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1、汽车的历史AUTOMOBILE HISTORY,2,AUTOMOBILE HISTORY,First automobile developed in 1860s in Europe.By 1900 cars gaining some reliability.All cars are hand made costing$10,000.00Henry Fords better ideas:Interchangeable partsMass production using an assembly line,3,MASS PRODUCTION OF AUTOMOBILES,Mass producti
2、on reduces the cost of automobiles to$200.00.There are now 200,000,000 vehicles in the U.S.alone.,4,Four Basic Parts of Vehicles,Engine or power plantChassis or frameworkDrive TrainBody,5,Engine Systems,Compression systemValve trainFuel systemIgnition systemLubricating systemCooling system,Starting
3、systemCharging systemEmission controlsExhaust system,6,Engine Block&Head(s),Compression system lower endHarnesses the power of burning gasolineValve train top endLets in and out the fuel charges to be burned,7,Fuel System,Old cars used a carbureted system.Cars now use fuel injection.The purpose of t
4、he fuel system is to store,move and deliver the fuel and air in the proper proportion to the engine.,8,Ignition System,Ignition systems are electronically computer controlledThe purpose is to deliver a high voltage spark(20,000 volts)to cylinders at the right time to ignite the fuel.Spark plugs/wire
5、s/coil/distributor/COIL PACK,9,Computer,Recent innovationControlsFuel,ignition,Emissionsuspension,10,Lubrication System,Force feed or pressure fed systemVia an oil pumpProvides lubrication and protection for all the metal parts inside the engineOil pump/pangalleries,11,Cooling System,Liquid cooled s
6、ystemProvides protection from the excessive heat which builds up inside the cylinderRadiator,water jacket,hoses,thermostat,heater core,fan,12,Starting System,Uses a battery and electric starting motor(cranking motor)to crank over the engine for startingBatteryCranking motorSolenoidKey switchWires,13
7、,Charging System,The charging system has two functions:1 To recharge the battery after starting.2 To provide all the electricity for the vehicle while the engine is running.The battery provides power while the engine is not runningBattery/alternator/voltage regulator,14,Exhaust System,Removes gases
8、from engineQuiets vehicleProvides back pressureExhaust manifoldCrossoverTail pipeMufflerResonator,15,Emission Controls,To clean up the air pollution caused by the automobile.Capture any vapor which might escape the the fuel tank and engines crankcase.Clean up exhaust for any un burnt fuel,carbon mon
9、oxide,or oxides of nitrogen.Many types of devices are employed.PCV/Catalytic convertor/gas cap/EGR,16,Fuel Tank Vapor Recovery,Captures the vapor of gasoline from the fuel tank.The charcoal canister holds them.When the engine runs the vapors are sucked into the engine and burned.,17,Catalytic Conver
10、ter,One of the most important emission controls on the car.Literally burns up pollution in the exhaust system.,18,Automobile Bodies,Most made of stamped steel partsA few cars made of aluminum(NSX Cadillac Allenta)Some use composite materials(Saturn or GM Minivan),19,Chassis or Frame,Under lying stru
11、cture of all vehiclesThree types of frame:1 Full frame2 Unitized frame called unibody3 Space frame,20,Full Frame Chassis,Uses welded steel alloy metalC-channel or box frame constructionNote engine cradle in front and rear axle hump in rearUsed on large cars and most all trucksBody made in separate u
12、nit and bolted to chassis,21,Unitized Body Construction,Called UnibodyAll body and frame parts welded togetherLight weight but strong structurallyMost cars use this construction,22,Space Frame Construction,Newest type of constructionHybrid unibodyUsed on race cars first but now used in passenger car
13、sMany use plastic fenders and body panels,23,Chassis Related Systems,Braking systemSuspension systemSteering system,24,Braking System,The purpose of the braking system is of course,to stop the car.Brakes are used on all wheels and is hydraulically operated.Two common types of brake assemblies are us
14、ed.Disc BrakesDrum Brakes,25,Disc Brakes,Uses a rotor that spins with the wheel and a stationary caliper to press friction material against the spinning rotor.Used on most all front brakes and some rear brakes.,26,Drum Brakes,Uses a drum which spins with the wheel.Stationary brake shoes are pressed
15、out from the inside to cause friction.Used on rear brakes of many cars.,27,ABS Anti-Lock Braking System,Helps driver stop under controlKeeps brakes from locking upPulses brakesEnables car to be turned,*Does not replace hydraulic brakesDoes not make vehicle stop fasterDoes not work if brake petal is
16、pumped,28,Suspension System,Uses springs and shock absorbers to provide a good ride and improved handling.Coil&leaf springs,torsion bars and air suspension are all used.Most shock absorbers are hydraulic or gas operated.Stop bouncing actionStruts,29,Independent Suspension,Allows each wheel to move u
17、p and down independently with out effect from the opposite wheel.Used on most all front wheels and many rear wheels now.,30,Straight Axle,Wheels are held together on a common axle.Very rugged but poor on handling.Used mostly on the rear wheels.,31,Steering System,Two types used:Conventional or paral
18、lelogram steering used on larger cars and trucks.Rack and pinion steering used on most cars.Conventional on trucks,SUV,BIG VEHICLES,32,Drive train,Takes the engines torque and sends to the drive wheels.Major types are:front wheel drive,rear wheel drive,four wheel drive and all wheel drive.Major comp
19、onents of all drive trains:clutch,transmission,differential,and drive shaft(s).,33,Drive Train Components,Basic purpose is to get the engines torque to the wheels.Clutches used with manual transmissions a torque converter used with automatics.Disconnects engine from transmissionTransmission/transaxl
20、eDrive shafts and drive axles.Differentials,34,Front Wheel Drive,All drive train components under the hood(transaxle)Reduces weight and size of vehicleGood traction in rain and snow,35,Front Wheel Drive,36,Rear Wheel Drive,Components spread from front to rearTransmissionHeavier than FWD carsPoor han
21、dling in rain and snowBetter traction for performance purposes,37,Four Wheel Drive 4X4,Used primarily on trucksDrive all four wheel when engagedHeavy,poor fuel economyExcellent traction on rain,snow or off road conditions,38,All Wheel Drive,Front wheel drive power train connected to a drive shaft in the transaxle running to a conventional rear axle assembly.,39,Identifying Vehicles,Reading the V.I.N.17 digit code located at the lower left corner of the windshield.On Firewall,
