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1、THE DEVELOPMENT OF SINGLE-CHIPFirst the development trend of single-chip It can be said now is a single-chip opinions of the period, the worlds major chip manufacturing companies have introduced their own single-chip, from the 8, 16-32, just to name a few, everything, it is compatible with mainstrea
2、m C51 series of , there are not compatible, but they own each other into each other, for SCM applications world wide. Throughout the development process of single-chip, you can indicate the development trend of single-chip, generally are: 1. Low-power CMOS technology MCS-51 series of 8031 introduced
3、 the power consumption of 630mW, and now widespread in the single-chip 100mW or so, with the growing demand for low-power single-chip, and now all the basic single-chip manufacturers are use of CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor process). As the 80C51 on the use of HMOS (high density meta
4、l oxide semiconductor process) and CHMOS (high-density complementary metal oxide semiconductor process). Although the CMOS low power consumption, but because of its physical characteristics to determine its speed is not high enough, and then CHMOS with high-speed and low power consumption characteri
5、stics of these features, it is more suitable in low power consumption, as battery-powered applications . Therefore, the process for some time to come will be the main way to develop single-chip 2. Of micro-chip Now are generally in conventional single-chip will be the central processing unit (CPU),
6、random access data storage (RAM), read-only program memory (ROM), parallel and serial communication interface, system interruption, timing circuits, integrated circuit clock in a single chip, enhanced single-chip integration, such as A / D converter, PMW (pulse width modulation circuit), WDT (watchd
7、og), and some will be single-chip LCD (LCD) driver integrated circuits are in a single chip, this unit includes single-chip circuits on more and more powerful features. Even single-chip manufacturers can also be tailored in accordance with the requirements of users, to create a single chip with its
8、own chip characteristics. In addition, the product is now the universal demand of small size, light weight, which requires in addition to powerful single-chip and low power consumption, but also its smaller size. Many now have a variety of single-chip package, which SMD (surface mount) is gaining po
9、pularity, making the system constituted by the single-chip micro-moving in the direction of development. 3. The mainstream and multi-species coexistence Although a wide variety of single-chip, unique, but still single-chip microcomputer 80C51 prevailing at the core, compatible with its structure and
10、 command system of PHILIPS products, ATMEL companys products and China Taiwans Winbond Series Single machine. Therefore, single-chip microcomputer as the core C8051 occupied the half. Microchips PIC and reduced instruction set (RISC) has a strong development momentum of China Taiwan HOLTEK single-ch
11、ip companies in recent years, increasing production, with its high quality low-cost advantages, to occupy a certain market share. MOTOROLA addition to the companys products, several large companies in Japans exclusive single-chip microcomputer. A certain period of time, this situation will continue
12、to be upheld, there will not be a single-chip monopoly domination, taking the complementary interdependence, complementarity and common development. Second the technical development of digital single-chip The number of single-chip technology is reflected in the internal structure, power consumption,
13、 as well as the external voltage level on the manufacturing process. In these areas, more typically describes the number of single-chip level. At the moment, users need more and more single-chip, but getting higher and higher requirements. The following four areas on which the technological progress
14、 that the situation of single-chip microcomputer. 1, the internal structure of the progress Single-chip integrated in-house has been an increasing number of parts, these parts include commonly used circuits, such as: timers, comparators, A / D converter, D / A converters, serial communication interf
15、ace, Watchdog circuit , LCD controller. Some single-chip control network in order to constitute or form a local network, the internal local area network control module contains the CAN. For example, Infineons C 505C, C515C, C167CR, C167CS-32FM, 81C90; Motorolas 68HC08AZ series. Especially in the C16
16、7CS-32FM in single-chip, also contains two internal CAN. Therefore, such single-chip networks are very easy to pose. Especially in the control system more complicated, the constitute a very useful control network. In order to facilitate the use of variable frequency control of single-chip, to form t
