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1、 毕业设计（论文）外文翻译外 文 题 目Die Trend译 文 题 目模具的发展趋势系 部机 械 系专 业 班 级 学 生 姓 名 完 成 日 期2010年11月模具的发展趋势1 模具CAD/CAE/CAM正向集成化、三维化、智能化网络化方向发展1.1模具软件功能集成化 模具软件功能的集成化要求软件的功能模块比较齐全，同时各功能模块采用同一数据模型，以实现信息的综合管理与共享，从而支持模具设计、制造、装配、检验、测试及生产管理的全过程，达到实现最佳效益的目的。如英国Delcam公司的系列化软件就包括了曲面/实体几何造型、复杂形体工程制图、工业设计高级渲染、塑料模设计专家系统、复杂形体CAM、
2、艺术造型及雕刻自动编程系统、逆向工程系统及复杂形体在线测量系统等。集成化程度较高的软件还包括：Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等。 1.2模具设计、分析及制造的三维化 传统的二维模具结构设计已越来越不适应现代化生产和集成化技术要求。模具设计、分析、制造的三维化、无纸化要求新一代模具软件以立体的、直观的感觉来设计模具，所采用的三维数字化模型能方便地用于产品结构的CAE分析、模具可制造性评价和数控加工、成形过程模拟及信息的管理与共享。如Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等软件具备参数化、基于特征、全相关等特点，从而使模具并行工程成为可能。另外，Cimatran公司的Moldexp
3、ert，Delcam公司的Ps-mold及日立造船的Space-E/mold均是3D专业注塑模设计软件，可进行交互式3D型腔、型芯设计、模架配置及典型结构设计。澳大利亚Moldflow公司的三维真实感流动模拟软件MoldflowAdvisers已经受到用户广泛的好评和应用。国内有华中理工大学研制的同类软件HSC3D4.5F及郑州工业大学的Z-mold软件。面向制造、基于知识的智能化功能是衡量模具软件先进性和实用性的重要标志之一。如Cimatron公司的注塑模专家软件能根据脱模方向自动产生分型线和分型面，生成与制品相对应的型芯和型腔，实现模架零件的全相关，自动产生材料明细表和供NC加工的钻孔表格
4、，并能进行智能化加工参数设定、加工结果校验等。 1.3模具软件应用的网络化趋势 随着模具在企业竞争、合作、生产和管理等方面的全球化、国际化，以及计算机软硬件技术的迅速发展，网络使得在模具行业应用虚拟设计、敏捷制造技术既有必要，也有可能。美国在其21世纪制造企业战略中指出，到2006年要实现汽车工业敏捷生产/虚拟工程方案，使汽车开发周期从40个月缩短到4个月。2 模具检测、加工设备向精密、高效和多功能方向发展2.1模具检测设备的日益精密、高效 精密、复杂、大型模具的发展，对检测设备的要求越来越高。现在精密模具的精度已达23m，目前国内厂家使用较多的有意大利、美国、日本等国的高精度三坐标测量机，并
5、具有数字化扫描功能。如东风汽车模具厂不仅拥有意大利产3250mm3250mm三坐标测量机，还拥有数码摄影光学扫描仪，率先在国内采用数码摄影、光学扫描作为空间三维信息的获得手段，从而实现了从测量实物建立数学模型输出工程图纸模具制造全过程，成功实现了逆向工程技术的开发和应用。这方面的设备还包括：英国雷尼绍公司第二代高速扫描仪(CYCLON SERIES2)可实现激光测头和接触式测头优势互补，激光扫描精度为0.05mm，接触式测头扫描精度达0.02mm。另外德国GOM公司的ATOS便携式扫描仪，日本罗兰公司的PIX-30、PIX-4台式扫描仪和英国泰勒霍普森公司TALYSCAN150多传感三维扫描仪
6、分别具有高速化、廉价化和功能复合化等特点。 2.2数控电火花加工机床 日本沙迪克公司采用直线电机伺服驱动的AQ325L、AQ550LLS-WEDM具有驱动反应快、传动及定位精度高、热变形小等优点。瑞士夏米尔公司的NCEDM具有P-E3自适应控制、PCE能量控制及自动编程专家系统。另外有些EDM还采用了混粉加工工艺、微精加工脉冲电源及模糊控制(FC)等技术。 2.3高速铣削机床(HSM)铣削加工是型腔模具加工的重要手段。而高速铣削具有工件温升低、切削力小、加工平稳、加工质量好、加工效率高(为普通铣削加工的510倍)及可加工硬材料(60HRC)等诸多优点。因而在模具加工中日益受到重视。瑞士克朗公司
7、UCP710型五轴联动加工中心，其机床定位精度可达8m，自制的具有矢量闭环控制电主轴，最大转速为42000r/min。意大利RAMBAUDI公司的高速铣床，其加工范围达2500mm5000mm1800mm，转速达20500r/min，切削进给速度达20m/min。HSM一般主要用于大、中型模具加工，如汽车覆盖件模具、压铸模、大型塑料等曲面加工，其曲面加工精度可达0.01mm。3 快速经济制模技术 缩短产品开发周期是赢得市场竞争的有效手段之一。与传统模具加工技术相比，快速经济制模技术具有制模周期短、成本较低的特点，精度和寿命又能满足生产需求，是综合经济效益比较显著的模具制造技术，具体主要有以下一
8、些技术。 (1)快速原型制造技术(RPM)。它包括激光立体光刻技术(SLA) ；叠层轮廓制造技术(LOM) ；激光粉末选区烧结成形技术(SLS) ；熔融沉积成形技术(FDM) 和三维印刷成形技术(3D-P)等。 (2)表面成形制模技术。它是指利用喷涂、电铸和化学腐蚀等新的工艺方法形成型腔表面及精细花纹的一种工艺技术。 (3)浇铸成形制模技术。主要有铋锡合金制模技术、锌基合金制模技术、树脂复合成形模具技术及硅橡胶制模技术等。 (4)冷挤压及超塑成形制模技术。 (5)无模多点成形技术。 (6)KEVRON钢带冲裁落料制模技术。 (7)模具毛坯快速制造技术。主要有干砂实型铸造、负压实型铸造、树脂砂实
9、型铸造及失蜡精铸等技术。 (8)其他方面技术。如采用氮气弹簧压边、卸料、快速换模技术、冲压单元组合技术、刃口堆焊技术及实型铸造冲模刃口镶块技术等。4 模具材料及表面处理技术发展迅速 模具工业要上水平，材料应用是关键。因选材和用材不当，致使模具过早失效，大约占失效模具的45%以上。在模具材料方面，常用冷作模具钢有CrWMn、Cr12、Cr12MoV和W6Mo5Cr4V2，火焰淬火钢(如日本的AUX2、SX105V(7CrSiMnMoV)等；常用新型热作模具钢有美国H13、瑞典QRO80M、QRO90SUPREME等；常用塑料模具用钢有预硬钢(如美国P20)、时效硬化型钢(如美国P21、日本NAK
10、55等)、热处理硬化型钢(如美国D2，日本PD613、PD555、瑞典一胜白136等)、粉末模具钢(如日本KAD18和KAS440)等；覆盖件拉延模常用HT300、QT60-2、Mo-Cr、Mo-V铸铁等，大型模架用HT250。多工位精密冲模常采用钢结硬质合金及硬质合金YG20等。在模具表面处理方面，其主要趋势是：由渗入单一元素向多元素共渗、复合渗(如TD法)发展；由一般扩散向CVD、PVD、PCVD、离子渗入、离子注入等方向发展；可采用的镀膜有：TiC、TiN、TiCN、TiAlN、CrN、Cr7C3、W2C等，同时热处理手段由大气热处理向真空热处理发展。另外，目前对激光强化、辉光离子氮化技
11、术及电镀(刷镀)防腐强化等技术也日益受到重视。5 模具工业新工艺、新理念和新模式逐步得到了认同 在成形工艺方面，主要有冲压模具功能复合化、超塑性成形、塑性精密成形技术、塑料模气体辅助注射技术及热流道技术、高压注射成形技术等。另一方面，随着先进制造技术的不断发展和模具行业整体水平的提高，在模具行业出现了一些新的设计、生产、管理理念与模式。具体主要有：适应模具单件生产特点的柔性制造技术；创造最佳管理和效益的团队精神，精益生产；提高快速应变能力的并行工程、虚拟制造及全球敏捷制造、网络制造等新的生产哲理；广泛采用标准件通用件的分工协作生产模式；适应可持续发展和环保要求的绿色设计与制造等。 Die tr
