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1、 The Study of English Abbreviation Table of ContentsAbstractI摘要IIPreface11. The Origin and Characteristics of English Abbreviation21.1 The Origin of the English Abbreviations21.1.1 The Objective World Factors21.1.2 The Subjective World Factors31.1.3 Language World Factors31.2 The Main Causes of Engl
2、ish Characteristics41.2.1 Simplicity41.2.2 Fuzziness41.2.3 Lability41.3 Summary52. The Generation Characteristics of English Abbreviation62.1 Clipping62.1.1 Cutting the Final Part.62.1.2 Cutting the Initial Part.62.1.3 Cutting the Initial Part and the Final Part.62.1.4 Cutting either the Initial Par
3、t or the Final Part.62.2 Blending72.3 Acronym72.4 Digital Abbreviation82.5 Borrowing Law82.6 Variant Law82.7 Summary83. The Pronunciation Rules and Writing Rules of Abbreviation in English Language93.1 Pronunciation Rules of English Language93.2 Writing Rules of English Language93.3 Summary104. The
4、Chinese Translation of English Abbreviation114.1 Transliteration114.2 Free Translation124.3 Zero-Translation Method124.4 Mixed-Translation Method144.5 Summary145. Pragmatic Function of English Abbreviation155.1 Simpleness, Speediness155.2 Eye-catching, Catchy Hooks155.3 Strong Description155.4 Rheto
5、ric Function155.5 Summary16Conclusion17Citation18Reference19Acknowledgements20AbstractA lot of English abbreviation production and use reflect a sharp change of modern society, the science and technology progress and cultural education leap and the rapid development of business, etc. The seemingly s
6、imple abbreviations in composition structure, pronunciation, and writing have many rules, and it is the unique function to use a language. The study of these rules can reduce and avoid chaos or mistakes when we use them.Keywords: English abbreviation rule pragmatic function translation摘要英语缩略词的大量产生和使
7、用折射出现代社会的急剧变化，科学技术的飞跃进步和文化教育事业等的迅猛发展。看似简单的缩略语在组成结构、读音、书写等方面均有很多很多变化规则，而且具有独特的语言使用功能。研究其规律可以减少和避免使用时出现混乱或错误。关键词：英语缩略词 规则 语用功能 翻译“更新域”，然后“更新整个目录”。打印前，不要忘记把上面“Abstract”这一行后加一空行PrefaceLately 20 years, it appears a large number of abbreviations in the English vocabulary. Its appearance on one hand is due
8、 to the trend of the development of English itself; on the other hand, it is due to fast development of social needs. English abbreviations are used in all aspects of the social life from the modern science and technology fields to the medical, foreign trade, education, economic and political. It li
9、kes a mirror which reflects social development in all aspects. In the modern era, people who use language communication need economic and efficient way to exchange information. Abbreviation use less symbols, information, just to meet the modern demand. The abbreviation reflects the modern production
10、 of large numbers of the rapid social change. This paper analyzes the origin of the English abbreviations, constitution, writing rules and pragmatic functions. Therefore, we can use English abbreviations more reasonably.1. The Origin and Characteristics of English Abbreviation1.1 The Origin of the E
11、nglish AbbreviationsBefore the 1940s, the number of English abbreviation only a little, but with the birth of the first all-electronic digital computer created by 1946 J.P.ECKERT and J.W.MANCHLY at the University of Pennsylvania in the United States, English abbreviation increases. Abbreviation is a
12、 common linguistic phenomenon in the world today. But the abbreviation of English is in a marginal position in foreign country for a long time, which is not commensurate with the rapid development of the abbreviations. In the late twentieth century, western scholars began to use cognitive linguistic
13、s, computer linguistics and psychological linguistics on the English abbreviations in-depth study, and prove the abbreviation to the value of linguistics research. Today, he has become a millions of army. Especially in recent 20 years is the fastest 20 years of English abbreviation growing. The main
14、 causes of English contractions are the following:1.1.1 The Objective World FactorsWith the fast development of national economies, the rapid progress of science and technology, and the rapid changes in the social life, all require fast, simple language to reflect the complexity of new things and so
15、cial phenomena. Abbreviation appears more and more in all areas of human life, because abbreviations can be used less information and space to express the original meaning of the words. Social development, especially the rapid development of science and technology on the widespread application of ab
16、breviations has been the extremely vital role.1.1.2 The Subjective World FactorsWith psychology of people who ask briefness, Anderson, Cognitive psychologist, thinks information processing ability of people is limited. In order to effectively deal with complex communication, people need to have some
