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1、*第三八篇 Life Form Found on Saturns TitanScientists say they have discovered hints of alien life1 on the Saturns moon2. The discovery of a sort of life was announced after researchers at the US space agency,NASA3,analyzed data from spacecraft Cassini4,which pointed to,the existence of methane-based for
2、m of life on Saturns biggest moon.Scientists have reportedly discovered clues showing primitive alien beings arebreathing inTitans dense atmosphere filled with hydrogen.They argue that hydrogen gets absorbed before hitting Titans planet-like surface covered with methane lakes and rivers. This,they s
3、ay,points to the existence of somebugs5 consuming the hydrogen at the surface of the moon less than half the size of the Earth.We suggested hydrogen consumption because its the obvious gas for life to consume on Titan,similar to the way we consume oxygen on Earth,says NASA scientist Chris McKay.If t
4、hese signs do turn out to be a sign of life,it would be doubly exciting because it would represent a second form of life independent from water-based life on Earth.To date,scientists have not yet detected this form of life anywhere,though there are liquid-water-based microorganisms on Earth that gro
5、w well on methane or produce it as a waste product. On Titan, where temperatures are around 90 Kelvin6(minus 290 degrees Farenheit),a methanebased organism would have to use a substance that is liquid as its medium for living processes, but not water itself. Water is frozen solid on Titans surface a
6、nd much too cold to support life as we know it.Scientists had expected the Suns interactions with chemicals in the atmosphere to produce a coating of acetylene on Titans surface. But Cassini detected no acetylene on the surface.The absence of detectable acetylene on the Titans surface can very well
7、have a non-biological explanation,said Mark Allen,a principal investigator7 of the NASA Titan team.Scientific conservatism suggests that a biological explanation should be the last choice after all non-biological explanations are addressed,Allen said. We have a lot of work to do to rule out8 possibl
8、e non-biological explanations. It is more likely that a chemical process,without biology,can explain these results.词汇：Saturn /stn/ n土星 methane/mi:ein/ n甲烷，沼气Titan/taitn/ n土卫六 acetylene/setili:n/ n乙炔alien/eiljn/ n外星人；adj外星球的；相异的 conservatism/kns:vtizm/ n保守主义,守旧注释：1.hints of alien life：外星生命迹象。2.the Sa
9、turns moon：指土卫六（Titan) 。土卫六又称泰坦星，是土星卫星中最大的一颗。3.NASA：美国国家航空航天局的缩写，全称是： National Aeronautics and Space Administration。4.spacecraft Cassini：卡西尼号探测器，以出生于意大利的法国天文学家卡西尼的名字命名，其任务是环绕土星飞行，对土星及其大气、光环、卫星和磁场进行深人考察。1997 年10 月15日，重六吨的“卡西尼”号星际探测器被发射飞往土星的轨道。这是上世纪发射的最后一艘行星际探测的大飞船。“卡西尼”号用了将近七年时间，在2004 年7月1日飞达土星轨道。5.b
10、ugs：微生物。非正式口语表达，所以使用了引号。6.Kelvin：可翻译成“绝对温度”。Kelvin Scale ，绝对温标，开氏温标，是由Kelvin 勋爵于19世纪中叶发明的温度计量方法，其零度相当于摄氏一273. 15 C ，被认为是宇宙中最低温度。这种温度计量方法多为科学家使用。7.principal investigator：研究项目负责人8.rule out：排除的可能性练习：1 .What have scientists found about Saturn?A They have found a new moon orbiting Saturn.B They have foun
11、d methane-based life on Saturn.C They have found methane-based life on Titan.D They have found earthlike life on a Saturns moon.2. What do scientists say about Titan?A There are life clues there.B There is acetylene there.C Water on Titan exists in the form of ice.D Rivers and lakes there contain li
12、fe formls.3. To date,scientists have not yet detected this form of life.(paragraph 5)What doesthis formof life refer to?A Water-based life.B Methane-based life.C Liquid-water-based microorganisms.D Gas-based life.4. What can be inferred from what Allen said?A Scientists have different arguments over
