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1、UCP REVISION,UCP600逐条分析 中国银行总行国际结算部 程 军 2006年11月,2,背景介绍,UCP500已使用十余年，有些条款已不能很好满足业务发展的需要。ICC于2002年萌发修订UCP500的动议。自UCP500生效以来，ICC提出的专家意见中超过58集中在UCP500七个条款上。另有17条现行条款从未引起过意见或只有一两条意见。,3,背景介绍,第九条 开证行与保兑行的责任（共二十六次）第十三条 审核单据的标准（共四十三次）第十四条 不符点单据与通知（共六十次）第二十一条 对单据出单人或单据内容未 作规定共二十九次）第二十三条 海运提单（共四十七次）第三十七条 商业发票
2、（共二十六次）第四十八条 可转让信用证（共三十一次）,4,背景介绍,ICC银行委员会于2003年5月的会议上正式批准修订UCP。修订小组由九位成员组成另外设有顾问小组，由来自26个国家的41位专家组成,5,背景介绍,将ICC历年来的主要意见、决定和DOCDEX仲裁结果吸纳入修订本中评估法院的判决和过去的案例对UCP的影响，有些判决并不和国际商会银委会的意见相符探讨国际商会出版的其他相关规则，如URR 525,ISP 98 和 eUCP,有关内容可联系借鉴到新的UCP中,6,背景介绍,修订注重于技术性的课题尽量使用简单易懂的语言考虑取消多余的或过时的条款考虑引入新的概念和规则尝试弥补造成多发不符
3、点的规则缺陷,7,背景介绍,各国代表累计提了5000多条意见：ART 1-13:DRAFT 9ART 14-18:DRAFT 7ART 19:DRAFT 5ART 20:DRAFT 7ART 21-25:DRAFT 5ART 26-27:DRAFT 7ART 28：DRAFT 6ART 29-33：DRAFT 7ART 34-37:DRAFT 9ART38-39:DRAFT 7,8,背景介绍,UCP600共39条，今年10月在巴黎召开的ICC银行委员会会议上各国代表表决一致通过了UCP600的条款。UCP600将于2007年7月1日起实施,UCP REVISION UCP REVISION U
4、CP REVISION,UCP600条款逐条分析,10,UCP REVISION,ARTICLE 1 APPLICATION OF UCP,11,UCP REVISION,DRAFT 2:The Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits,XXXX Revision,ICC Publication No.XXX(“UCP”)shall apply to all Documentary Credits(including to the extent to which they may be applicable Standby Let
5、ters of Credit)(“Credit”)where they are incorporated,by reference,into the text of the credit.They shall also apply to a Credit sent via an electronic system where the rules of that system make specific reference to the applicability of the UCP to the Credit.They are binding on all parties thereto,u
6、nless otherwise expressly stipulated in the Credit.,12,UCP REVISION,DRAFT 2中，增加“by reference”意在明确如何将UCPXXX“incorporate”进信用证中，但该表达仍不很明确。在随后的修订稿中将措辞改为“when the text of the credit expressly indicates that it is subject to these rules”，则将“incorporate”的方式明确地规定出来，即必须在信用证中明确说明“It is subject to UCP600”。,13,
7、UCP REVISION,DRAFT2中增加“They shall also apply to a Credit sent via an electronic system where the rules of that system make specific reference to the applicability of the UCP to the Credit”是为了解决以SWIFT系统开立的信用证（正文中未注明适用UCP）与UCP500第一条不一致的问题。参看ICC632，R248,14,UCP REVISION,修订稿在所有其他条款中取消了“Unless otherwise e
8、xpressly stipulated in the credit”的字样。这是因为：1、这是第1条中已经确定的通用原则，不必重复。2、不鼓励使用不符合UCP精神的条款。,15,UCP REVISION,ARTICLE 2 DEFINITIONS,16,UCP REVISION,为何专门设立定义 大量、集中地对术语进行定义说明，体现了UCP600细化规定的精神。对一些术语作出定义不仅可以使概念明晰化，从而有利于条款的理解与适用，而且更可以解决一些地方法律适用的问题。,17,UCP REVISION,1、ADVISING BANK（通知行）Means the bank that advises
