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1、The Differences of Chinese and English Culture and Translation0.引言1. 英汉文化差异的主要表现 1.1 风俗习惯不同1.2 历史背景不同1.3 所处环境不同1.4 宗教信仰不同2文化差异下的翻译策略 2.1 直译法2.2 意译法2.3 转译法2.4 增译法2.5 省译法3. 文化差异对英汉翻译的影响4文化差异对翻译的影响的应对策略5. 结束语二、内容摘要文化是指人类社会历史过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和。具体说来，文化包括宗教、习俗、历史、艺术等方面。每个民族的生活习惯、知识水平、人生观、价值观、道德观等都不同，文化差异
2、由此出现，这就使不同民族的人在遇见同一事物上出现了分歧。翻译作为跨文化交际的最主要手段之一，是和文化紧密结合在一起的。翻译活动体现了不同文化之间的交流，同时也揭示了文化差异存在可译性。英汉文化差异主要表现在宗教文化背景、价值取向、风俗习惯等方面，当文化差异现象在翻译中需要保留或无法求同时，可以采用直译、意译、阐释、増译和省译等翻译策略。三,参考文献1谢金领.世纪商务英语翻译教程M.大连理工大学出版社.2007.2郭建中.文化与翻译M.中国委外贸易出版公司.20003刘润清.语言与文化M.语教学与研究出版社.19894 何跃奇.英汉互译中文化信息的传递M.边疆经济与文化.20075 于建平.文化
3、差异对英汉翻译中词义和词义理解的影响M.中国翻译.2000. 6 张培基.英汉翻译教程M.上海外语教育出版社.1983.The Differences of Chinese and English Culture and Translation Abstract: Culture refers to the material wealth and the spiritual wealth created in human history. Culture includes religion, custom, history, art and so on. Every nations livin
4、g habits, knowledge, philosophy, values and morality are different, all of this lead to the differences in culture. So it makes the people appearing different opinions in the same thing. As of intercultural communication, translation is one of the main methods and is tightly related to culture. Tran
5、slation activities reflects the communication between different cultures and reveals the translatability in cultural differences. The differences between English and Chinese cultures are reflected mainly in religious cultural background, value orientation and customs habits. Translation techniques s
6、uch as literal translation, free translation, translation, amplification and omission translation can be applied when the cultural differences need reserving or can not be identified in translation.Keywords: cultural; differences; translation0. Introduction:Culture contains many aspects. Language ca
7、n even reflect a distinguishing place or nation among culture. That is to say language can show this cultural deposits. The Chinese culture has extensive knowledge and is greatly different from the western countries. Its not a easy task for translator to fully display the greatness of culture in tra
8、nslation practice. Because the culture of Chinese and western has the certain difference which leads to some phenomena that the same object has different meaning in different language and both of them appear misunderstand at last .Therefore ,when we translate ,we must accomplish and right understand
9、 differences of English culture and Chinese culture ,or it will influence a right translation .If there is nothing wrong with the content of translation,it will give you a good feast. The cultural background of English language and Chinese language has great difference,letter is the same but some wo
10、rds have sense implicits. Normally, writer expresses their real emotion that contains usually sense implicts. So when we translate, we must pay attention to it .1. The main performance of the English and Chinese cultural differences1.1 Different customsThe English customs and Chinese customs have ma
11、ny different aspects. Especially reflecting in some festivals. In China, such as the Spring Festival, Mid-autumn Festival and Dragon Boat Festival，in this three festivals the families can both have dinner and chat with each other .And some men that travel in a place far away from home or country can
12、 both think fondly of their own home and families .But in western, it seems that this kind of s,s also great difference .Chinese and British are both raise pet. But it has great contradiction that how they treat their pet .In Chineses eyes pig is usually very dirty animal .Its use usually are estibl
13、e by people when growing up. But in Britain or other western countries ,people can treat pig as pet,because they think pigs are very lovely. Even sometimes when they describe someone who is very lovely, they will say him like a pig. But in Chinese peoples opinion, the behavior can not be understood.