17、he most cost-effective embedded control systems. Some set up a special single-chip internal control for variable frequency pulse width modulation control circuit, the single-chip microcomputer has Fujitsus MB89850 series of companies, MB89860 series; Motorolas MC68HC08MR16, MR24 and so on. In these
18、single-chip, the pulse width modulation circuit 6-channel output, can produce three-phase PWM AC voltage, and internal control with dead-zone function. Of particular note are: It is now some have adopted the so-called single-chip trinuclear (TrCore) structure. This is a system-level chips built on t
19、he (System on a chip) on the structure of the concept. This single-chip consists of three core components: a micro-controller and the DSP core, a data and program memory is nuclear and the last one is the external application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The most important feature of this sin
20、gle-chip is the DSP and microcontroller at the same time do so in a chip. Although the structure definition, DSP is a type of single-chip, but its role is mainly seen in the high-speed computing and special treatment as above, such as fast Fourier transform. It combines traditional single-chip integ
21、rated single-chip greatly enhanced functionality. This is the single-chip, one of the greatest progress. This single-chip microcomputer has the most typical Infineons TC10GP; Hitachis SH7410, SH7612 and so on. These are high-end single-chip single-chip, MCU is 32 and the DSP 16 or 32-bit structure,
22、the frequency of 60MHz or more generally. 2, power consumption, packaging and power supply voltage of the progress Now the new single-chip power consumption is getting smaller and smaller, especially the many single-chip are a variety of work settings, which include waiting, suspended, sleep, idle,
23、power-saving mode and so on. P87LPC762 single-chip company Philips is a very typical example, in idle, the power consumption is 1.5 mA, while in power-saving mode, the power consumption is only 0.5mA. In the most amazing power is TIs MSP430 family of single chip, it is a series of 16, there are ultr
24、a-low power work. Its low-power way LPM1, LPM3, LPM4 three. When the power supply to 3V, if the work in the LMP1, even if the external circuit is active, inactive as a result of CPU, oscillator at 1 4MHz, when power consumption is only 50? A. In LPM3, the oscillator at 32kHz, this power consumption
25、is only 1.3? A. In LPM4 when, CPU, peripherals and not the activities of 32kHz oscillator, the power consumption is only 0.1? A. Now the level of single-chip package has been greatly enhanced, with the emergence of chip technology, a large number of single-chip also used a variety of chip technology
26、 in line with the package appears to significantly reduce the volume. In this situation, Microchip has introduced the single-chip 8-pin special attention. This is PIC12CXXX series. It contains 0.5 2K program memory, 25 128 bytes of data memory, 6 I / O port and a timer, and some also with four A / D
27、, fully able to meet a number of low-grade system. To expand the scope of supply voltage and low voltage work is still today one of the objectives of single-chip development. At the moment, it can be single-chip 3.3 5.5V conditions. And some manufacturers, it can produce 2.2 6V to work under the con
28、ditions of the single chip. These single-chip companies are Fujitsus MB89191 89195, MB89121 125A, MB89130 series, it should be said that the companys F2MC-8L MCU meet the vast majority of the 2.2 6V operating voltage conditions. MSP430X11X and TIs family of operating voltage is as low as 2.2Vs. 3, t
29、he progress of technology Basically, the current single-chip CMOS technology used, but most use 0.6? M above the lithography process, there are individual companies such as Motorola Inc. have been using 0.35? M or even 0.25? M technology. These technological advances greatly improved the internal si
30、ngle-chip density and reliability. Third embedded system as the core of a single-chip SCM is a new name embedded micro-controller, because it can be embedded into any micro-or small-scale equipment or equipment. At present, the single-chip embedded systems and Internet connectivity is a trend. Howev
31、er, Internet has been used as a fat server, thin machine technology users. This technology on the Internet to store and access large amounts of data is appropriate, but for control of embedded devices has become the sledgehammer cracking a nut, the. Embedded devices to achieve and Int ernet connecti
32、on, we need the Internet to the traditional theory and practice of embedded devices are reversed. In order to make complex or simple embedded devices, such as single-chip microcomputer-controlled machine tools, single-chip microcomputer-controlled door locks, can be practical and Internet connection
33、, requires specialized equipment for the embedded microcontroller design a web server to embed devices can be connected to Internet, and through a standard Web browser to process control. At present, in order to single-chip microcomputer as the core of embedded systems and Internet connected compani