9、the credit at the request of the issuing bank,18,UCP REVISION,第二或第三通知人？“advise through”?在修订稿ARTICLE 9（242行）中将可能出现的另外的通知行称为“second advising bank”,并赋予其与”advising bank”相同的义务。可以算是对“advising bank”定义间接的补充。,19,UCP REVISION,2、APPLICANT（申请人）DRAFT 3:means the customer at whose request and on whose instruction
10、s the issuing bank issues the credit.An issuing bank may issue a credit on its own behalf.The applicant is not a party to the credit.,20,UCP REVISION,开证申请人不是信用证的当事人？几 个 相关判 例Union Pacific Railroad Co.v.The Village of South Barrington 958 F.Supp.1285(N.D.Ill.1997)Oei v.Citibank(Kools)Polymer Trading,
11、S.A.R.L.v.CIC-Union Europeenne Et Cie 640 N.Y.S.2d 32(N.Y.App.Div.1996),21,UCP REVISION,一个问题申请人是信用证业务中的当事人，但又强调申请人不是信用证合同关系中的当事人，有时会造成混乱。鉴于此，随后的修订版本将该句话删除。,22,UCP REVISION,3、Banking day（银行工作日）Means a day on which a bank is regularly open at the place at which an act subject to these rules is to be p
12、erformed.,23,UCP REVISION,需要注意的是：1）相关业务2）开门营业时间3)“DAY”的概念,不是“banking hours”的概念,24,UCP REVISION,4、BENEFICIARYmeans the party in whose favour a credit is issued.,25,UCP REVISION,5、Complying presentation“means a presentation that is in accordance with the terms and conditions of the credit,the applicab
13、le provisions of these rules and international standard banking practice.”,26,UCP REVISION,6、CONFIRMATIONmeans a definite undertaking of the confirming bank,in addition to that of the issuing bank,to honour or negotiate a complying presentation.强调了允诺是确定的（DEFINITE）强调了允诺是独立于开证行允诺之外的,27,UCP REVISION,7、
14、CONFIRMING BANKmeans the bank that adds its confirmation to a credit,upon the issuing banks authorization or request.强调了“upon the issuing banks authorization or request”的必要性，否则就是沉默保兑而不适用UCP关于保兑的相关规则,28,UCP REVISION,8、CREDIT修订稿直接定义为一种“UNDERTAKING（承诺/允诺）”，采用了一种被普遍认可的定义。不可撤销性,29,UCP REVISION,9、HONOUR（兑
15、付？）一个全新的概念 1、将信用证下的付款方式统一浓缩定义为两种行为：“兑付”和“议付”。2、使得开证行和保兑行在延期付款信用证下的责任变得更加明确。,30,UCP REVISION,10、ISSUING BANK（开证行）means the bank that issues a credit at the request of an applicant or on its own behalf.,31,UCP REVISION,11、NEGOTIATION（议付）MISSION IMPOSSIBLE?,32,UCP REVISION,议付的定义？UCP500POSITION PAPER NO
16、.2,33,UCP REVISION,什么是“undertaking an obligation to make payment”承担付款责任？GARY COLLYER的观点香港冯敬德律师的观点,34,UCP REVISION,UCP500修订过程中的“议付定义”：DRAFT 2中的议付定义:在单据相符时，被指定行对受益人提交的汇票及/或单据的付款或付款责任。Negotiation means the payment to,or an obligation to make payment to,a Beneficiary by the Nominated Bank against presen
17、tation of drafts and/or documents provided that the terms and conditions of the credit are complied with.,35,UCP REVISION,修订组在对DRAFT 2的评论中提到：“Negotiation is a method of finance.”议付的本质特性一种融资行为。而所谓融资必然是提前支付”ADVANCE TO PAY”，也只有提前支付才会给被指定议付行带来风险，形成损害（detriment),才构成对价。,36,UCP REVISION,DRAFT 3中的议付定义：议付被分为