17、 abilities to show the subject initiative, such as, summary and simplification of the information, organization of the strategy. The communication of modern social information are more and more frequent, so that this requires more and more economic information carrier which can use the most succinct
18、 information symbol transfer as much information as possible. The rich meaning of letters abbreviation just meet the peoples need for briefness psychology.With peoples new psychological and the arrival of the economic society, in order to adapt yourself to the competitive society, people began to co
19、nsciously care what happened around the world and to absorb new information initiatively. English abbreviations represent new things, new honored, new information of letters abbreviations, such as PK (play kill, against / challenge), ATM (automatic teller machine, automatic teller machines), etc. It
20、 is easy to be accepted and used by people. 1.1.3 Language World FactorsVarious elements in the language, vocabulary is the most volatile factor in the language, which is liquid rather than solid. The development of modern English vocabulary, on the one hand, is a big increase in the number of new w
21、ords, on the other hand is increasingly cohesive simplified. The French linguists A.MARTINET had also proposed language economic principle. He points out that the communication and expressions are always in the dynamic changing, and more, newer, more characteristics of the language units will emerge
22、. But as the people whose performances show inertia in all aspects of daily life, it requires us to minimize consumption in speech, and use the abbreviation with the habits we familiar and a small amount of language unit.1.2 The Main Causes of English Characteristics 1.2.1 SimplicityWith the acceler
23、ated pace of modern life, as people use language in oral or written communication, the words are becoming more and more simplified. On the one hand, the abbreviation of syllables or letters in word or phrase constitute significantly reduced, the exchange is more convenient. On the other hand, the wr
24、itten form is simple, easy to remember. If the phrase “light wave application by stimulated emission of radiation” is abbreviated as the “laser”, the words from the previous 19 to 2. We can see that abbreviations save trouble and effort and are in line with the requirements of the development of mod
25、ern society.1.2.2 FuzzinessThe basic components of English abbreviation are “letter”. It is thumbnail because letters are only with the sound and shape, no sense. The combination of words, sound, form after righteousness which contact between them became very loose, not like the complete words or ph
26、rases that are close. For example, the APC can be American Power Conference (American Power Conference), also can be adjustable pressure conveyor (pressure regulating conveyor), and also may be the automatic Power control (automatic power adjustment), automatic program control (automatic process con
27、trol) or automatic phase control (automatic phase adjustment). The phrase rules are not fixed, and human factors influenced is bigger. For example, people often make abbreviated words easy to know, easy to remember, but the choice or arrangement of the letters depends on habits. So these will add so
28、me fuzzy to abbreviation.1.2.3 LabilityThe emergence of abbreviations is a product of certain social, political, cultural, economic, technological, etc. In the process of social development, some standards of abbreviation for a wide range are accepted by the public. A period of time， abbreviations w
29、idely used is to enter the lexical system. But with the social changing, soon less used abbreviation gradually disappears and become the old words. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, such as before, RSFSR (Russian Soviet federal socialist republic) the abbreviations rarely used and changed by Ru
30、ssia. In addition, some of the traditional English abbreviations was also endowed the new content. Such as SOS, belongs to international practice distress signal, refers to save our souls (help us), which are now with someone special (a special characters) and the same old shit (the old stuff) and o
31、ther different meanings, etc.1.3 SummaryThe development of economy and science, technology leap, changes of social life all require us to use the fast, concise language to reflect the complex new things and social phenomenon so as to save time and improve communication efficiency. The phenomenons of
32、 using abbreviation to replace the old words are common and also very necessary. The use of the abbreviation both key points, save space, and make the limited space contain a large amount of information, so as to effectively spread the must express information. So the abbreviation research is very s