12、end1.mold CAD / CAE / CAM being integrated, three-dimensional, intelligent and network direction (1) mold software features integrated Die software features of integrated software modules required relatively complete, while the function module using the same data model, in order to achieve Syndicate
13、d news management and sharing of information to support the mold design, manufacture, assembly, inspection, testing and production management of the entire process to achieve optimal benefits. Series such as the UK Delcams software will include a surface / solid geometric modeling, engineering drawi
14、ng complex geometry, advanced rendering industrial design, plastic mold design expert system, complex physical CAM, artistic design and sculpture automatic programming system, reverse engineering and complex systems physical line measurement systems. (2) mold design, analysis and manufacture of thre
15、e-dimensional Two-dimensional mold of traditional structural design can no longer meet modern technical requirements of production and integration. Mold design, analysis, manufacturing three-dimensional technology, paperless software required to mold a new generation of three-dimensional, intuitive
16、sense to design the mold, using three-dimensional digital model can be easily used in the product structure of CAE analysis, tooling manufacturability evaluation and CNC machining, forming process simulation and information management and sharing. Such as Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA software such a
17、s with parametric, feature-based, all relevant characteristics, so that mold concurrent engineering possible. In addition, Cimatran company Moldexpert, Delcams Ps-mold and Hitachi Shipbuilding of Space-E/mold are professional injection mold 3D design software, interactive 3D cavity, core design, mol
18、d base design configuration and typical structure . Australian company Moldflow realistic three-dimensional flow simulation software MoldflowAdvisers been widely praised by users and applications. China Huazhong University of Science have developed similar software HSC3D4.5F and Zhengzhou University
19、, Z-mold software. For manufacturing, knowledge-based intelligent software function is a measure of die important sign of advanced and practical one. Such as injection molding experts Cimatrons software can automatically generate parting direction based parting line and parting surface, generate pro
20、ducts corresponding to the core and cavity, implementation of all relevant parts mold, and for automatically generated BOM Form NC drilling process, and can intelligently process parameter setting, calibration and other processing results. (3) mold software applications, networking trend With the mo
21、ld in the enterprise competition, cooperation, production and management, globalization, internationalization, and the rapid development of computer hardware and software technology, the Internet has made in the mold industry, virtual design, agile manufacturing technology both necessary and possibl
22、e. The United States in its 21st Century Manufacturing Enterprise Strategy that the auto industry by 2006 to achieve agile manufacturing / virtual engineering solutions to automotive dvelopment cycle shortened from 40 months to 4 months. 2 mold testing, processinge equipment to the precise, efficien
23、t, and multi-direction (1) mold testing equipment more sophisticated, efficient Sophisticated, complex, large-scale mold development, testing equipment have become increasingly demanding. Precision Mould precision now reached 2 3m, more domestic manufacturers have to use Italy, the United States, Ja