13、 whether there is life on Titan.B Scientists all agree that there is life on Titan.C Scientists all suggest that a biological explanation is reasonable.D Scientists all agree that a non-biological chemical reaction is a possible explanation.5. Which of the following can replace the title of this pas
14、sage?A Earthlike Living Beings Found on Titan.B Finding of One More Moon of Saturn.C Titan,a New Satellite Found.D A different Life Form, a Possibility.答案与题解：1. C 短文的第一段提供了答案。该段告诉读者，科学家在土星的卫星土卫六（ Titan ）上发现了生命的迹象，这些生命的存在是以甲烷为基础的。2.A根据第二段“Scientists have reportedly discovered clues showing primitive
15、alien beings arebreathing in Titans dense atmosphere filled with hydrogen.”，说明土卫六（Titan）有生命迹象。因此A是答案。3. B this form of life 指的是土卫六（ Titan ）上以甲烷为生命基础呼吸氢气的生物，即该文讨论的主题。4.A科学家至今对土卫六是否存在生物有不同的观点和解释。Allen 说要做出土卫六上有生物的结论，首先必须对Titan 上没有生物的观点做出回应；要排除土卫六上可能没有生物的观点，我们还须付出努力。所以只有A是正确选择。5.D该短文的主题是，科学家在土卫六（ Titan
16、 ）上发现了一种与地球生物不同的生命形式的迹象，即以甲烷为生命基础呼吸氢气的生物，但科学家还未能最后验证这一发现。第四段中的一个句子能够揭示该短文的主题：“If these signs do turn out to be a sign of life, it would bedoubly exciting because it would represent a second form of life independent from water-based life on Earth.”*第四十篇 Teaching Math, Teaching AnxietyIn a new study a
17、bout the way kids learn math in elementary school, the psychologists at theUniversity of Chicagol1 Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising relationship between what female teachers think and what female students learn:If a female teacher is uncomfortable with her own math skills, then her f
18、emale students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math.If these girls keep getting math-anxious female teachers2 in later grades, it may create a snowball effect on their math achievement3 said Levine. In other words,girls may end up learning math anxiety from their teache
19、rs4. The study suggests that if these girls grow up believing that boys are better at math than girls are,then these girls may not do as well as they would have ifthey were more confident.Just as students find certain subjects to be difficult, teachers can find certain subjects to bedifficult to lea
20、rn - and teach. The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone.Researchers use the word anxiety to describe such feelings: anxiety is uneasiness or worry.The new study found that when a teacher has anxiety about math, that feeling can influencehow her female students feel about math.
21、 The study involved 65 girls,52 boys and 17 first- andsecond-grade teachers in elementary schools in the Midwest. The students took math achievement tests at the beginning and end of the school year, and the researchers compared the scores.The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether
22、 the students believed that a math superstar had to be a boy. Then the researchers turned to the teachers:To find out which teachers were anxious about math,the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math, such as when reading a sales receipt5. A teacher who got
23、nervous looking at the numbers on a sales receipt, for example,was probably anxious about math.Boys,on average,were unaffected by a teachers anxiety. On average,girls with math-anxiousteachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests than other girls in the study did.Plus,on the test showing w
24、hether someone thought a math superstar had to be a boy,20 girls showed feeling that boys would be better at math - and all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety.This is an interesting study,but the results need to be interpreted as preliminary and in needof replicat
