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1、1,GCSE Physics,Magnetism and Electromagnetism,2,Lesson 6-Transformers,Aims:To recall the structure of a transformer,and understand that a transformer changes the size of an alternating voltage by having different numbers of turns on the input and output sides.To know and be able to use the relations
2、hip between input(primary)and output(secondary)voltages and the turns ratio for a transformer:,3,What is a transformer?,4,What is a transformer?Where are transformers used?What do we call a transformer that increases voltage?What do we call a transformer that decreases voltage?,A device used to incr
3、ease or decrease voltage.,In the national grid and household appliances.,A step-up transformer.,A step-down transformer.,5,Transformers,A transformer has two electromagnetic coils.When the electricity changes in the first coil an electric voltage is created across the second coil.Transformers are us
4、ed to change the voltage and current of the electricity that comes from BELCO.,6,How does it work?,7,Transformers,A transformer can change the voltage and current of an electrical supply.Some devices need low voltage and some need some need high voltage.Only a.c.voltage can be transformed from one v
5、oltage to another,this is why mains electricity needs to be a.c.To understand a transformer we need to learn more about coils and cores.,8,Remember this?An electric voltage is only induced when the magnet is moving.We need a changing magnetism to make electricity.,Bar magnet have a similar magnetic
6、field patter to a solenoid with current.,10,What is what?,Input a.c.voltage,Input or primary coil,Output or secondary coil,A soft iron O core,Output a.c.voltage,11,What is what?,The input or primary voltage,The output or secondary voltage,Number of primary coils,Number of secondary coils,12,Input si
7、de,The primary voltage creates a magnetic field when its current passes through the coil.The a.c.voltage means that the magnetism through the coil is always changing.,13,Output side,The magnetism from the primary coil is passed through the iron to the secondary coil.Because the magnetism is changing
8、 a voltage is induced in the secondary coil.The size of the output voltage depends on the size of the two coils.,Changing the magnetism is just like moving a magnet,only easier!,14,Soft iron core,Iron is a soft magnetic material,this means that it is very easy to magnetize and very easy to demagneti
9、ze.In a transformer the direction of electricity is changing many times each second.Every fraction of a second the core needs to change its magnetism.We use iron because it can change its magnetism from one direction to another very easily.,15,Lamp demonstration,16,Transformers,Transformers change t
10、he voltage and current of an a.c.electrical supply.In the following experiment mains electricity at 220 volts enters the circuit.After leaving the transformer the voltage has been reduced to approximately 11 volts.,17,18,Input circuit,The voltage enters the circuit through the thick 220 volt wire an
11、d passes through the coil with 3600 turns.,19,Output circuit,The voltage is induced in the smaller part of the transformer that only has 300 turns of wire.It then travels through the thinner wires to the 11 volt lamp.,20,The lamp is off because the magnetism is not strong enough to go from one coil
12、the other.,21,The C core increases the magnetism.,22,The O core is even stronger.,23,Step up and Step down,and an equation to learn!,24,Is this a step-up or a step-down transformer?,primarycoil,secondarycoil,25,Is this a step-up or a step-down transformer?,primarycoil,secondarycoil,26,Less turns=les
13、s voltage,27,Transformer formula,The formula for calculating voltages and coils in a transformer has four variables!,28,Which way up?,The formula is about variables it does not matter which way up you remember the symbols.,29,Transformer example 1,A step-down transformer is required to transform 240
14、 V a.c.to 12 V a.c.for a model railway.If the primary coil has 1000 turns,how many turns should the secondary have?V2/V1=T2/T1T2=T1(V2/V1)T2=1000(12/240)T2=50 turns,30,Transformer example 2,A transformer is designed to have 2500 primary turns and 5000 secondary turns.What is the output voltage if th
15、e input voltage is 120 V?V2/V1=T2/T1V2=V1(T2/T1)V2=120V(5000/2500)V2=240 V,31,=230 V,Transformer example 3,A transformer has 200 turns on its primary coil and 50 turns on its secondary coil.The input voltage is 920 V.What is the output voltage?,32,=500 turns,A transformer has 100 turns on its primar
16、y coil.It has an input voltage of 35V and an output voltage of 175 V.How many turns are on the secondary coil?,Transformer example 4,33,Transformers,Transformers are used to _ _ or step down _.They only work on AC because an _ current in the primary coil causes a constantly alternating _ _.This will
17、“_”an alternating current in the secondary coil.,Words alternating,magnetic field,induce,step up,voltage,We can work out how much a transformer will step up or step down a voltage:,If a transformer is 100%efficient,the power produced in the secondary coil should equal the power input of the primary
18、coil.,power station,homeappliance,long transmission line,looks like:,Rload,Rwire,Rwire,Power Transmission,Power Dissipated in an Electricity Distribution System,We can figure out the current required by a single bulb using P=VI so I=P/V=120 Watts/12 Volts=10 Amps(!)Estimate resistance of power lines
19、:0.001/m 2105 m=20 Ohms,120 WattLight bulb,12 Volt Connection Box,Power Plant on Colorado River,10km,Power dissipate/waste in transmission a line is P=I2R=102 20=2,000 Watts!“Efficiency”is e=120 Watts/2120 Watts=5.6%!What could we change in order to do better?,The Tradeoff,The thing that kills us mo
20、st is the high current through the(fixed resistance)transmission linesNeed less currentits that square in I2R that has the most dramatic effectBut our appliance needs a certain amount of powerP=VI so less current demands higher voltage,Solution is high voltage transmissionRepeating the above calcula
21、tion with 12,000 Volts delivered to the house draws only I=120 Watts/12 kV=0.01 Amps for one bulb,giving P=I2R=(0.01)220=2010-4 Watts,so P=0.002 Watts of power dissipated in transmission lineEfficiency in this case is e=120 Watts/120.004=99.996%,39,Example,An average of 120 kW is delivered to a subu
22、rb 10 km away.The transmission lines have a total resistance of 0.40.Calculate the power loss if the transmission voltage is:240 V 24000V,P=IV,Power loss:,1,1,2,2,DANGER!,But having high voltage in each household is a recipe for disastersparks every time you plug something inrisk of firenot cat-frie
23、ndlyNeed a way to step-up/step-down voltage at willcant do this with DC,so go to AC,A way to provide high efficiency,safe low voltage:,High Voltage Transmission LinesLow Voltage to Consumers,step-up to 500,000 V,step-down,back to 5,000 V,step-down to 220 V,5,000 Volts,Power Transmission,Electric power is usually transmitted over high voltage power lines.Copper wire has a resistance and over long runs some energy will be lost to the surroundings as heat.A low current(high voltage)minimizes this loss.,
