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1、The Translation Strategy on Chinese Reduplicated Words摘 要在汉语中，叠词是一种常见的语言现象, 叠词韵律紧凑, 在文中有很强的表现力和感染力, 故在汉语中的使用频率很高。但是由于中英文间不同的表达方式, 汉语中叠词很难有效地翻译成英语。本文先对汉语叠词进行系统的介绍，然后就直译与意译两种翻译策略进行比较和分析，结合实例介绍了汉语叠词的翻译方法。在翻译过程中切不可生搬硬套，需根据具体情况分析，选择直译或意译。即使正确地选择了翻译策略，我们还必须了解汉语叠词英译的技巧。通过对收集到的相关文献和资料进行分析与研究，本文在最后一章介绍了七种汉语叠
2、词英译的翻译技巧，既准确表达汉语叠词的语义,又尽量再现汉语叠词在形式上的美感。由于汉语叠词的使用广泛，本文在促进中西文化交流方面具有很强的现实意义。关键词：叠词；翻译策略；翻译技巧AbstractReduplicated Words is a common linguistic phenomenon in Chinese. It has compact rhythm and a strong expressiveness and appeal in various literature works. Because of this, reduplicated words are frequen
3、tly used in Chinese. But there are so many differences between Chinese and English language that it is hard to translate Chinese reduplicated words into English effectively. This article firstly has a systematic introduction of Chinese reduplicated words. Then from comparison and analysis of literal
4、 and free translation strategies, it introduces the methods and skills of the translation combining with some examples. We must not apply the translation strategies mechanically and should choose the right one according to the concrete situation. Even if we make the right choice of the translation s
5、trategy, we should also learn and use some translation skills. Through the analysis and research of relevant literatures and material, the article, in the last chapter, presents in detail seven translation methods of Chinese reduplicated words. By using these methods, we can express the meaning of C
6、hinese reduplicated words accurately and try to reproduce the beauty in Chinese reduplicated words. Due to the wide use of Chinese reduplicated words, the article has a strong practical significance in promoting the exchange between the Chinese and western cultures. Key words: reduplicated words; tr
7、anslation strategy; translation skillsContents摘 要 .iAbstract .iiIntroduction.1Chapter 1 The Study of Chinese Reduplicated Words.21.1 The Definition of Reduplicate Words.21.2 The Forms of Reduplicated Words.21.3 The Change of Semantic Meaning of Reduplicated Words.31.3.1 Meaning Increasing31.3.2 Mean
8、ing Strengthening.31.3.3 Meaning Weakening31.4 The Function of Reduplicated Words.41.4.1 The Beauty of Rhythm.41.4.2 The Beauty of Image.51.4.3 The Beauty of Rhetoric.6Chapter 2 The Translation Strategy on Chinese Reduplicated words .8 2.1 Literal Translation.9 2.2 Free Translation11Chapter 3 The Tr
9、anslation Skills on Chinese Reduplicated Words.153.1 The Use of “Every, Every-, Each, All, etc.”153.2 The Use of Repetition.163.3 The Use of Plural form173.4 The Use of Idioms183.5 The Use of Fixed Structures19 3.5.1 “Have (or Give，Take，etc.)+ a + Noun” Structure.19 3.5.2 “Verb + and + Verb” Structu
10、re.193.6 The Use of Onomatopoeia.203.7 The Use of Rhetoric Technique.223.7.1 Alliteration.223.7.2 Consonance.233.7.3 Para Rhyme.24Conclusion.25Bibliography.26AcknowledgementsIntroductionAs a special lexical phenomenon, reduplicated words represent the beauty of the languages in rhythm, image and exp
11、ression. They appear both in English and Chinese commonly. Many people pay much attention to the research of reduplicated words.Reduplicated words are not only one of our great traditions of poetry in a variety of literary styles and are also used extensively in daily life, so the English translatio
12、n of Chinese reduplicated words is particularly important. This thesis aims to systematically propose some skills of translating reduplicated words through the analysis of the English translation of Chinese reduplicated words in some classic Chinese literature works.With the integration of China and
13、 the world, more and more foreign friends in China have a strong interest in literature. The five thousand years culture of our country would be inherited and developed. In this cross-cultural communication process, as an international common language, English has become the most convenient communic
