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1、编 号：硕士学位论文题 目： Facilitating Secondary School EFL Learners Communicative Competence Via Synchronous CMC利用SCMC真实语境促进中学生英语交际能力 所 在 院 系 外语学院 学 科 专 业 学科教学(英语) 指 导 教 师 XXX 研 究 生 学位授予单位 XXXXXX研究生处制AbstractThe communicative approach which aims at enhancing learners communicative competence hasnt achieved sa
2、tisfying results after years of classroom implement. Because of the overemphasize on L2 function and the neglect of linguistic forms, EFL learners speak neither accurately nor fluently, together with the inauthentic communicative activities and anxiety cause learners task avoidance behaviour. To ach
3、ieve real communication, ELT activities should realize the roles of output (triggering function, hypothesis testing, metalinguistic function, etc); the roles of interaction (meaning negotiation, feedback, modified interaction, clarification, noticing, scaffolding, zone of proximal development) and t
4、he roles of affective factors (motivation, attitude, anxiety) in SLA; it should follow language production process and mechanism, so the research is based on these theories. As the synchronous computer-mediated communication has a great resemblance with real interaction, it also has the unique featu
5、re of both text interaction and voice interaction, which slows down the process of language production, so the speakers will have time to plan before the speech, thus itll probably make up the ineffectiveness in class communication. The research is undertaken in experiment, with the comparisons of t
6、he questionnaires and the comparisons of the pretest/posttest of oral evaluation between the control group (in classroom communication) and the experimental group (in SCMC), through statistics analysis, the study proved that SCMC has effects on reducing anxiety, enhancing interest and motivation in
7、L2 learning, improving oral capability, facilitating communicative competence. The study explores an effective way of increasing learners exposure and use of the target language with native speakers in a more authentic, motivated, convenient, economical and less anxious environment. Key Words: commu
8、nicative competence, synchronous computer-mediated communication, L2 production, CALL摘要外语教学的最终目的是培养学生的交际能力,强调语言功能的交际法在实际英语教学中并没有取得理想效果。 在课堂交际活动中,由于语法和言语结构没有得到充分的练习和巩固，造成学生言语输出的大量错误，直接影响语言的准确性与流利性。作为外语学习者，学生在言语输出的低层次阶段没有形成自动化，难以在交际表达时同时考虑言语的内容与结构，学生常常焦虑担心出错。另外，非真实的目标语言环境和交际任务、有限的接触与使用目标语言的机会，导致学生的消极应
9、付行为,学生的口语交际能力即使经过几年的学习也没有得到提高。本文以认知主义理论和二语习得理论为基础，通过分析言语输出假设，交互理论和情感因素理论在二语习得中的作用，参考了Levelt 和 de Bot 的言语输出模式，Anderson 的从陈述性知识到过程性知识的三个阶段 和 Mclaughlin 的言语加工过程的理论，认为促进与实现真正的口语交际能力的教学活动必须遵循言语输出的过程与机制,在交际活动中实现言语输出,言语交互和情感因素对二语习得的作用。 随着信息技术与因特网的发展，多媒体与网络越来越多地应用于外语教学，作为电脑技术的重要部分，电脑实时同步交互为英语学习者提供了更多的，轻松方便的
10、， 经济的，不受时间地域限制的与英语本族语言者进行真实交际的机会。由于电脑实时同步交互兼具文本交互与语音交互的特点，它符合言语输出的过程和机制，类似于真实交际，但它降低了交际过程的速度，使交际者有时间考虑言语的内容与形式，因而电脑实时同步交互有可能弥补课堂交际的不足。本文通过实验，用问卷调查和口语测试的方法比较实验组（利用电脑实时同步交互）和控制组（在传统课堂交际环境下），通过数据的分析，推断出电脑实时同步交互在情感方面对英语学习者具有降低焦虑感，提高学习兴趣与动机，形成正确的学习态度的作用，对学习者的口语能力水平具有提高的作用，对学习者的交际能力具有促进的作用。关键词: 交际能力，电脑实时交
11、互，二语输出，计算机辅助教学AcknowledgementsI would first like to acknowledge my supervisor, Associate Professor Bai Zhigang, who directed and supported me in the field of computer-assisted language learning from the start thinking of the thesis. Then he helped and encouraged me to continue with it at every stage
12、 of the thesis writing whenever I met any difficulties or felt puzzled with the thesis. I am extremely grateful for his valuable suggestions in the formation and completion of the very thesis.Next I would like to acknowledge those who helped in the correction of the thesis outline, such as Prof. Zha
13、ng Ping, and those who gave me feedback on this manuscript. My heartful thanks go to Associate Prof. Xing Jiawei and Gao Yanying who read through the manuscript carefully and provided many useful comments.I would also like to extend my gratitude to the scholars from abroad, Dr. Scott Payne from Penn
14、sylvania State University, US. who sent me the sample of oral proficiency evaluation for foreign language; and Mbsdin from the University of Malaysia, who sent me some references on CALL. Equally grateful is my feeling to the friends from different countries who offered sincere help and cooperation
15、in the SCMC with my students.Finally thanks should be also due to my parents love, support and concern.TABLE OF CONTENTSTitle pageiApproval pageiiEnglish bstractiiiChinese abstractivAcknowledgement.vTable of contents.vi Chapter One: Introduction.11.1 A general description of the study.11.1.1 Thesis