25、ion with a larger sample6, said David Geary,a psychologist at the University of Missouri7 in Columbia.词汇：snowball /snub:l/雪球；滚雪球式增长的事 replication/replikein/ n 重复，复现superstar/sju:psta:/ n超级明星练习：1. University of Chicago：芝加哥大学。位于美国伊利诺伊州芝加哥市，是世界一流的私立大学，创建于1891 年。2. keep getting math-anxious female teach
26、ers：一直由对数学有焦虑感的女教师教授数学。此处getting是having的意思，math-anxious指的是上文中提到的对数学没有自信的心理状态。另见第三段最后一句对anxiety的解释。3. snowball effect on their math achievement：在数学成就上的雪球效应。其含义是：在数学上越来越没有信心。4. end up learning math anxiety from their teachers：最后从老师那里获得的是对数学的焦虑。End up doing something：最终会做某事5. sales receipt：销售清单6. in ne
27、ed of replication with a larger sample：需要用更大的调查样本进行重复验证。replication在量化实证研究中的意思是“重复（实验）”。7. the University of Missouri：密苏里大学。位于密苏里州，是美国一所公立研究型大学，创建于1839年。练习：1. What is the result of the research at the University of Chicago,according to the first paragraph?A Girls comfortable with their own math skil
28、ls are better than boys at math.B Girls uncomfortable with their own math skills are not as good as boys at math.C Female teachers math skills have influence over girl students math skills.D Female teachers confidence in their math skills is related to girls math skills.2. What is implied in the thi
29、rd paragraph?A Math teachers,like math learners,do not like the subject due to its difficulty.B A difficult subject like math may affect teachers confidence in teaching the subject.C Teachers are more anxious teaching math than their students learning math.D Math is so difficult that no teachers lik
30、e to teach it.3. According to the experiment,those teachers were probably anxious about math when they feltA nervous memorizing the numbers of a sales receipt.B helpless saving the numbers of a sales receipt.C uneasy reading the numbers of a sales receipt.D hopeless filling in the numbers of a sales
31、 report.4. The sixth paragraph tells us that the research findingsA prove a strong link between female teachers math anxiety and their female students mathachievements.B show that male students are less likely to be affected by their math anxiety than femalestudents.C provide strong evidence that ma
32、th superstars are more likely to be males than females.D discover a strong link between teachers math anxiety and their students math achievements.5. David Geary thinks thatA the study is interesting but it is based on unreliable research process.B the research results need to be retested based on a
33、 larger sample.C the research results need to be reinterpreted to be meaningful.D the study is well based and produces significant results.答案与题解：1.D 该段告诉我们女教师的想法（what female teachers think）和女学生的学习（what femalestudents learn）之间有很大的关联度，也就是说，女教师如果对自己的数学技能没有自信，她的女学生很可能相信男孩子会在数学方面超过女孩子。2.B 第三段的大意是，数学对任何人来
34、说都可能有难度（The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone)，如同学生，教师也会觉得数学难学和难教，这就是研究者所言的焦虑。所以，可以推断，作者是要告诉我们，教师会因为数学这门学科的难度而对教授该课程不自信。其他选项都不是该段所要表达的内容。3.C 第五段第三句“To find out which teachers were anxious about math, the researchers askedthe teachers how they felt at times when they came acr
35、oss math,such as when reading a salesreceipt”指出了答案。memorizing the numbers；意为“记住数字”；saving the numbers意为“保存数字”；filling in the numbers意为“陆续编入数字”，而且文中没有提到a sales report；它们均不是答案。4.A 短文的第六段是对前一段所述调查数据结果的讨论，即，男学生较少受对数学有焦虑感的教师影响，而那些数学成绩较低的女生都有对数学有焦虑感的教师（girls with math-anxiousteachers scored lower on the e
36、nd-of-the-year math tests)，而且，所有认为男生数学肯定比女生强的女生，其数学教师都是有数学焦虑感的女教师（all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety. )。D所以不是正确的选择，因为只提到teachers 和students,而不是female teachers 和female students。5.B 根据David Geary的说法，实验结果还是初步的（preliminary)，需要更大的样本对其进行重复验证（in need of replication with a larger sample)。他没有认为该实验的过程不可靠，所以A不是正确选项；他认为实验样本不够大，所以D也不是正确选项。