14、 However, the view appears to be turn good in recently years. With the improvement of living standard, more and more Chinese families keep pets and grow flowers at home ,most of them will regard dog as their pet. For they thought that dogs can look after the home for them and dogs are faithfulness.
15、But the status of dogs still remains low. Chinese people usually use dogs to describe sb who is fawn on others and listen to others or they will say words like “evil associates” .“Brutal and cold blooded”. But English people look on dogs as their friends. Because they considered that dogs can make s
16、ense of personalities .In English phrases, most words referred to dogs arent negative .For instance ,if they want to express someone lucky ,they will say“You are a lucky dog ”. And “love me ,love my dogs” is another instance.Thus it can be seen, in English peoples opinions, dogs are equal to people
17、in status.Differences in customs lead to huge reactions when different countries people treat the same things .So that they will translate one sentence into greatly different sentence. 1.2 Different historical backgrounds Five thousands years of historical literature of China possess dense natural c
18、haracter and special literature feature. The historical stories in the article can be considered as invaluable treasure in natural literature. In all ages, people of a lot of knowledge are all over the world, the historical stories must relate to them to some degree. Such as “show off ones proficien
19、cy with the axe before Lu Ban the Master Callzenter. Everyone knows what Lu Ban did.” Showing off ones proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban the Master Callzenter is showing ones bad abilities. But few of westerners can understand the meaning. Besides, these allusions of real meaning, such as “Bite
20、 the hand that feeds you”etc. these stories cant also be grasped by westerners . As a result, when we translate these allusions of history, we must translate really implicit the sense meaning among the allusions, otherwise your translation fails.1.3 Different environmentThe different living environm
21、ent in different countries makes the same thing may have different opinions,such as something in a kind of language culture will have abundent cultural connotation ,it will give humans good imagery . However,in another language culture may seems very poor ,has no significance,so the differences aris
22、ing therefrom.Such as cows is the symbol of industry in Chinese eyes, because the sense that the cow gives humans is in the fields of hard-working everyday,and have not any complaints.People often say such words when at work “We will have the spirit like the cows.”Undoubtedly,in European countries,t
23、hey mustnt understand it .China is a large agricultural nation,in antiquity,the farming is accomplished by cows,so people praise its,but they may not feel how inportance of cattle for humans.Different geographical environment also can cause culture differences. “East wind warm ”it is positive in the
24、 Han peoples consciousness. But the British people disagree, owing to different geography places, “east wind”in British people mind it means cold. If we have meet this condition ,should pay more attention to the translation.The seafaring of England is very famous in the history, so its culture cant
25、without the sea,but the Chinese lived in mainland, naturally cant without land. “Spend money like water”, in English, metaphor someone waste of money ,just like water,but Chinese explanation is miserly .One use water describe, another is use soil.Consequently,the different geographical environment b
26、ring them when they explained one thing will use different things to describe. Only really understand these cultures back of the languages, we will be translate more precise. 1.4 Different religious beliefsChina is a belief Buddhism nation. Buddhism in China has for more than one thousand years hist
27、ory, people believe that the Buddha hold everything. We can often see, when people meet any trouble or family have any ills, they will go to the temple to pray for the buddhist incense, to imprecate bless of the jinee. When the things going well, they will go to temple promose again.Visible,the imag
28、e of Buddha are deeply in the minds of the Chinese people. “Dont usually like to cram as incense”,in western eyes idioms,they might not understand,therefore may cause certain difficulty at translation,because they didnt understand what the Buddha in what.And like Taoism, Nuwa, Pangu and so on, these
29、 idioms in western culture did not exist. Especially some of Chinas fairy tales, foreigners could not imagine,because these concepts in their ideology has in no form. Similarly, in Europe countries most people has embrance Christianity, they think god is dominates all. Especially the words “Oh, my g
30、od!” The sentence is usually boasting. Even some simple modal particles, they will put god to use. Another example, when one person died, they will use this phrase “go to heaven”, because they believe heaven is god has creating for the people who died, it maybe the place which can give them happy ti
31、me.2. The translation strategies under the cultural differences Translation is not merely that languages nominal conversion, it also includes both cultures mutually penetrate and mutually compatible. Mr Bi Qing hold the view that the nature of culture translation is up to the identity of knowledge,