24、pan and other countries in the high-precision coordinate measuring machine, and with digital scanning. Such as Dongfeng Motor Mould Factory not only has the capacity 3250mm 3250mm Italian coordinate measuring machine, also has a digital photography optical scanner, the first in the domestic use of d
25、igital photography, optical scanning as a means of spatial three-dimensional access to information, enabling the establishment from the measurement of physical model output of engineering drawings the whole process of mold making, reverse engineering a successful technology development and applicati
26、ons. This equipment include: second-generation British Renishaw high-speed scanners (CYCLON SERIES2) can be realized and contact laser probe complementary probe, laser scanner accuracy of 0.05mm, scanning probe contact accuracy of 0.02 mm. Another German company GOM ATOS portable scanners, Japan Rol
27、ands PIX-30, PIX-4 desktop scanner and the United Kingdom Taylor Hopsons TALYSCAN150 multi-sensor, respectively Three-dimensional scanner with high speed, low-cost and functional composite and so on. (2) CNC EDM Japan Sodick linear motor servo drive using the companys AQ325L, AQ550LLS-WEDM have driv
28、en fast response, transmission and high positioning accuracy, the advantages of small thermal deformation. Switzerland Chanmier company NCEDM with P-E3 adaptive control, PCE energy control and automatic programming expert systems. Others also used the powder mixed EDM machining technology, micro-fin
29、ishing pulse power and fuzzy control (FC) technologies. (3) high-speed milling machine (HSM) Milling is an important means of cavity mold. The low-temperature high-speed milling with the workpiece, cutting force is small, smooth processing, processing quality, processing efficiency (for the general
30、milling process 5 to 10 times) and can process hard materials (60HRC) and many other advantages. Thus in the mold processing more and more attention. Ruishikelang company UCP710-type five-axis machining center, machine tool positioning accuracy up to 8m, home-made closed-loop vector control spindle
31、with a maximum speed 42000r/min. Italy RAMBAUDIs high-speed milling, the processing range of up to 2500mm 5000mm 1800mm, speed up 20500r/min, cutting feed speed of 20m/min. HSM generally used large, medium-sized mold, such as motor cover mold, die casting mold, large plastic surface machining, the s
32、urface precision up to 0.01mm. 3 rapid economic modeling techniques Shorten the product development cycle is an effective means of market competition to win one. Compared with the traditional mold process, fast economic modeling technology is a short molding cycle, the characteristics of low cost, p
33、recision, and life can meet the production needs, overall economic efficiency is more significant in the mold manufacturing technology, specifically the following main technology. (1) rapid prototyping and manufacturing (RPM). It consists of three-dimensional laser lithography (SLA); laminated profi
34、le manufacturing (LOM); laser powder sintering prototyping (SLS); Fused Deposition Molding (FDM) and three-dimensional printing forming technology (3D-P) and so on. (2) the surface forming tooling. It refers to the use of spray, chemical corrosion, electroforming and new method for the formation of