18、动词形式（negotiate）和名词形式（negotiation）来分别定义如下：“negotiate”是指被指定行与受益人间根据约定条款进行议付的行为。如果该被指定行是保兑行，那么它对受益人的议付没有追索权。,37,UCP REVISION,“negotiation”是指议付信用证下，被指定行以预付款项或同意预付款项给受益人的方式对汇票（该汇票的受票行不是被指定行）及/或单据的买入。仅仅审核单据不构成议付。Negotiation means the purchase by the nominated bank,if the credit is available by negotiation
19、,of drafts(drawn on a bank other than the nominated bank)and/or documents by either advancing or agreeing to advance funds to the beneficiary.The mere examination of documents does not constitute a negotiation.,38,UCP REVISION,引入了“PURCHASE”的概念“Purchase”vs.“giving of value”定义中将“Purchase”的方式特定为“预付款”和“
20、同意预付款”“Advancing funds”and“Agreeing to advance funds”,39,UCP REVISION,UCP600：“Negotiation means the purchase by the nominated bank of drafts(drawn on a bank other than the nominated bank)and/or documents under a complying presentation,by either advancing or agreeing to advance funds to the beneficia
21、ry on or before the banking day on which reimbursement is due to the nominated bank.”,40,UCP REVISION,将“if the credit is available by negotiation”删除了，其他没有改动。该删除不妥，会带来在其他类型信用证下的对单据及或汇票的“purchase(买入)”也被视为议付。,41,UCP REVISION,“允诺”概念带来的问题：1、“AGREEING”的具体形式是什么？口头的还是书面的？可撤消的还是不可撤消的？如何证明被指定银行已经同意向受益人融资？2、“A
22、GREEING TO ADVANCE FUNDS”后，被指定议付行是否已完全取得议付行的地位，从而享有欺诈例外抗辩的豁免权？,42,UCP REVISION,一个态度：如果不能推出一个这样的定义，与其引发纠纷，不如将其删除。关于“删除议付”的呼声。,43,UCP REVISION,修订定义的建议：以“融资”为核心内容，定义中只需强调向受益人提前支付款项的概念即可。建议：1、“Negotiation means the purchase by the nominated bank of drafts(drawn on a bank other than the nominated bank)an
23、d/or documents under a complying presentation,by advancing funds to the beneficiary，if the Credit is available by negotiation.”。或者,44,UCP REVISION,2、将“AGREEING TO ADVANCE FUNDS”和之后的“ADVANCE FUNDS”结合在一起作为一种议付行为“Negotiation means the purchase by the nominated bank of drafts(drawn on a bank other than
24、the nominated bank)and/or documents under a complying presentation,by advancing funds to the beneficiary,or incur an advance payment undertaking and advance funds to the beneficiary，if the Credit is available by negotiation.”,45,UCP REVISION,加拿大信用证专家李道安先生的一句话：“Please dont try to ride on the elephant
25、 named negotiation,we may fall unless we can fly.”UCP600中的议付定义似乎很难给我们以飞翔的翅膀！,46,UCP REVISION,RABO BANK v.BANK OF CHINA（2004)1、议付是否必须是无追索权的？2、议付支付的对价是否必须是足额的？3、议付对价的支付是否必须在声称议付的当天完成？4、议付融资款项是否必须贷记到受益人的账户？RABO BANK将融资款项记账为进口押汇而不是出口押汇！,47,UCP REVISION,12、NOMINATED BANK 前几个版本：means the bank authorized b
