000,000=25%,so optimal D/A=25%.EPS is maximized at 50%,but primary interest is stock price,not E(EPS).,The exam
23、ple shows that we can push up E(EPS)by using more debt,but the risk resulting from increased leverage more than offsets the benefit of higher E(EPS).,%,15,0,.25,.75,.50,D/A,ks,WACC,kd(1 T),$,D/A,.25,.50,P0,EPS,If is were discovered that the firm had more/less business risk than originally estimated,
24、how would the analysis be affected?,If there were higher business risk,then the probability of financial distress would be greater at any debt level,and the optimal capital structure would be one that had less debt.On the other hand,lower business risk would lead to an optimal capital structure of m
25、ore debt.,Other factors to consider when establishing the firms target capital structure?,1.Industry average debt ratio2.TIE ratios under different scenarios3.Lender/rating agency attitudes4.Reserve borrowing capacity5.Effects of financing on control6.Asset structure7.Expected tax rate,How would the
26、se factors affect the Target Capital Structure?,1.Sales stability?2.High operating leverage?3.Increase in the corporate tax rate?4.Increase in the personal tax rate?5.Increase in bankruptcy costs?6.Management spending lots of money on lavish perks?,Long-term Debt Ratios for Selected Industries,Indus
27、try Long-Term Debt RatioPharmaceuticals20.00%Computers25.93Steel39.76Aerospace43.18Airlines56.33Utilities56.52,Source:Dow Jones News Retrieval.Data collected through December 17,1999.,Value of Stock,0,D1,D2,D/A,MM result,Actual,No leverage,The graph shows MMs tax benefit vs.bankruptcy cost theory.Lo
28、gical,but doesnt tell whole capital structure story.Main problem-assumes investors have same information as managers.,Signaling theory,discussed earlier,suggests firms should use less debt than MM suggest.This unused debt capacity helps avoid stock sales,which depress P0 because of signaling effects
29、.,What are“signaling”effects in capital structure?,Managers have better information about a firms long-run value than outside investors.Managers act in the best interests of current stockholders.,Assumptions:,Therefore,managers can be expected to:,issue stock if they think stock is overvalued.issue
30、debt if they think stock is undervalued.As a result,investors view a common stock offering as a negative signal-managers think stock is overvalued.,Conclusions on Capital Structure,1.Need to make calculations as we did,but should also recognize inputs are“guesstimates.”2.As a result of imprecise numbers,capital structure decisions have a large judgmental content.3.We end up with capital structures varying widely among firms,even similar ones in same industry.,
