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1、Test 1 Section 1Hi gorge, glad youre back, loads of people have phoned you. Really?I felt just like your secretary. Sorry, I went into the library this afternoon to have a look at a newspaper and I came across something really interesting. What? A book?No. a brochure from a summer festival, mainly S
2、panish music. Look, Ive got it here. Spanish music? I really love the guitar. Lets have a look. So whats this group guitarrini Theyre really good. There had a video with all the highlights of the festival at a stand in the lobby to the library, so I heard them. They play fantastic instruments, drum
3、and flutes and old kinds of guitars. Ive never heard anything like it before. Sounds great Ok, shall we go then, spoil ourselves Yes, letsThe only problem is there arent any cheap seats. Its all one price Well, in that case, we could sit right at the front, wed have a really good view. Yeah, though
4、I think that if you sit at the back, you can actually hear the whole thing better. Yes, anyway, we can decide when we get there. So will you fill in the form or shall I Ill do it, name, address 48 north avenue west seaDo you remember our new postcode, still cant remember it Just a minute, Ive got it
5、 written down here. Ws62yh, do you need the phone tooPlease. Im really bad at numbers01674553242, so lets book 2 tickets for guitarrini Ok, if youre sure 7.5 each is all right. How do you feel the singerI havent quite decided. But Ive noticed something on the booking form that might just persuade me
6、 Whats that then Free refreshments. ReallyYes, look here, Sunday, 17th of June, singer, ticket 6 pounds includes drinks in the garden Sounds like a bargain to me Yes, lets book 2 tickets for that. So what else, Im feeling quite keen now, how about the pianist on the 22nd of JuneAnna Ventura, Ive jus
7、t remembered thats my evening class night Thats ok, Ill just have to go on my own. But we can go to the Spanish dancing and guitar concert together, cant we?Yes, Im sure tom and kerry would enjoy that too. Good heavens, 10.5 a ticket. I can see were going to have to go without food for the rest of t
8、he week. Well need to book 4 Wish we were students. Look, children, students and senior citizens get a 50% discount on everything If only Section 2Hello, and thank you for asking me to your teachers meeting to talk about the dinosaur museum and to tell you a bit about what you can do with your stude
9、nts there. Well let me give you some of the basic information first. In regard to opening hours, we are open everyday of the week from 9 am to 8 pm except on Mondays when we close at 1.30 pm. And in fact the only day in the year when were closed is on the 25th of December. You can book a guided tour
10、 for your school group any time that were open. If you bring a school group to the museum, when you arrive we ask you to remain with your group in the car park, one or more of the tour guides with welcome you there and brief you about what the tour will be about. We do this there because our entranc
11、e is quite small and we really havent got much room for briefing groups in the exhibition area. As far as the amount of the time youll need goes, if you bring a school group you should plan on allowing a minimum of 90 minutes for the visit, this allows 15 minutes to get on and off the coach, 45 minu
12、tes for the guided tour and 30 minutes for after-tour activities. If youre going to have lunch in the museum, you will of course have to allow more time. There are 2 cafes in the museum with seating for 80 people. If you want to eat there, you will need to reserve some seating as they can get quite
13、crowded at lunch time. Then outside the museum at the back, there are tables and students can bring their own lunch and eat it there in the open air. When the students come into the museum foyer, we ask them to check in their backpacks with their books, lunch boxes etc, at the cloakroom before they
14、enter the museum proper. Im afraid in the past we have had a few things gone missing after school visit, so this is a strict rule. Also some of the exhibits are fragile and we dont them to be accidentally knocked. We do provide school students with handouts with questions and quizzes on them. There
15、is so much that students can learn in the museum and its fun for them to have something to do. Of course theyll need to bring something to write with for these. We do allow students to take photographs, for students who are doing projects, its useful to make some kind of visual record of what they s
16、ee that they can add to their reports. And finally, they should not bring anything to eat into the museum or drinks of any kind. There are also a few things the students can do after the tour. In the theatrette on the ground floor, there are continuous screenings of short documentaries about dinosau
17、rs which they can see at any time. We used to have an activity room with more interactive things like making models of dinosaurs and drawing and painting pictures, even hunting for dinosaur eggs, but unfortunately the room was damaged in a bad storm recently when water came in the roof, so thats clo
18、sed at the moment. But we do have an IT center where students have access to CD-roms with a range of dinosaur games. These games are a lot of fun but they also teach the students about the lives of dinosaurs, how they found food, protected their habitats, survived threats, that kind of thing. And I
19、think thats all I have to tell you, please feel free to ask any questions if you would like to know any. Section 3Right Sandra, you wanted to see me to get some feedback on your groups proposal. The one youre submitting for the geography society field trip competition. Ive had a look through your pr
20、oposal and I think its a really good choice. In fact, I only have a few things to say about it, but even in an outline document like this, you really have to be careful to avoid typos and problems with layout in the proposal and even in the contents page. So read it through carefully before submitti
21、ng it, ok?Will do And Ive made a few notes on the proposal about things which could have been better sequenced. As to the writing itself Ive annotated the proposal as and where I thought it could be improved. Generally speaking, I feel youve often used complex structures and long sentences for the s
22、ake of it, and as a consequence, although your paragraphing and inclusion of subheadings help, its quite hard to follow your train of thought at times. So cut them down a bit, can you? And dont forget simple formatting like numbering.Didnt I use page numbersI didnt mean that. Look youve remembered t
23、o include headers and footers, which is good, but listing ideas clearly is important. Number them or use bullet points which is even clearer. Then youll focus the reader on your main points. I thought your suggestion to go to the Navajo tribal park was a very good idea. Ive always wanted to go there
24、. My father was a great fun of cowboy films and the wild west, so I was subjected to seeing all the epics, many of which were shot there. As a consequence it feels very familiar to me and its awesome both geographically and visually. So its somewhere Ive always wanted to visit. The subsequent resear
