《On One of the English Dynasties— the House of Normandy英语论文.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《On One of the English Dynasties— the House of Normandy英语论文.doc（5页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、On One of the English Dynasties the House of NormandyAbstract：Norman dynasty is the usual designation for the family that were the Dukes of Normandy and the English monarchs which immediately followed the Norman conquest and lasted until the Plantagenet dynasty came to power in 1154. It included Rol
2、lo and his descendants, and from William the Conqueror and his heirs down through 1135. After that it was disputed between Williams grandchildren, Matilda and Stephen of the House of Blois.Key words: Norman Conquest；Domesday Book；Stephen of BloisEngland is in the Atlantic Ocean, an island country, a
3、nd the European continent across the sea. Motivation of England in the 11th century, the king called Harold. Harold is the British nobility, and he does not like the national exchanges, and outside the UK do not like Norman, he felt away from continental Europe, the United Kingdom and those countrie
4、s that interfere with each other, not between each other, just guarding their own territory on it. Harolds naive. On the European continent, many countries are eager to expand their own sphere of influence to expand the territory. Which is located in France, the Duchy of Normandy, the end of Duke Wi
5、lliam already took a fancy to the British throne, he found Harold do not understand diplomacy, the blind arrogance, decided to use force to conquer the United Kingdom, to establish his own kingdom. Very different with Harold, William really knows how to use diplomatic means, know how to win more all
6、ies. First, he sent envoys to travel to Rome; the lobby was the most influential in Europe, Pope Alexander II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV, to gain their support. Pope to listen to the words of William, to support Williams behavior, but also give his side of the holy flag. Henry IV also sent troo
7、ps to help William. Then, William to convince his neighbors, the Danish king, promised to form a friendly alliance and Denmark. Soon, William formed an EU army against Harold. When everything is ready, William opened the curtain of the attack on the United Kingdom. William the Union Army arrives, Ha
8、rold, or muddle, unprepared. Harold northern English city of York is happy to celebrate into the soldiers in northern England victory. At this time, the expeditionary force led by William rode a cool southerly wind to sail across the strait, not encountered any resistance landed on the coast of sout
9、heast England. At this point, the UKs southeast coastal areas of the portal was opened to London along the way are not heavily guarded, Williams army has run, has arrived in London near Hastings. Happened suddenly, Harold simply too late to large-scale mobilization of the army, only 5,000 people wit
10、h a not rest too hastily against William. Harold occupies a commanding favorable terrain, the first battle, the British waited at the top of the hill, throwing stones to assault Normandy, javelin, and repulsed the attack of the Normans. But soon, William adjusts the tactics of the offensive, pretend
11、ed to retreat, the British leads to a strong and favorable position. Harold does not see through this trick, and command the British troops to chase down the mountain, just burst into William set up a good encirclement. William launched a counter attack to seize this fighter, Harold arrows killed in
12、 the melee (one that was hacked to death by the sword), the British caught off balance, across the board collapse. William achieved the victory of the Battle of Hastings. William realized his own desire to become King of England, British history, from Normandy dynasty rule. William I after the death
13、 of one after another by two sons, William II and Henry I, succeeded to the throne. Henry I, their only son drowned after legislation daughter Matilda Princess is the heir. Henrys death, to William I, Sun Stephen inherited the throne, and has been sent with Matilda combat. In 1153, the two sides con
14、cluded the Treaty of Wallingford. Provisions of Stephens death the throne by the Count of Anjou, Matildas son Henry inherited. The next year, Stephen died. Henry ascended the throne, to replace the Normandy from the Plantagenet dynasty. One of the most obvious changes was the introduction of Anglo-N
15、orman, a northern dialect of Old French, as the language of the ruling classes in England, displacing Old English. French words entered the English language, and a further sign of the shift was the usage of French names instead of English ones. Male names changed first, with names such as William, R
16、obert, Richard, becoming common quickly. Female names changed more slowly. One area where the Norman invasion did not change naming practices was in place names, which unlike the earlier invasions by the Vikings and Cnut, did not significantly change after the Norman Conquest. It is unknown how much
17、 English the Norman invaders learned, nor how much the knowledge of French spread amongst the lower classes, but the demands of trade and simple communication probably meant that bilingualism was not unknown amongst both the Normans and the native English. Approximately 8000 Normans and other contin
18、ental persons settled in England as a result of the Conquest, although this is an estimate and exact figures are not possible to establish. Some of these new residents intermarried with the native English, but in the extent of this practice in the years immediately after Hastings is unclear. There a