14、ation tool. While reduplicated words is widely used in old China，the English translation of it is the key to could make our culture understood by foreigners. Chapter1The Study of Chinese Reduplicated Words1.1 The Definition of Reduplicated WordsReduplicated Words, also known as reduplicative words m
15、eans grammatically functional repetition of a word. They are used widely in the literature works, as a common linguistic phenomenon. As one of figure of speech with the feature of musicality, exquisite rhythm and the beauty of imagery, reduplicated words is an overlapping pattern of morpheme and syl
16、lable. It can be a simple word or compound word. Using reduplicated words could make the language vivid in rhythm. 1.2 The Form of Reduplicated WordsReduplicated Words are commonly used in Chinese. Nouns, verbs, numerals, quantifiers, adjectives, adverbs can be used as reduplicated words. Usually, i
17、ts format can be divided into the following two categories:Complete reduplication:AA：嗡嗡，慢慢，天天，渐渐AABB：郁郁苍苍，密密麻麻，日日夜夜，仔仔细细ABAB：考虑考虑，雪白雪白，研究研究，漆黑漆黑Partial reduplicationAAB：散散步，毛毛雨，聊聊天，唱唱歌ABB：亮晶晶，水汪汪，笑眯眯，绿油油AABC：脉脉含情，楚楚动人，心心相印，步步为营ABAC：一举一动，所作所为，难兄难弟，一心一意BCAA: 风尘仆仆，杨柳依依，得意洋洋，忧心忡忡A一A：试一试，读一读，猜一猜，看一看1.3 T
18、he Change of Semantic Meaning of Reduplicated Words Reduplicated words are not a simple repetition of the meaning, but have their strict semantic features and implications, great expansion of capability and creativity.1.3.1 Meaning Increasing Some words, like Nouns, numerals, quantifiers, often incr
19、ease the number of their own when they overlap, which does not refer to the only one. For example,事事（everything）一群群（groups）1.3.2 Meaning StrengtheningWhen adjectives, adverbs, quantifiers, adverbs and verbs overlap by a specific format, they can strengthen the meaning and have an effect of emphasis.
20、 For example:刚刚(just) 轻轻的(gently) 走着走着(walk)1.3.3 Meaning WeakeningWhen verbs and adjectives overlap by the format of ABAB, the meaning levels are decreased, by the euphemism expressed through reduplication. The meaning of this action often expresses the meaning of having a try. For example:看一看(have
21、 a look) 考虑考虑(take a consideration)1.4 The Function of Reduplicated WordsReduplicated words are made up by overlapping one or two words and characterized by a buoyant rhythm. It is not a simple repetition of the words. When it is used properly, it can make the melody harmonious, and express the idea
22、 clearly. All of these can receive a better artistic effect and give the reader a feeling of joy of beauty.From the rhetorical effect, there are three main features of the reduplicated words:1.4.1 The Beauty of RhythmIn literature works the effect of rhythm is very important, particularly in poetry.
23、 Reduplicated words can make the poetry more harmonious in melody, which make it easy to read and pleasant to listen.For example:千千石楠树，万万女贞林。山山白鹭满，涧涧白猿吟。君莫向秋浦，猿声碎客心。 李白秋浦歌十七首之十The first four sentences of the poem use the overlapping words at the beginning of each verse, which they are fast-paced and
24、 full of musical beauty.There are reduplicated words using to describe the music.For example:大弦嘈嘈如急雨，小弦切切如私语。嘈嘈切切错杂弹，大珠小珠落玉盘。（杜甫琵琶行）The thick strings loudly thrummed like the pattering rain;The fine strings softly tinkled in a murmuring strain.When mingling loud and soft notes were together played,
25、T was like large and small pearls dropping on plate of jade.These reduplicated words in Chinese specifically express the strength, speed, lightness and heaviness of the music.1.4.2 The Beauty of ImageThe proper usage of the reduplicated words in poem will make the characters of natural scenery and i
26、ndividual vivid and appealing.For example:迢迢牵牛星，皎皎河汉女。纤纤擢素手，札札弄机杼。盈盈一水间，脉脉不得语。 迢迢牵牛星Far, far away, the Cowherd,Fair, fair, the Weaving Maid;Nimbly move her slender white fingers,Click-clack goes her weaving-loom.But the stream brims always between.And, gazing at each other, they cannot speak.The poe
27、m uses groups of reduplicated words to express the emotion of the Cowherd and Weaver Girls lingering feelings.Some verses which use certain reduplicated words are so subtle that they become richer in charm and attract peoples attention, then become famous sentences through the ages.繁枝容易纷纷落，嫩蕊商量细细开.