25、ch I did and the online photographs made me even keener. Interesting, right lets look at the content of your proposal now. Did you find it comprehensive enough?Well yes and no. youve listed several different topics on your contents page but Im not sure theyre all relevant.Well, I thought that from t
26、he perspective of a field trip, one thing I needed to focus on was the sandstone plateaux and cliffs themselves, the way they tower up from the flat landscape is just amazing. The fact that the surrounding soft rocks were eroded by wind and rain, leaving these huge outcrops high above the plain. Its
27、 hardly surprising at tourist flock to see the area. Well, yes, Id agree with including those points And then the fact that its been home to native American Navajos and all the social history that goes with that, the hardships the endured trying to save their territory from the invading settlers, th
28、eir culture is so rich, all those wonderful stories. Well I agree its interesting but its not immediately relevant to your proposal, so at this stage I suggest you focus on other considerations. I think an indication of what the students on the trip could actually do when they get there should be fa
29、r more central, so that certainly needs to be included and to be expanded upon. And Id like to see something about the local wildlife and vegetation too, not that I imagine theres much to see. Presumably the tourist invasion hasnt helped.Ok, Ill do some work on those two areas as well. But youre rig
30、ht, there is not much apart from some very shallow-rooted species, although its cold and snowy there in the winter, the earth is baked so hard in the summer sun that rainwater cant penetrate, so its a case of flood or drought really. So I understand. Now before we look at everything in more detail,
31、Ive got a few factual questions for you. Itd be a good idea to include the answers in your finished proposal because theyre missing from your draft. So you mentioned the monoliths and the spires, which was good, but what area does the tribal park cover? Do you know?12000 hectares and the plain is at
32、 about 5850 meters above sea levelLarger than I expected. Where is the nearest accommodation? Thats a practical detail that you havent included. Have you done any research on that?Yes, there is nowhere to stay in the park itself but there is an old trading post called Goulding quite near, all kinds
33、of tours start from Goulding too.What kind of toursWell, the most popular are in four-wheel drive jeeps, but I wouldnt recommend hiring those, I think the best way to appreciate the area would be to hire horses instead and trek around on those. Biking is not allowed and its impossible to drive aroun
34、d the area in private vehicles. The tracks are too rough. Ok, lastly, what else is worth visiting then There are several caves but I havent looked into any details, Ill find out about them Ok, good, now what Id like to know.Section 4 So welcome to your introductory geography lecture. Well begin with
35、 some basics. Firstly, what do we learn by studying geography. Well, we learn a great deal about all the processes that have affected and that continue to affect the earths surface. But we learn far more than that because studying geography also informs us about the different kinds of relationships
36、that develop between the particular environment and the people that live there. Ok, wed like to think of geography as having 2 main branches. There is the study of the nature of our planet, its physical features, what it actually looks like and then its the study of the ways in which we choose to li
37、ve and of the impact of those on our planet. Our current use of carbon fuels is a good example of that. But there are more specific study areas to consider too, and well be looking at each of these in turn throughout the semester. These include biophysical geography, by which I mean the study of the
38、 natural environment and all its living things; then there is topography that looks at the shapes of the land and oceans; there is the study of political geography and social geography too, of course, which is the study of communities of people; we have economic geography, in which we examine all ki
39、nds of resources and their use, agriculture for example; next comes historical geography, the understanding of how people and their environments and the ways they interact have changed over a period of time; and urban geography, an aspect Im particularly interested in, which takes as its focus the l
40、ocation of cities, the services that those cities provide and migration of people to and from such cities. And lastly we have cartography, thats the art and science of map-making, youll be doing a lot of that. So, to summarize before we continue, we now have a key answer, studying the subject is imp
41、ortant because without geographical knowledge we would know very little about our surroundings and we wouldnt be able to identify all the problems that relate to them. So, by definition, we wouldnt be in any informed position to work out how to solve any of them.Ok, now for some practicalities. What
42、 do geographers actually do？ Well we collect data to begin with, youll be doing a lot of that in your first field trip. How do we do this? There are several means, we might, for example, conduct a census, count the population in a given area perhaps. We also need images of the earths surface which w
43、e can produce by means of computer-generation technology or with the help of satellite relays. Weve come a very long way from the early exploration of the world by sailing ships when geographers only had pens and paper at their disposal. After weve gathered our information, we must analyze it. We ne
44、ed to look for patterns, most commonly those of causes and consequences. This kind of information helps to predict and resolve problems that could affect the world we live in But we dont keep all this information confidential, we then need to publish our findings so that other people can access it a
45、nd be informed by it. And one way in which this information can be published is in the form of maps. Youll all have used one at some stage of your life already. Lets consider the benefits of maps from a geographers perspective. Maps can be folded and put in a pocket and can provide a great store of
46、reference when theyre collected into an atlas. They can depict the physical features of the entire planet if necessary, or just a small part of it in much greater detail. But there is a drawback, you cant exactly replicate something that is 3-dimensional, like our planet, on a flat piece of paper, b
47、ecause paper has only 2 dimensions. And that means therell always be a certain degree of distortion on the map. It cant be avoided. We can also use aerial photographs. Pictures taken by cameras at high altitude above the earth, these are great for showing all kinds of geographical features that are
48、not easy to see from the ground. You can easily illustrate areas of diseased trees, or how much traffic is on the roads at a given time, or information about deep sea beds for example. Then there are landsats. These are satellites that circle the earth and transmit visual information to computers at receiving stations. They circle the earth several times a day and can provide a mass of information. Youll all be familiar with the information they give us about the weather for example. So what we are going to do now is to look at a short presentation in which youll see all. Test 2 Section