26、y the issuing bank to honor or negotiate or,in the case of a freely available credit,any bank.UCP600：means the bank with which the credit is available or any bank in the case of a credit available with any bank.,48,UCP REVISION,引入了UCP500中没有的两个新概念：1、既可开立自由议付信用证，也可以开立自由付款信用证、自由延期付款信用证、自由承兑信用证！2、保兑行也是被
27、指定银行！,49,UCP REVISION,13、PRESENTATIONmeans either the deliver of documents under a credit to the issuing bank or nominated bank or the documents so delivered.将“PRESENTATION”定义为提交的单据或者是提交单据的行为。,50,UCP REVISION,14、PRESENTERmeans a beneficiary,bank or other party that makes a presentation.建议改为：“Present
28、er means a party that makes a presentation.”更为简洁，可将对“presenter”的限定条件放在下面的“issuing bank undertaking”和“confirming bank undertaking”条款中。,51,UCP REVISION,ARTICLE 3 INTERPRETATIONS,52,UCP REVISION,BANK的定义 NON-BANK?“PARTY”?,53,UCP REVISION,惯例所有条款中名词的单数、复数形式通用。将UCP500第20条中对“SIGN”的解释移了过来。一个问题：加盖一个仅显示公司名称而不含
29、有人名的印章是否构成签署？,54,UCP REVISION,Branches of a bank in different countries are considered to be(another bank)separate banks.强调信用证业务中，一家银行在不同国家的分支机构应视为不同的银行，改变了500中使用的容易引起岐义的另一家银行的措词。,55,UCP REVISION,将UCP500第46、47及20条的部分内容移了过来。增加了对“BETWEEN”和“BEFORE”的解释。将ISBP第45段加入。,56,UCP REVISION,ARTICLE 4Credits v.Con
30、tracts,57,UCP REVISION,修订稿与UCP500第三条相比，增加了b款，即“开证行应劝阻申请人不要将基础合同的副本，形式发票等作为信用证的一部分”，以避免银行在审核单据时不得不越过单据本身去涉及与信用证交易相独立的基础交易而给银行审单造成一定障碍。,58,UCP REVISION,ARTICLE 5 DOCUMENTS v.GOODS，SERVICES OR PERFORMANCE,59,UCP REVISION,UCP500DRAFT1、2、3、4：“In credit operations,all parties concerned deal with”UCP600:“B
31、anks deal with”,60,UCP REVISION,ARTICLE 6AVAILABILITY，EXPIRY DATE AND PLACE FOR PRESENTATION,61,UCP REVISION,相对于UCP500，修订稿更加明确了信用证可以在何处available。汇票受票人为申请人的问题,62,UCP REVISION,关于效地的规定:The place of the bank with which the credit is available is the place for presentation.The place for presentation unde
32、r a credit available with any bank is that of any bank.A place for presentation other than that of the issuing bank is in addition to the place of the issuing bank.,63,UCP REVISION,ARTICLE 7 ISSUING BANKUNDERTAKING,64,UCP REVISION,与UCP500相比，修订稿将开证行在信用证下的责任明确规定为六种。开证行的责任从何时开始？,65,UCP REVISION,UCP600在
33、这里为延期付款信用证和承兑信用证下融资授权的规定做了铺垫:Reimbursement for the amount of a complying presentation under a credit available by acceptance or deferred payment is due at maturity,whether or not the nominated bank prepaid or purchased before maturity.An issuing banks undertaking to reimburse a nominated bank is ind
