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1、1. Communication technologies are far from equivalent. A recent study comparing honesty across a range of different media revealed that people were twice likely to tell lies when using the phone than when communicating via e-mail. It had previously been assumed that people would be more inclined to
2、fabricate the truth when using e-mail, due to the remoteness of the interaction making people more comfortable about deceiving others. On the contrary, it seems that anxiety (焦虑)over the accountability责任,由于邮件可以加以记录因而沟通者需要承担说谎的责任 afforded by the recording of e-mail exchanges induces(诱导) greater truth
3、fulness. However, the research also noted that people are much more likely to be rude or insulting（侮辱） over e-mail, outweighing any benefits of increased honesty! An implication of the study is that if telephone conversations are recorded and people are aware of this fact, they are likely to be more
4、 truthful over the phone. T People are unconcerned about the repercussion反响 of e-mail untruths. FIt had been assumed that people would communicate more honestly when using e-mail than when using the telephone. F2. There is often considerable scientific disagreement both about available reserves of n
5、atural resources and about the extent of environmental damage caused by particular pollutants. Even where the scientific evidence is incontrovertible无可争议的. There may be political conflict, based on different vested interests, over the degree to which particular environmental controls should be accep
6、ted. Governments may, for example, refrain（避免） from introducing effective control if they fear these will adversely affect company profitability or jobs, even where the environmental cost of not introducing controls are considerable.There is always scientific debate around the facts regarding the re
7、serves of natural resources. TVery rarely is there conflict over the degree to which particular environmental controls should be accepted. FParties with a vested interest（既得利益） are more influenced by politics than science when deciding whether to implement （实施）environmental controls. T/C个人认为C(图片版本的答
8、案) 3. Whilst high visibility crime such as night-time drunken disturbance has increased, total urban（城市） and rural（乡村） crime, both reported and unreported, has fallen over the last two years, yet paradoxically people feel less safe, believing that the converse is the case. This fall in crime has coi
9、ncided（吻合） with a drop in the number of police officer on the street. A citizens fear of crime seems not to be a matter of reality at all- the visibility of law enforcement officials has a greater impact on their view of reality than hard facts.Reducing the number of police officer has led to a redu
10、ction in crime. CCrime statistics support popular belief about the level of crime. FPeople feel safer when there are more police on the street. C/T个人认为T4. There is no task more difficult than that of ensuring the education of children in modern society. Not only school, but also teachers and their r
11、oles have changed out of all recognition （认识）in the past few decades, thanks to the impact on teaching institutions by indoctrinat教导ing, and indoctrinated, reformist intellectuals bearing revolutionary ideas. To the perpetual 永久的indiscipline无纪律。倒装句，the indiscipline of youth has been added to the ind
12、iscipline of parents,学生荒芜学业的情况因为家长的不配合与不理解变得变本加厉 of youth has now been added the indiscipline of parents, many of whom interpret（翻译） any reports of wrongdoing in school on the part of their offspring as a personal affront, or as the manifestation（表现） of the malice of teachers. As for the teachers th
13、emselves, whilst many are respectable and learned men and women, who view it as their vocation to induct their charges into a civilization and a way of behaving, others attempt to influence youth merely to further their political or ideological ends.Some of those working in education have their own
14、hidden agendas（议程）. C/T个人认为TTeacher with revolutionary ideas will attempt to influence their pupils for their own political ends. FSome teachers who report children of wrongdoing do so because of malice, rather than nay legitimate reason. C5. Last week, the competition commission outlined two packag
15、es to regulate the sale of extended product warranties（保证）, which provide repair/replacement for faulty（不完善的） goods beyond the manufacturers original guarantee. Whilst（虽然） warranty sales are currently highly profitable, with some retailers attributing up to of their profits to this income stream, th
16、ey are also criticized for offering poor value for money due to obscure （模糊的）clauses（条款）, which restrict payment in many, but the most unlikely claim scenarios（场景）. The first package-to ban retailers selling a full warranty on the day of purchase was condemned by all as draconian严厉的-whilst the other
17、, rather milder, option of forcing retailers to provide full information on warranty exclusions and an obligatory 60day “cool-off” period for customers, received a more balanced hearing.Because no one believes that the first option will ever be implemented, investors and analysts have focused more c
18、losely on the implication of the “milder” package. In a recent leaked research note, one analyst suggested that the implementation of the reform in the second package would place a staff-training burden on the retailer, which would lead to a significant increase in the cost of warranty sales, and a
19、predicted 20% fall in actual sales.“Cool-off” periods are not currently offered by companies selling product warranties. TIt is likely that neither package will be implemented. CPreventing retailers from selling warranties on the day of purchase of a product was felt to be too severe a restriction.