28、江畔独步寻花七绝句The words “纷纷” and “细细” can express their own emotion of loving flowers, making the sentence a little crazy, but actually sincere.漠漠帆来重，冥冥鸟去迟。 赋得暮雨送李胄Two groups of overlapping words make the image of “帆（sails）” and “鸟”（birds）in the poetry more vivid. 1.4.3 The Beauty of RhetoricReduplicated
29、 words make the word syllable symmetrical, the form neat, and can give new meaning and more emotion to the words, which increase the appeal of the language. It also makes the language more vivid, rhyming and improves the appreciation of the value. For example,府吏马在前，新妇车在后，隐隐何甸甸，俱会大道口。古诗为焦仲卿妻作With “隐隐
30、” and “甸甸” to imitate the sound of carriage, it is very precise, and render the sad atmosphere when Lanzhi was sent to home because of some reasons, it makes us heavy-hearted. Reduplicated words can also imitate every sound in our life.飒飒秋风满院栽。 （题菊花）“飒飒” is used to describe the sound of the wind. 凭栏
31、处，潇潇雨歇。 （满江红）“潇潇: is used to describe the sound of rain.唧唧复唧唧，木兰当户织。 （木兰辞）Overlapping words “唧唧” describe Mulans sigh precisely.一道残阳铺水中，半江瑟瑟半江红。 （暮江吟）“瑟瑟” is used to describe the color of the river that likes the ajade.By using reduplicated words, the verses achieve a special effect of rhetoric.Chap
32、ter 2 The Translation Strategy on Chinese Reduplicated Words In many kinds of literary translations, verses translation is undoubtly the most difficult. Verse is a literary form which arranges the short sentences with emotion as the phonology; therefore, the translator should not only transmit the c
33、ontent to the readers but also should make the translation matches with the art atmosphere. The verse translator should use a lot of translation ways to show readers the images or implied meaning on the basis of understanding. And the supreme level of verse translation is to build the image and mean
34、ing which is similar to the original piece.Reduplication often is a highly complex morphological procedure, which frequently interacts with other rules or processes. Although there are some strong and dominating semantic correlations of reduplication, the interaction of formal and functional/semanti
35、c aspects presents itself cross-linguistically rather complex. The translation of reduplicative words of Chinese reduplication is also complex; in general, the problem of translating has always been whether to translate literally or freely. It is the same in the translation of reduplicative words, t
36、he style of reduplication translation, literally or freely, and which approach is better remains a question. The translation of Chinese reduplication in literatures and oral language need careful consideration and systematic study.Next，there are a brief introduction about literal translation and fre
37、e translation.2.1 Literal TranslationLiteral translation refers to translating the source language accordingly, keeping the original message form, including construction of sentence, meaning of the original words, and metaphor of the original and so such. Translation would be fluent and easy to comp
38、rehend by target language readers. But this translation method also has its limitations. It translates word for word. Hence the translation is blunt and obscure with an inevitable emergence of cultural gaps. One of the advantages of this method is that it is very faithful to the original. Such as:窗外
39、雨潺潺。Without the blind the rain is patteringThe original word “潺潺” is onomatopoeia, referring to rain. The translator used the present progressive of the word patter, to give the readers a picture of a non-stop rain. However “窗外” is translated as “without the blind”. The translation of this word show
40、s that although the rain seemed small, it is endless. It contrasts to the mood of loneliness and the situation of solitude caused by the drizzle better. 独倚危楼风细细，望极春愁，黯黯生天际。Alone I lean against the parapet of a high tower in a gentle breezeGazing into the distance where the grief of separationLooms o
41、n the horizon. The reduplicated word “风细细” is translated as “a gentle breeze”, which seems simple and clear. And the word loom can express the meaning “黯黯” directly and accurately. Many translators use this approach to translate Chinese reduplicated words. Not only because it is concise, direct and
42、accurate, more importantly, it follows the principle of “faithful to the original”. The second advantage of the literal translation is that it can use free verse to translate something, beyond the limitations of rhythm, but by the control of rhythm. This translation method is loyal to the original a
43、nd at the same time is a form of innovation.念去去 ,千里烟波 ,暮霭沉沉楚天阔 (柳永雨霖铃 ) You ll go your way Far , far away On miles and miles away of misty waves where sail the shipsAnd evening clouds hang low in boundless Southern skies. The three Chinese characters “念去去” in the original text are translated into tw
44、o lines in English, which it has the function of heightening the atmosphere, especially the two latter lines: “Far, far away” were kind of reluctance to bid farewell, which reflected the mood of unwillingness of separation and the sadness beyond words. The word “沉沉” is translated into “hang low”, wh
45、ich expresses departure time is so near that the left has to go in a mixed mood.红蕖袅袅秋烟里. (扬贵妃赠张云容舞 )It is red lilies; lotus lilies , floating up , and up , out of autumn mist .In this poem, “袅袅” is also translated into two sentence. Although the translation is longer than the target language, it des
46、cribes the beauty of that picture in the poem.However, this method is not appropriate for any case. For example, 寻寻觅觅,冷冷清清,凄凄惨惨戚戚.（李清照声声慢）If we translate it into “look look，cold cold，sad sad sad.”, it would seem cumbersome and unnatural and cant reach the effect of semantic matching and similar functions.2.2 Free TranslationFree tr