34、ependent of the issuing banks undertaking to the beneficiary.,66,UCP REVISION,ARTICLE 8 CONFIRMING BANK UNDERTAKING,67,UCP REVISION,保兑行在信用证下的责任几乎和开证行完全相同，除了以下两点：1、单据必须交至保兑行吗？2、保兑行的议付问题,68,UCP REVISION,ARTICLE 9ADVISING OF CREDITSAND AMENDMENTS,69,UCP REVISION,新增了通知行的一项义务：“the advice accurately refle
35、cts the terms and conditions of the credit or amendment received”取消了要求通知行核证时“take reasonable care”的字样增加了对second advising bank的描述并规定了其义务,70,UCP REVISION,1、银行收到出口来证向出口商通知时，是否应向客户提示来证的表面完整性和内容的清晰状况？2、出口商收到银行通知的信用证，但对开证行资信不了解或有所担心怎么办？,71,UCP REVISION,ARTICLE 10 AMENDMENTS,72,UCP REVISION,如果保兑行不同意接受一份修改，
36、该修改将无效吗？建议将a款中“the confirming bank,if any,”删除。,73,UCP REVISION,D款增加了通知行将受益人接受或拒绝修改的信息告知开证行的义务。F款明确规定“沉默即表示同意”条款的无效性,74,UCP REVISION,ARTICLE 11 TELETRANSMITTED AND PRE-ADVISED CREDITS AND AMENDMENTS,75,UCP REVISION,ARTICLE 12 NOMINATION,76,UCP REVISION,新增b款，规定了被指定银行在延期付款信用证、承兑信用证下的贴现等提前融资行为视为受到开证行的授权
37、：“By nominating a bank to accept a draft or incur a deferred payment undertaking，an issuing bank authorizes that nominated bank to prepay or purchase a draft accepted or a deferred payment undertaking incurred by that nominated bank.”,77,UCP REVISION,萌发添加该条款的起因:Banco Santander v.Banque Paribas（1998
38、folio No.794；QBCMF 1999/0673/A3；England）大多数国家认为应该在UCP中加入延期付款信用证下融资授权的规定，以适应实务中的需要。,78,UCP REVISION,ARTICLE 13 BANK-TO-BANKREIMBURSEMENTARRANGEMENTS,79,UCP REVISION,当前修订稿规定：如信用证中有向偿付行索偿的条款，则必须说明是否适用URR525，如信用证中没有说明适用URR525,则适用本条其他各款的规定。与DRAFT 3的规定恰恰相反,80,UCP REVISION,关于偿付授权的效期：修订稿比UCP500增加了“偿付授权不应(sh
39、ould not)设置有效期”的规定。之所以禁止在偿付授权中规定有效期是因为这会给实务带来障碍。,81,UCP REVISION,ARTICLE 14 STANDARD FOR EXAMINATION OF DOCUMENTS,82,UCP REVISION,合理审单时间UCP290&UCP400UCP500“reasonable time”7个银行工作日？,83,UCP REVISION,Bankers Trust Co.v State Bank of India(1991 England)1000万美元的进口钢材信用证，提交单据为967页，分为四套。开证行BT于第七个工作日发出拒付电。议付
40、行SBI认为BT的拒付超出了合理工作时间。,84,UCP REVISION,判断合理时间应考虑的因素包括：交易的性质和规模开证行的规模和其人力物力资源提交单据的数量及复杂程度开证行所在国家的银行处理单据的水平银行职员处理单据的语言能力开证行当期收到的进口单据的数量开证行当期处理进口单据的职员数量,85,UCP REVISION,UCP600修订过程：DRAFT 1：不超过六个工作日DRAFT 2：SAFE HARBOUR,86,UCP REVISION,一个拒绝问题的办法将“REASONABLE TIME”这一要求删除，取而代之以一个具体的天数，比如“五个银行工作日”。该建议在二五年六月的IC
41、C会议上有一定呼声。后经表决形成绝大多数意见，被采纳。可彻底摆脱“REASONABLE TIME”带来的不确定性。,87,UCP REVISION,UCP600第14条b款：A nominated bank acting on its nomination,a confirming bank,if any,and the issuing bank shall each have a maximum of five banking days following the day of presentation to determine if a presentation is complying.
42、,88,UCP REVISION,C款引入了ISBP第16段的内容，即500第43条a款中最迟交单期的规定仅适用于要求包含一份或多份运输单据正本的交单。,89,UCP REVISION,审单标准UCP500的规定：要求单据表面上和信用证条款相符，单据之间表面上的不一致视为与信用证条款不相符第一，对银行的审单要求是只审核单据表面。第二，要单证相符、单单相符。第三，注意规定的是单单之间“不一致将视为不 符”，而没有明确要求“一致”。,90,UCP REVISION,UCP600：“CONFLICT”概念替换“INCONSISTENT”“单据之间、单据内部信息之间以及单据和信用证条款之间的信息无须相