19、re a number of marriages attested between Norman men and English women during the years before 1100, but these marriages were not common, with most Normans continuing to contract marriages with other Normans or other continental families rather than with English. Within a century of the invasion, in
20、termarriage between the native English and the Norman immigrants had become common. By the early 1160s, Ailred of Rievaulx was writing that intermarriage was common among all levels of society. The impact of the conquest on the lower levels of English society is difficult to assess. The major change
21、 was the elimination of slavery, which had disappeared in England by the middle of the 12th century. There were about 28,000 of them listed in Domesday Book in 1086, less than had been enumerated for 1066. In some places, such as Essex, the decline in slaves was as much as 20% for the 20 years. The
22、main reasons for the decline in slaveholding appear to have been the disapproval of the Church and the cost of supporting slaves, which unlike serfs, had to be supported entirely by their owners. But the practice of slavery was never outlawed, and the Leges Henrici Primi from the reign of King Henry
23、 I continue to mention slaveholding as legal.Many of the free peasants of Anglo-Saxon society appear to have lost status and become indistinguishable from the non-free serfs. Whether this change was due entirely to the conquest is unclear, but the invasion and its after effects likely accelerated a
24、process already underway. Likewise, the spread of towns and increase in nucleated settlements in the countryside, rather than scattered farms, was likely accelerated by the coming of the Normans to England. But the actual lifestyle of the peasantry probably did not greatly change in the decades afte
25、r 1066.待添加的隐藏文字内容2The end of the Anglo - Saxon times, Normandy dynasty was established. Norman founded, the French king promised to submit to France, speak French, and thus the government term for the French after the Norman Conquest. Political system Retain the customary law of the Anglo - Saxons,
26、the original Districts are divided into thirty-six counties (shires). Norman political institutions Ting (curia regis) to replace the Anglo - Saxon original sage (witenagemot or witena gemot). The Ting by the bishops, abbots, large landowners, meets three times a year, but the king can convene at an
27、y time. In addition, the King otherwise by the cronies of the inner organization, called a small meeting (small council). The Ting expands it into a later Congress, small meeting of the evolution of the government. The relationship between Britain and France British re-integration into the European
28、mainland, attached to the French in the political, economic independence, but the volume of trade with the Low Countries (now Holland, Belgium) is increasing year by year - this is the British revival, coveted by the French territory, and lead to the Hundred Years War the main factors. Precisely bec
29、ause of the politics attached to France, the United Kingdom and the French to join the Crusades. Part-time King of England Duke of Normandy has aspirations to the throne of France, which has become one of the fuses of the Hundred Years War. Cultural development of England English mixed with a large
30、number of French words, mostly political, legal, religious, food words. William I established a strong royal rule, the land of the confiscation of the resistance to the Anglo-Saxon nobility, feudal to come with him the French feudal lords. Closure, which according to the size of the land area to pro
31、vide a certain number of cavalry, and personally led them to the king combat. The big feudal lords again and then their own land as part of packet to the lower level, but also require them to provide cavalry. William I also tried to get rid of the interference of the Pope of the Church of England, t
32、he Church of England in their hands. William I rely mainly on the French nobility to rule. In the institutions of governance, the law is still used the old system of the king. In 1086, he summoned the vassal, so that these people all to line his surrender ceremony and oath of allegiance to the estab
33、lishment of the principle of the English feudal lords have to be the primary obligations of loyalty to the king, the same year, a nationwide land survey. In the UK after the Norman Conquest the feudal manor, feudal lord of the manor supreme ruler, most of the farmers loss of personal freedom, reduce
34、d to serfs. The English Revolution was the first of the so-called great revolutions. It began as a protest against an oppressive and uncompromising government. A moderate constitutional phase was followed by the use of military force, then the violent overthrow of the government, experiments with ne
35、w institutions, the rule of a virtual dictator, and, finally, a restoration that embodied some new practices within the older tradition. The revolution was important because it generated new political and religious ideas and because it extended the English tradition that the governments power should
36、 be limited. The Restoration was a reaction against Puritanismin behavior.Bibliography1 V.C. Alexander, Michael. Three Crises Early English History. University Press of American. 1998.2 Bennett, Judith M.; C. Warren Hollister. Medieval Europe: A Short History (Tenth Edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2006.