16、statement21.1.2 Limitation of the study.21.1.3 Means of obtaining data.21.1.4 Data presentation and analysis techniques.31.2 Need for the study.31.3 The overall structure of the thesis.3Chapter Two: Literature Review.52.1 Communicative language teaching.52.1.1Communicative approach and communicative
17、 competences.5 2.1.2 Problems in CLT classroom.72.2 Theories of SLA.92.2.1 The functions of output.92.2.2 Interactionist theory 10 2.2.3 The affective factors and language learning122.3 The process and mechanism of language production.132.3.1 Levelts speech production model.132.3.2 De Bots adapted m
18、odel.152.3.3 Andersons declarative procedural knowledge model.172.3.4 Mclaughlins information processing model.182.4 Synchronous computer-mediated communication.212.4.1 CALL development 212.4.2 Interpretation and features of SCMC.22 2.4.3 Studies of SCMC and language learning23Chapter Three: Methodo
19、logy263.1 Research questions.263.2 Design of the experiment.273.2.1 Subjects and settings of the research.273.2.2 Treatment and procedures of the experiment. 283.3 Instruments of the research.323.3.1 Questionnaire.323.3.2 Pretest and posttest in the experiment. 333.4 Data collection and statistical
20、measurement34 3.4.1 Questionnaires comparisons . .343.4.2 Pretest and posttest comparisons.35Chapter Four: Results and Discussion. 374.1 Major findings374.1.1 The effect of SCMC on learners affect towards English learning.37 4.1.2 The effect of SCMC on facilitating learners oral proficiency. .394.1.
21、3 The effect of SCMC on enhancing learners communicative competence.454.2 Limitations of the present study.494.3 Suggestions for further study.50Chapter Five: Conclusion.54References57Appendix I (questionnaires).62Appendix II (oral production interview scale).68Appendix III (speaking tasks).69Chapte
22、r One Introduction1.1 A general description of the study The communicative approach aims at improving learners communicative competence shifted the emphasis in FL teaching from a focus on linguistic form to activities which involve effective communication from the1970s. In the late 1980s, the abilit
23、y to communicate seemed to have replaced grammatical accuracy as the measure of successful modern language learning even if grammatical errors occurred. However, the 1990s have seen the shortcomings of communicative approach being increasingly pointed out: engaging meaning and enabling communication
24、 might de-emphasize language grammar and form. Many EFL learners speak less accurately. In the post-communicative climate, theres an urgency: balancing form and function in FL teaching. EFL teachers now urgently need a solution to solve the inefficiency of CLT and to increase authentic exposure and
25、use of the target knowledge both inside and outside of the classroom. To foster communicative competence and achieve real L2 communication, ELT activities should realize the roles of output (triggering function, hypothesis testing, metalinguistic function, etc); the roles of interaction (meaning neg
26、otiation, feedback, modified interaction, clarification, noticing, scaffolding, zone of proximal development) and the roles of affective factors (motivation, attitude, anxiety) in SLA; follow the notions of the Output Hypothesis from a psycholinguistic perspective as a basis for depicting L2 product
27、ion process and for proposing mechanisms that influence L2 acquisition according to: Levelts model of language production together with de Bots adapted model, Andersons declarative knowledge to procedure knowledge as well as Mclaughlins controlled to automatic processing model.Due to the development
28、 of computer technology, the Internet in particular has become a new medium of communication that is shaping both the processes and the products of communication. While much second language teaching and learning has benefited from the employment of multimedia, its application is still relatively new
29、 to the teaching and learning of EFL in China. There still exists an empirical gap between the theories of CALL and its application in the area of ELT. The study was undertaken in experiment to find out if SCMC can facilitate secondary school EFL learners communicative competence by developing the s
30、ame cognitive mechanisms underlying spontaneous conversational speech. The research questions to be addressed in the study are the following: 1. What are the effects of SCMC on learners affection towards English learning?2. Whats the effect of SCMC on facilitating learners oral proficiency?3. Whats