43、同（IDENTICAL），但不能有冲突（MUST NOT CONFLICT WITH”。,91,UCP REVISION,对非规定单据的处理 UCP500规定“银行没有义务去审核，还是不可以(MUST NOT)去审核？”Draft 1在措辞上作了改动 随后的版本在措辞上进一步作了改动,92,UCP REVISION,NON-DOCUMENTARY CONDITION 非单据化条件当一个条件确实是“NON-DOCUMENTARY”时，UCP500的规定是明确并易于被有关各方掌握的，即对之忽略。问题的关键是如何判断一个条件是否是“NON-DOCUMENTARY”，这一直困扰着银行界。,93,UCP
44、 REVISION,POSITION PAPER NO.3惹的“祸”ICC第三号意见书认为，如果信用证中的某一条件未要求提交具体的单据来满足，但可以明显地和某一单据建立关联，将不视为非单据化条件。如何判断该条件可以明显地和某一单据建立关联？没有统一标准。判断是否为非单据化条件必须在审核提交的单据后才能被最终确认。,94,UCP REVISION,DRAFT 13个选择：1、如果出现非单据化条件，一律不予理会，即使该条件能够明显地与信用证中规定的某一单据相关联。2、如果出现非单据化条件，那么提交的单据中至少要有一份单据能满足该条件。3、保持UCP500条款不变,95,UCP REVISION,随
45、后各版修订稿选择了保持UCP500原条款不变。根据各国银行委员会投票结果，有30个国家选择3，即保持UCP500的规定不变。另外各有9个国家分别选择1和2。但如何判断非单据化条件的问题仍未解决。,96,UCP REVISION,受益人和申请人的地址修订稿规定：单据中受益人和申请人的地址不需要和信用证中或其它单据中显示的相同，但地址中的国别必须和信用证中的相同。ICC R474All American Semiconductor,Inc.v.Wells Fargo Bank Minnesota,N.A.105 Fed.Appx.886(8th Cir.2004),97,UCP REVISION,
46、最新稿中对运输单据的出具人作了一个新的规定：“A transport document may be issued by any party other than a carrier,owner,master or charterer provided that the transport document meets the requirements of articles 19,20,21,22,23 or 24 of these rules.”,98,UCP REVISION,1、货描中出现附加信息是否应视为不符？CASE STUDYQ1：提交的商业发票在信用证的货描后添加了商标名（BR
47、AND NAME）是否不符？（ICCR81）,99,UCP REVISION,Q2：发票在货描后添加了“GOODS ARE RECONDITIONED AS NEW”，是否不符？（ICC489 CASE265）Q3：信用证中的货描为“PAKISTAN-ESE BLUE POPPYSEED”，而质量和重量报告上的货描为“PAKISTANESE BLUE（CLOURED）POPPYSEED”（ICCR235）,100,UCP REVISION,Q4：发票在货描“SINGLE CORE COPPER CONDUCTOR PVC INSULATED CABLE 450/750 VOLTS TO BS
48、6004/1975”后又添加了“EUROCAB BRAND ON REELS EACH 85 YARDS”（ICCR456）,101,UCP REVISION,Q5：信用证中的货描为“Mens suede jackets,plain suede fabric”，提交的发票上显示的货描为“Mens suede jackets(imitation suede with 100%polyester knitted backing)plain suede fabric”（ICC R584）,102,UCP REVISION,从上述ICC意见以及法院判例中，可以看出货描中添加的细节如不改变货物的性质，或
49、如ICC515 VII2（4）指出的“没有额外的可能导致对（货物）状态和价值产生疑问的不利描述”或不引起任何不一致，都可视为相符。实务中须具体问题具体分析，涉及到诉讼中法官的自由裁量权。,103,UCP REVISION,2、单据中的拼写错误（misspell-ings）或打字错误(typing errors)单据中哪些不符之处应被看成是拼写错误，又有哪些拼写错误不应被视为不符点呢？CASE STUDY,104,UCP REVISION,Q1：提单上的被通知方notify party“Sofan”错误地拼写成“Soran”，是否构成不符点？（Beyene v.Irving Trust Co.,
50、762 F.2d 420(2d Cir.1985)）Q2：备用证要求受益人提交的汇票中显示：“该汇票是根据86-122-S信用证开出的。”但受益人提交的汇票中显示信用证号码为：“86-122-5”。（New Braunfel National Bank v.Odiorne,780 S.W.2d 313(Tex.Ct.App.1989)）,105,UCP REVISION,Q3：发票对货物拖车的描述为：“TRLR#65024 SEAL#04389”，而提单上的描述则是：“TRLR#650524 SEAL#04389”。（Boston Hides&Fers,ltd.v.Sumitomo Bank（