20、T6. All scientific knowledge is provisional（临时，暂时）. Everything that science knows, even the most mundane facts and long-established theories, is subject to re-examination as new information comes in. the latest data and ideas are scrutinized the most. Some recantations will be unavoidable, but this
21、is not a weakness of science, but rather its strength. No endeavor rivals science in its incremental progress towards a more complete understanding of the observable universe.Science improves understanding on the basis of leaving unchallenged修饰 those theories those theories that appear to work. FSom
22、e facts in science cannot be challenged if any progress is to be made. C/F个人认为F：因为第一句，所有的科学知识都是有前提而存在的 That which is not observable cannot be part of the domain of science. C7. The Statute on workplace safety requires that an employer should ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the health, s
23、afety and welfare at work of all full and part time employees, and also those not in direct employment who may be affected by acts or omissions(遗漏) at work. However, it is also the duty of employees to take reasonable care for their own health and safety and also that of other persons who may be aff
24、ected by their acts or omissions at work, for example by complying with all notices on health and safety that are posted.If a workplace visitor is hurt due to an act of negligence（疏忽） by an employee then the employee may be held solely responsible. F C/F个人认为C,有答案也认为是CAn employer has responsibility f
25、or the safety of visitors to his factory. TEmployees have negligible微不足道的，可以忽略的 responsibility for workplace health and safety. F 8. Todays historians aim to construct a record of human activities and to use this record to achieve a more profound understanding of humanity. This conception起源 of their
26、 task is quite recent, dating from the development from 18th and early 19th centuries of scientific history, and cultivated（培育） largely by professional historians who adopted the assumption that the study of natural, inevitable human activity. Before the late 18th century, history was taught in virt
27、ually（实质上） no schools, and it did not attempt to provide an interpretation （解释）of human life as a whole. This is more appropriately（适当） the function of religion, of philosophy, or even perhaps of poetry.That which constitutes（构成） the study of history has changed over time. C T/C个人认为是T Professional h
28、istorians did not exist before 18th century. CIn the 17th century, history would not have been thought of as a way of understanding humanity. T9. Whilst having similar effects on employees, there tend to be major difference between a merger and an acquisition. In an acquisition, power is substantial
29、ly（大量，实质） assumed（承担，假定） by the new parent company. Change is often swift （迅速的）and brutal(野蛮的) as the acquirer imposes its own control systems and financial restraints. Parties to a merger are likely to be evenly matched in terms of size, and the power and cultural dynamics of the combination are mo
30、re ambiguous（含糊）, integration is a more drawn out process持久战.During an acquisition, there is often more overt明显的；公然的；蓄意的 conflict and resistance and a sense of powerlessness. In mergers, because of the prolonged period between the initial announcement and full integration, uncertainty and anxiety co
31、ntinue for a much longer time as the organization remains in a state of limbo处于中间的或不定的状态.There tends to be a major power difference between parties in an acquisition. TMergers and acquisition tend to have distinctly different impacts on employees. FMergers yield a shorter period of anxiety and uncer
32、tainty amongst employees. F10. Management is, in effect, the catalyst催化剂 that is essential for converting the resources and raw material inputs of the operation into valued outputs and, in the process, ensuring that stakeholder（利益相关者） needs are satisfied. Managers represent the critical（关键的，危急的） fac
33、tor, which economists refer to as “enterprise”, without which the other factors (land, labor and capital) cannot function. Managers are effectively the custodians监管者 of the organizations resource, responsible for deciding what the resources should be used for, how best to use them, and to which cust
34、omers the outputs should be targeted.Stakeholder needs are best served through the creation of valued outputs. CManagement has at least two major but different responsibilities. TManagers must decide how best to handle all the resources at their disposal. T11. There is no doubt that vegetarian food