31、the effect of SCMC on enhancing learners communicative competence?1.1.1 Thesis statementThe purpose of the paper is to prove and explore synchronous computer-mediated communication has an effect on increasing secondary school EFL learners exposure and use of the target language with native speakers
32、in a more authentic, motivated, convenient, economic and less anxious environment as well as facilitating and developing their communicative competence based on Levelt et als process and mechanism of L2 production model, the theories of output hypothesis, interactionism and affective factors. 1.1.2
33、Limitation of the studySince the use of synchronous CMC in the EFL classroom is still a young enterprise and so far the full integration of the Internet into foreign language teaching has not yet been achieved even in advanced countries. Studies conducted so far are often small-scale, sometimes some
34、what biased. Many claims have not or only partly been backed up by hard evidence, and its hard for the writer who is restricted with time and capacity to find enough references and to make a thorough, extensive and comprehensive research into the field. In addition, it is very early in experimentall
35、y examining communication competence as a result of synchronous CMC, these findings need to be replicated with different populations and different instructional treatments.1.1.3 Means of obtaining dataData mainly come from Chinese and English Publications obtained from Shenyang Normal Universitys li
36、brary and Internet resources.1.1.4 Data presentation and analysis techniquesIt is a quantitative & qualitative study. It is presented and analyzed by tables & graphs coupled with a verbal account.1.2 Need for the studyThe study is to find the theoretical basis for applying SCMC into EFL teaching; to
37、 provide a practical solution to the problem of EFL learners lack of chances for English output and the ineffectiveness in communicative class, thus it realizes the ultimate goal of English teaching.The objectives of the paper are:A) to present the inefficiency of the communicative language teaching
38、. B) to find theoretical basis for applying synchronous computer-mediatedcommunication into EFL teaching.C) to increase EFL learners exposure and use of the target language in a more authentic, motivated, convenient, economic and less anxious environment.D) to enhance learners communicative competen
39、ces via SCMC thus to solve theproblem of Chinese EFL learners low capability of communication.E) to provide a new access to assist and realize the ultimate goal of English Teaching.F) to guide the students to use the computer as a tool for language learning.1.3 The overall structure of the thesisThi
40、s thesis consists of five chapters:Chapter One is the introduction of the thesis with a general description of the study, need for the study and the overall structure of the thesis.Chapter Two is the part of literature review. First it reviews the coming of communicative approach, the notion of comm
41、unicative competence and points out the problems in the CLT classroom. Then it introduces the theories of SLA: the roles of output, interaction and affective factors to L2 acquisition. The core of the theories is Levelts process and mechanism of L1 language production, de Bots adapted model, Anderso
42、ns declarativeprocedural knowledge model and Mclaughlins information processing model. What follows that is the introduction of synchronous computer-mediated communication, including: CALL development, interpretation and features of SCMC and studies of SCMC and language learning.Chapter Three is the
43、 section of methodology. It supplies research questions, design of the research experiment, briefly includes the subject and settings of the research; treatment and procedures of the experiment; the instruments of the research are mainly questionnaire and pre-test/post-test comparison of the experim
44、ent; then it illustrates how the data is collected and analyzed to prove the reliability and validity of the statistics.Chapter Four is the results and discussion of the experiment. It consists of the analysis of the questionnaires comparisons and the analysis of the pretest and posttest comparisons, the major findings of the research questions after the experiment, limitations of the present study and the suggestions for further study.Chap