34、es, there are many more studies in this area. More typical in this regard have emWare and TASKING company. Embedded systems companies EmWare network program - EMIT technology. This technology consists of three main parts: the emMicro, emGateway and web browser. Which, emMicro embedded devices is a 1
35、K-byte memory capacity accounted for only a very small web servers; emGateway stronger as a function of the user or server, and it is used to achieve more than the management of embedded devices, as well as standard access the Internet communications, as well as the support of a web browser. Web bro
36、wsers use to display and embedded emObjicts data transmission between devices. If sufficient resources embedded devices, while at the same time emMicro and emGateway into embedded devices, to achieve direct access to the Inter net. Otherwise, it will require a web browser emGateway and each other. E
37、mWares EMIT software technology using standard Internet protocol for 8-bit and 16-bit embedded devices to manage, but costs much less traditional. At present, single-chip applications, a new problem: This is how to make the 8-bit, 16-bit single-chip microcomputer to control the product, or embedded
38、products or equipment to achieve the interconnection and the Internet? TASKING is now to solve this problem means. The company has emWare of EMIT software packages and related supporting integration, the formation of an integrated development environment, to provide users with convenient development
39、. Embedded Internet Union ETI (embed the Internet Consortium) is to work closely with the development of embedded Internet solutions. Results in the near future there will be published. Fourth technology development of the reliability of single-chip application In single-chip applications, reliabili
40、ty is the primary factor in the application of SCM in order to expand the scope and areas to improve the reliability of its single-chip is an effective method. In recent years, manufacturers of single-chip single-chip design in the use of a variety of new technologies to improve reliability, the per
41、formance of these new technologies in the following points: 1, EFT (Ellectrical Fast Transient) technology 2, EFT is an anti-jamming technology, which is defined as the sinusoidal signal oscillation circuit outside interference, the waveform will be a variety of Deburring signal superposition, if yo
42、u use their plastic Schmidt circuit, it will become a burr trigger signals interfere with the normal clock, in the alternate use of Schmitt circuit and RC filter circuit, it can be eliminated or their role in these gross failure to ensure that the clock signal systems work properly. In this way, a s
43、ingle chip to enhance the reliability of the work. Motorolas MC68HC08 family of single chip on the use of this technology. Low-noise cabling technology and drive technology In a traditional single-chip, the power and ground wire in the integrated circuit pin symmetric shell, the general is in the up
44、per left, lower right or upper right, lower left of the two pairs of symmetric points. In this way, so that power supply noise on the chip through the block of single-chip interference caused by the internal circuit. Now, put a lot of single-chip power pin arrangement and the two adjacent pins. In t
45、his way, not only reduces the current through the entire chip, while still easy to layout printed circuit board decoupling capacitor, thus reducing system noise. Now in order to meet the needs of a wide range of applications, many single-chip output capacity has been greatly improved, Motorolas sing
46、le-chip I / O port of the irrigation of up to 8mA current pull over, and Microchips single-chip can be up to 25mA. Other companies: AMD, Fujitsu, NEC, Infineon, Hitachi, Ateml, Tosbiba basically been able to achieve, such as the level of 8 20mA. These large current drive circuit chip integrated into
47、 the work of bringing in all kinds of noise, in order to reduce this impact, and now the use of a number of small single-chip parallel tube equivalent ways of a large pipe, and in each small Guanzi different output equivalent series resistance of the resistor in order to reduce the di / dt, which is
48、 the so-called hopping along the softening technology, in order to eliminate transient current noise. 3, the use of low-frequency clock High-frequency noise sources outside the clock is one, not only can interfere with single-chip applications, but also interfere with the outside circuit, so that ca
49、n not meet the requirements of electromagnetic compatibility. Requirements for high reliability systems, low-frequency external clock to reduce system noise. Single-chip used in a number of internal phase lock loop technology, in the external clock is low, it can produce a higher speed internal bus, thus ensuring the speed and reduce noise. Motorolas MC68HC08 family of 1 6 / 32-bit single-chip has been adopted to improve the reliability of this technology.单片机的发展一 单片机的发展趋势现在可以说单片机是百