35、the cavity surface and a fine pattern technology. (3) Casting forming tooling. There are bismuth tin alloy tooling, zinc alloy tooling, resin composite forming technology and silicon rubber mold molding technology. (4) cold extrusion mold technology and ultra-molded shapes. (5) multi-point forming t
36、echnology. (6) KEVRON steel blanking blanking tooling. (7) mold blank rapid manufacturing technology. Mainly dry sand Mold Casting, Vacuum Mold Casting, Resin Sand Mold Casting Lost Wax Casting, and other technologies. (8) Other aspects of technology. Such as the use of nitrogen gas spring pressure
37、side, discharge, quick die technology, stamping unit technology, and cutting edge technology and solid surfacing edge inserts die casting technology.4 mold materials and surface treatment technology developed rapidly Industry to the level of mold, material application is the key. Due to improper sel
38、ection and use of materials, causing premature die failure, which accounts for more than 45% failure die. In the mold material, commonly used cold work tool steel with CrWMn, Cr12, Cr12MoV and W6Mo5Cr4V2, flame hardened steel (such as Japan, AUX2, SX105V (7CrSiMnMoV), etc.; used a new type of hot wo
39、rk die steel American H13, Sweden QRO80M, QRO90SUPREME, etc.; used a pre-hardened plastic mold steel (such as the U.S. P20), age-hardening steel (such as the U.S. P21, Japan NAK55, etc.), heat treatment hardened steel (such as the United States, D2, Japan, PD613, PD555, Sweden wins the White 136, et
40、c.), powder die steel (such as Japan KAD18 and KAS440), etc.; panel drawing die used HT300, QT60-2, Mo-Cr, Mo-V cast iron, large-scale mold with HT250. more regular use of Precision Die Hard Steel Results YG20 and other alloys and carbide. in the mold surface treatment, the main trends are: the infi
41、ltration of a single element to the multi-element penetration, complex permeability (such as TD method) development; by the general diffusion to the CVD, PVD, PCVD, ion penetration , the direction of ion implantation, etc.; can use the coating are: TiC, TiN, TiCN, TiAlN, CrN, Cr7C3, W2C, etc., while
42、 heat from the air treatment means to the development of vacuum heat treatment. In addition, the current strengthening of the laser, glow plasma Nitriding and electroplating (plating) enhanced anti-corrosion technologies are also more and more attention. 5 mold industry new techniques, new ideas and
43、 new models have been gradually recognized In the forming process, the main function of composite stamping die, superplastic forming, plastic precision molding technology, plastic mold gas-assisted injection technology and hot runner technology, high-pressure injection molding technology. On the oth
44、er hand, with the continuous development of advanced manufacturing technology and raise the level of mold industry as a whole, in the mold industry, there are some new design, production, management ideas and models. Concrete are: to adapt to the characteristics of mold-piece production flexible man
45、ufacturing technologies; to create the best management and effective teamwork, lean production; to enhance rapid response capabilities of Concurrent Engineering, Virtual Manufacturing and global agile manufacturing, manufacturing of new production networks philosophy; extensive use of standard parts common parts of the division of work mode of production; meet the environmental requirements of sustainable development and green design and manufacturing.