32、the same structure principle of semantic system,and the identical principle of the forms of human beings thoughts. But the relativity of same structure and the blurs of languages decide the relativity of culture translation. Therefore, the translators are supposed to adopt the necessary tactics of t
33、ranslate, to transmite the cultural information in the field of high limit.2.1 Literal translation Literal translation refers to the part of translation not only express the content of original text, but also remain the form of original text, such as the analogies and the features of nationality use
34、d in the text, which makes for readers to share the same deep impression with the original text. Literal translation ,however, is not in a mechanical way or translated resolutely.For example: “In some automated plants ,electronic computers control the entire production line. ”Translate into the lite
35、ral translation.So we can make a conclusion from this: people can get the same conclusion when they observe same natural phenomenons and objects, then conclusion were expressed out by the language. Like this kind of information, is understood with ease through literal translation. Under the prerequi
36、site of retaining the image of original idoms.Literal translation also expresses the original meaning precisely. Western idoms are blended into Chinese, which not only enrich Chinese, but also can have a good knowledge of its particular idoms. Thus, although there is certain difference between Engli
37、sh culture and Chinese culture. Peoples thought still has a lot of commom grounds, to some extent, reaching the phenimenon of being passable together.There are also a few similar idoms in English and Chinese speak, this is because sometimes people may have the same deep impression when dealing with
38、problems. Then, the literal meaning, image meaning, and indistinct meaning of these idoms will have something in common with each other, making the final expression information the same. Then, they can translate each other right now.2For example: Strike while the iron is hot.This is a good example.
39、Like this kind of translation, not only keep the original meaning of the text, style, and the features of nationality, but also make a better understanding to readers. It is a good method not to lose. 2.2 Free translationFree translation refers not to stand upon the form of expression, images, featu
40、res of nationality of original text, and the translation is used to pass on out the meaning of the original text, it including sentence structure, the use of sending a word and method of rhetoric.However, free translation doesnt mean to delete the content of original text at will, or embellishment.
41、The translator must make a penetration to study the original text thoroughly. Making a comprehensive study and a thorough mastery to catch the important points, which plays a rucial function. Sometimes analogies in the original text can not be accepted by readers. If necessary, another analogy shoul
42、d be exchanged to express the original meaning. This is also a form of a expression of free translation.For example:Little fish does not eat big fish.In free translation way to translate.Of course, some idoms can not reverse their original meaning because of the influence of cultural factors. In thi
43、s circumstances, wed better replace another object that people are familiar with for the original object in the text.For instance, when someone looks very anxious, we can say that he is anxious as the ant on the hot pot, which is well known to all in chinese. But if we translate this sentence accord
44、ing to the meaning of its literal, people of Europe and America district may have great difficulty to understand. So that we can substiute a cat for an ant in translate. Translate into : “ A cat on hot bricks”.Compared with the ant on the cooking-pot, the meaning that they want to express is the sam
45、e, just has different objects, which makes for better understanding for readers. 2.3 TranslationTranslationis to say that, under many situations, the part of speech needs to be changed, the concept needs the conversation. Only in this way can make the translation more smooth and natural.For example
46、: “The economic indexes showed the 20-year or so reform has been a success.”The “success ”in the original sentence is a noun ,but it turns into an adjective after being translated.This kind of translation makes the meaning to be expressed more visualize and clear-cut.2.4 AmplificationIt means to mak
47、e the translation expression more complete, and more understandable,appropriate to supplement the connotative, or the missing words or information. Using this method is the premise of:First, although the original has not expression,but has implicit in it, it can be deduced from the text to supplemen
48、t the content, and if not to supplement, it will be appear imcomplete. Second, although the text has no implied, but the hidden text messages to supplement necessary supplement and interpretation, such no supplements and interpretation, readers will occur in the understanding of the difficulties, an
49、d even misunderstanding. Everyone read his own culture may not be very tricky, but if the change of his family, that is a different matter. “Two heads are better than one ”this proverb means everyone understand but westerners may not, because they are not familiar with the history of China. Then we shall be translated into English of Zhu Geliangs introduced.It can tran