35、can be healthier than a traditional diet indeed, research has demonstrated that vegetarians are less likely to suffer from heart disease and obesity（肥胖） than those who eat meat. One long-standing concern about a vegetarian lifestyle is the risk of failing to take in enough protein（蛋白质）. However, his
36、torical calculations as to the amount of protein needed for a healthy lifestyle have recently been shown to overestimate the quantities needed, and if vegetarian select their food carefully they should be able to meet their protein needs.A balanced diet is more likely to promote health than any part
37、icular food or food group in isolation（隔离）. C/F个人认为CToo much protein in the diet can lead to heart disease. COver time the recommendations as to what constitutes a healthy balanced diet have changed. C12. Water, the most common liquid used for cleaning, has a property called surface tension表面张力. Mol
38、ecules in the body of the water are surrounded by other molecules, but at the surface a “tension” is created as molecules are only surrounded by other molecules on the waterside. This tension inhibits（抑制） the cleaning process, as it slows the wetting of surface due to tension causing the water to be
39、ad up. This is where water droplets hold their shape and do not spread. For effective cleaning to take place “surface tension” must be reduced so that water can spread. Surface-active agents, or surfactants表面活性剂, are chemicals, which are able to do this effectively.Surface-active agents, or surfacta
40、nts, are only used for cleaning. CWater is the only known liquid used for cleaning. F疑为CIf surfactant chemicals are added to water when cleaning a surface, surface tension will occur. FThe molecules on the waterside hinder（阻碍） the cleaning process. F C/T个人认为T13. The biggest risk facing the worlds in
41、surance companies is possibly the rapid change now taking place within their own ranks. Sluggish萧条的；迟钝的 growth in core markets and intense price competition, coupled with shifting patterns of customer demand and the rising cost of losses, are threatening to overwhelm（压倒） those too slow to react.Insu
42、rance companies are experiencing a boom in their core markets. FInsurance companies are competing to provide best prices to customers. TInsurance companies are coping well with increased price competition and rising losses. F疑为C14. Short-sightedness is to a large extent inherited（遗传）; its incidence发
43、生率 varies from one family to another. The reason behind the link between the common incidence of short-sightedness and high intelligence is unclear. Previous generations thought that eyes could become strained负荷 by years spent poring over books, but a few decades ago the popular medical view was tha
44、t short-sighted people gravitated towards the library because they found it hard to excel（胜过） at sports. Recently there has been partial support for a theory that high intelligence and short-sightedness may, in fact, be part of a genetic package.The genetic link between intelligence and short-sighte
45、dness has recently been disproven. C疑为FPeople from all families stand at an equal chance of being short-sighted. FIntelligence is to a large extent inherited. C15. The cosmic microwave background宇宙微波背景辐射 (CMB) radiation is the afterglow夕照，晚霞sunset glow, sunglow from the Big Bang, and weak as it may
46、be today, these primeval microwaves hold valuable information about fundamental properties of the early universe. Slight differences, or anisotropies, in the brightness and polarization of the CMB reveal clues about the nature of the primeval plasma: that the discrepancies差异 exist at all shows that
47、the plasma was not perfectly uniform. The variations in the brightness seen in the CMB reflect differences in the density of the primordial plasma, whereas the anisotropic polarization reveals information about the dynamics of the early universe, such as the movement of material and the number of gr
48、avitational waves. The CMB, however, is not the only source of polarized microwaves and the cosmological polarization must thus be measured at different wavelengths so as to isolate them from foreground signals.The anisotropies of the CMB show solely that the primordial plasma was not uniform. FThe polarization of cosmic microwaves is measured at different wavelength so as to separate the foreground from the background signals. TThrough studying the cosmological microwaves, one may learn about the forces of gravity in the early universe疑为C. 16. Internet experts are warning of a new multitude大