33、ignificant and necessary.2. The Generation Characteristics of English AbbreviationEnglish abbreviations of word formation are to follow certain rules.2.1 ClippingA way which is widely used to form abbreviation is clipping, a process of cutting off the certain part or parts of a word to make up its a
34、bbreviation form. A great number of English words have undergone the process of clipping happens in different ways:2.1.1 Cutting the Final Part.One of the ways in which clipping happens is cutting the final part of a word and left the initial part (or sometimes with a slight variation). This is one
35、of the most usual ways to form abbreviation. It happens like that: Doc doctor; fax facsimile; lab laboratory; auto automobile; gas gasoline.2.1.2 Cutting the Initial Part.This is another common means by which abbreviations are formed. The final part is left and used to stand for the original word. F
36、or example: copter helicopter; doze bulldozer; quake earthquake. We use such kind of abbreviations very often in our communication. They are shorter than their original forms.2.1.3 Cutting the Initial Part and the Final Part.On some rare occasions，both the initial part and first are clipped off with
37、 the middle part preserved and represents the original one. It happens like these: fluidics fluidounce, flu influenza; fridge refrigerator; script prescription.2.1.4 Cutting either the Initial Part or the Final Part.Some clipping words are created by this means and either of the two parts can repres
38、ent its form. Some examples here can explain this point clearly. For example: heli copter helicopter, roller coaster roller coaster. In these two examples, either “heli” or “copter” can stand for the word “helicopter”, so that people will never be confused. The same thing happens to “roller” and “co
39、aster”, to cut the other syllables of a word and with only the initial syllable left. Sometimes, abbreviation form when the first syllables of each word in a word group are left and other syllables cut off. For instance: CRUDIV Cruiser Division, HICOM High Command.2.2 BlendingBlending refers to two
40、or more than two words synthesis, and synthesis abbreviated is called the word of patchwork. There are four main kinds:1) The first part of the word before + the after part of the second word, for example, brunch (breakfast + lunch), Oxbridge (Oxford + Cambridge).2) The first part of the word before
41、 + the first part of the second word, for example, sitcom (situation + comedy), modern (modulator + demodulator).3) The first part of the word before + all of the second word, For example, medicate (medical + care), lancing (language + sign).4) All of the first language + the after part of the secon
42、d word, workfare (work + welfare), travelogue (travel + logue).2.3 AcronymAcronym is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization which has a heavily modified headword, or the first letters of an extremely long word or word group in science, technology and other special fields, such
43、 as, CAD (Computer Assisted Design); IT (Information Technology); DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid); ISBN (International Standard Book Number). Measurement unit of the acronym use lowercase letters with, such as meter (m/m), centimeter (cm), gram (g), etc. Some acronym can also act with other words, such
44、as, H-bomb hydrogen bomb (hydrogen bombs); E-mail electric mail (electronic mail), etc.2.4 Digital AbbreviationThis method is that figures add thumbnail letters or a noun, such as the five senses (sight, hearing, touch and smell, taste); 3C (China Compulsory Certification); 3P (purchasing power pari
45、ties).2.5 Borrowing LawBorrowing law refers to the use of foreign words abbreviation. This kind of word come from Latin, such as, c.f. (confer comparison); B.I.D. (bits in die twice a day); AD val. (AD valorem buy). This kind of abbreviation characteristic is of the lower case mostly, and all has th
46、e punctuation marks.2.6 Variant LawVariant law refers to according to the pronunciation of the letters to change the spelling, such as quick quik; tech tek; Christmas X mas.2.7 SummaryIf we learn to master the abbreviations in the composition rules and basic requirements, we can not only correctly u
47、se abbreviations but also can create a much-needed correct abbreviation in necessary. The abbreviation will have life as long as the abbreviations are reasonable simplified. I think the further study of English abbreviation laws and the structure requirements will reduce and avoid unnecessary confus
48、ion and mistakes. English abbreviations will be increasingly perfect, and the application will be more extensive.3. The Pronunciation Rules and Writing Rules of Abbreviation in English Language3.1 Pronunciation Rules of English LanguageThe pronunciation of the abbreviations basically divided into two kinds: one kind is the phonics, and the other is the word spelling method. Letter pronunciation of abbreviation is usually accented on the last letter, and the secondary accent is o
